U.S. import and export terminals are inspected for safe operations by FERC, the U.S. Coast Guard, and PHMSA. Peak-shaving plants connected to the interstate gas transmission system are inspected by both FERC and PHMSA. Peak-shaving plants connected to an intrastate transmission pipeline or a gas distribution system are typically inspected by a State agency through an agreement with PHMSA.
PHMSA has regulatory authority for the safety of land-based LNG facilities. These regulations apply to the construction, operation, and maintenance of the land-based facility. PHMSA regulations are codified in 49 CFR Part 193, which incorporates many of the requirements of National Fire Protection Association Standard 59A. During construction, PHMSA regional staff inspects to ensure that the construction complies with construction requirements of Part 193. Impoundment, around tanks and pipelines, controls the spread of LNG if a release occurs. Fire fighting and vapor suppression systems are installed to mitigate the consequences of any release. Prior to commencing operations, the facility's operator must establish detailed procedures that specify the normal operating parameters for all equipment. When a piece of equipment is modified or replaced, all procedures must be reviewed and modified if necessary to assure the integrity of the system. All personnel must complete training in operations & maintenance, security, and fire fighting.
The LNG facility's operator must develop and follow detailed maintenance procedures to ensure the integrity of various safety systems. Gas detectors, fire detectors, and temperature sensors automatically activate fire fighting and vapor suppression systems. Emergency shut-down devices activate when operational parameters extend beyond the normal range. The operator must coordinate with local officials and apprise them of the types of fire control equipment available within the facility. PHMSA regulations require tight security for the facility, including controlled access, communications systems, enclosure monitoring, and patrols.
PHMSA regional staff inspects each LNG facility once each year to ensure that all equipment has been properly maintained and that the operator has, and follows, operation, maintenance, security, and emergency procedures that ensure the continued safe operation of the facility. PHMSA enforces violations it finds. Enforcement can include civil penalties or orders directing action. In addition, if PHMSA finds circumstances that are hazardous, it can expeditiously require correction through corrective action orders.