| Table 4-15 |
| Share of academic R&D expenditures, by country and S&E field: 2002 or 2003 |
| (Percent distribution) |
| |
| Field |
|
U.S
(2003) |
|
Japan
(2003) |
|
Germany
(2002) |
|
Spain
(2003) |
|
Australia
(2002) |
|
Netherlands
(2002) |
|
Sweden
(2003) |
|
Switzerland
(2002) |
| |
| Academic R&D expenditure (PPP $billions) |
|
41.4 |
|
15.4 |
|
9.7 |
|
3.4 |
|
2.6 |
|
2.6 |
|
2.3 |
|
1.5 |
| Academic R&D |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
| NS&E |
|
91.0 |
|
67.8 |
|
77.0 |
|
62.8 |
|
73.2 |
|
72.8 |
|
79.6 |
|
47.6 |
| Natural sciences |
|
39.5 |
|
12.1 |
|
28.5 |
|
22.6 |
|
29.7 |
|
17.9 |
|
19.5 |
|
19.9 |
| Engineering |
|
14.5 |
|
24.7 |
|
19.8 |
|
23.5 |
|
11.5 |
|
21.0 |
|
26.1 |
|
9.8 |
| Medical sciences |
|
30.9 |
|
26.7 |
|
24.6 |
|
14.2 |
|
25.2 |
|
28.3 |
|
29.3 |
|
17.9 |
| Agricultural sciences |
|
6.2 |
|
4.3 |
|
4.0 |
|
2.5 |
|
6.9 |
|
5.5 |
|
4.7 |
|
NA |
| Social sciences and humanities |
|
7.3 |
|
32.2 |
|
20.2 |
|
37.2 |
|
26.8 |
|
24.8 |
|
19.6 |
|
14.7 |
| Social sciences |
|
6.2 |
|
NA |
|
8.2 |
|
21.8 |
|
20.6 |
|
NA |
|
13.2 |
|
NA |
| Humanities |
|
0.4 |
|
NA |
|
12.1 |
|
15.4 |
|
6.2 |
|
NA |
|
6.4 |
|
NA |
| Academic NS&E |
| NS&E |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
|
100.0 |
| Natural sciences |
|
43.4 |
|
17.8 |
|
37.0 |
|
36.0 |
|
40.5 |
|
24.7 |
|
24.5 |
|
41.8 |
| Engineering |
|
15.9 |
|
36.5 |
|
25.8 |
|
37.5 |
|
15.7 |
|
28.8 |
|
32.7 |
|
20.5 |
| Medical sciences |
|
33.9 |
|
39.4 |
|
32.0 |
|
22.6 |
|
34.4 |
|
38.9 |
|
36.8 |
|
37.6 |
| Agricultural sciences |
|
6.8 |
|
6.3 |
|
5.2 |
|
3.9 |
|
9.4 |
|
7.6 |
|
5.9 |
|
NA |
| |
NA = detail not available but included in totals
NS&E = natural sciences and engineering; PPP = purchasing power parity
NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding or because some R&D could not be allocated to specific fields. For United States, $0.7 billion could not be allocated between NS&E and social sciences. Data for years in parentheses.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2003 (2005); and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, R&D Statistics database (November 2005). Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 |
|
Source Data