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![]() When a valley is filled with fine sediments, as is the valley of the Rio Puerco, erosion causes steep-walled gullies called arroyos. These channels create significant barriers to transportation, access of livestock to water, and diversion of water for crop irrigation. The process of cutting arroyos into valley bottoms is called incision.
As streams in the basin entrenched into the valley floor the water-dependent riparian habitat shrank laterally and entrenched. Cottonwood trees, once prevalent in the valley bottoms, are now scarce. Reduction in wooded habitat has provoked an inevitable reduction in population of birds, grazing animals, rodents, and other species that depend on shade, food, and concealment provided by the riparian forest environment. Despite the reduction in riparian area, the arroyos and their terraces still support populations of mule deer, raccoons, coyotes, and other animals. In the many parts of the basin where arroyos are now refilling with sediment, terraces that store the accumulating sediment widen over time as a result of meandering of the channel within the arroyo. Much of the vegetation on these new terraces, however, is exotic: Russian olives and tamarisk (salt cedar) trees displace native cottonwoods. Thus, the current cycle of incision has caused significant changes in habitat and ecological resources of the basin.
Arroyos have little respect for human structures. The soft materials of the valley bottom are readily removed by flowing water. Meandering streams inevitably impinge on the bases of structures like this bridge, eventually removing the bridge approach. Engineering solutions require extensive armoring of channel walls using materials brought in from quarries at some distance, which makes these solutions expensive. It is often better (as in the case of this illustration) to abandon threatened structures and to choose stream crossings at locations that have some form of natural protection, rather than provide artificial protection.
Previous: A high-erosion location - the Rio Puerco basin of New Mexico
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U.S. Department of the Interior |