[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 17]
[Revised as of July 1, 2004]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR86.544-90]
[Page 691-695]
TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
PART 86_CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND
ENGINES--Table of Contents
Subpart F_Emission Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test
Procedures
Sec. 86.544-90 Calculations; exhaust emissions.
The final reported test results, with oxides of nitrogen being
optional for model years prior to 2006 and required for 2006 and later
model years, shall be computed by use of the following formula: (The
results of all emission tests shall be rounded, in accordance with ASTM
E29-93a (incorporated by reference in Sec. 86.1), to the number of
places to the right of the decimal point indicated by expressing the
applicable standard to three significant figures.)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR06OC93.109
Where:
(1) Ywm = Weighted mass emissions of CO2Or of
each pollutant (i.e., HC, CO, or NOX) in grams per vehicle
kilometer and if appropriate, the weighted carbon mass equivalent of
total hydrocarbon equivalent, in grams per vehicle kilometer.
(2) Yct = Mass emissions as calculated from the
``transient'' phase of the cold-start test, in grams per test phase.
(3) Yht = Mass emissions as calculated from the
``transient'' phase of the hot-start test, in grams per test phase.
(4) Ys = Mass emissions as calculated from the
``stabilized'' phase of the cold-start test, in grams per test phase.
(5) Dct = The measured driving distance from the
``transient'' phase of the cold-start test, in kilometers.
(6) Dht = The measured driving distance from the
``transient'' phase of the hot-start test, in kilometers.
(7) Ds = The measured driving distance from the
``stabilized'' phase of the cold-start test, in kilometers.
(b) The mass of each pollutant for each phase of both the cold-start
test and the hot-start test is determined from the following:
(1) Hydrocarbon mass:
HCmass = Vmix x DensityHC x
(HCconc/1,000,000)
(2) Oxides of nitrogen mass:
NOxmass = Vmix x DensityNO2 x
KH x (NOxconc/1,000,000)
(3) Carbon monoxide mass:
COmass = Vmix x DensityCO x
(COconc/1,000,000)
(4) Carbon dioxide mass:
CO2mass = Vmix x DensityCO2 x
(CO2conc/100)
(5) Methanol mass:
CH3OHmass = Vmix x
DensityCH3OH x (CH3OHconc/
1,000,000)
(6) Formaldehyde mass:
HCHOmass = Vmix x DensityHCHO
x(HCHOconc/1,000,000)
(7) Total hydrocarbon equivalent:
(i) THCE = HCmass + 13.8756/32.042 x
(CH3OH)mass + 13.8756/30.0262 x
(HCHO)mass
(c) Meaning of symbols:
(1)(i) HCmass = Hydrocarbon emissions, in grams per test
phase.
(ii) DensityHC=Density of HC in exhaust gas.
(A) For gasoline-fuel; DensityHC=576.8 g/m3-
carbon atom (16.33 g/ft3-carbon atom), assuming an average
carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:1.85, at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3
kPa (760 mm Hg) pressure.
(B) For natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas-fuel;
DensityHC=41.57(12.011+H/C(1.008)) g/m3-carbon
atom (1.1771(12.011+H/C(1.008)) g/ft3-carbon atom) where H/C
is the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the hydrocarbon components of test
fuel, at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3 kPa (760mm Hg) pressure.
(iii)(A) HCconc = Hydrocarbon concentration of the dilute
exhaust sample corrected for background, in ppm carbon equivalent, i.e.,
equivalent propanex3.
(B) HCconc = HCe - HCd(1 - (1/DF))
[[Page 692]]
Where:
(iv)(A) HCe = Hydrocarbon concentrations of the dilute
exhaust sample as measured, in ppm carbon equivalent (propane ppmx3).
(B) HCe = FIDHCe - (r)CCH3OHe
(v) FID HCe=Concentration of hydrocarbon (plus methanol
if methanol-fueled motorcycle is tested) in dilute exhaust as measured
by the FID ppm carbon equivalent.
(vi) r = FID response to methanol.
(vii) CCH30He = Concentration of methanol in dilute
exhaust as determined from the dilute exhaust methanol sample, ppm
carbon.
(viii)(A) HCd = Hydrocarbon concentration of the dilution
air as measured, ppm carbon equivalent.
(B) HCd = FID HCd - (r)CCH30Hd
(ix) FID HCd=Concentration of hydrocarbon (plus methanol
if methanol-fueled motorcycle is tested) in dilution air as measured by
the FID, ppm carbon equivalent.
(x) CCH3OHd = Concentration of methanol in dilution air
as determined from dilution air methanol sample, ppm carbon.
(2)(i) NOxmass = Oxides of nitrogen emissions, grams per
test phase.
(ii) DensityN02 = Density of oxides of nitrogen in the
exhaust gas, assuming they are in the form of nitrogen dioxide, 1913 g/
m\3\ (54.16 g/ft\3\), at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
pressure.
(iii)(A) NOxconc = Oxides of nitrogen concentration of
the dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, ppm.
(B) NOxconc = NOxe - NOxd(1 - (1/
DF))
Where:
(iv) NOxe = Oxides of nitrogen concentration of the
dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm.
(v) NOxd = Oxides of nitrogen concentration of the
dilution air as measured, ppm.
(3)(i) COmass = Carbon monoxide emissions, in grams per
test phase.
(ii) DensityCO = Density of carbon monoxide, 1164 g/m\3\
(32.97 g/ft\3\), at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
pressure.
(iii)(A) COconc = Carbon monoxide concentration of the
dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, water vapor, and
CO2 extraction, ppm.
(B) COconc = COe - COd(1 - (1/DF))
Where:
(iv)(A) COe = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilute
exhaust sample volume corrected for water vapor and carbon dioxide
extraction, in ppm.
(B) COe = (1 - 0.01925CO2e -
0.000323R)COem for gasoline-fueled vehicles with hydrogen to
carbon ratio of 1.85:1
(C) COe=[1 - (0.01+0.005HCR) CO2e -
0.000323R]COem for methanol-fueled, natural gas-fueled or
liquefied petroleum gas-fueled motorcycles, where HCR is hydrogen to
carbon ratio as measured for the fuel used.
(v) COem = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilute
exhaust sample as measured, ppm
(vi) CO2e = Carbon dioxide concentration of the dilute
exhaust sample, pct.
(vii) R = Relative humidity of the dilution air, pct (see Sec.
86.542(n)).
(viii)(A) COd = Carbon monoxide concentration of the
dilution air corrected for water vapor extraction, ppm.
(B) COd = (1 - 0.000323R)COdm
Where:
(ix) COdm = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilution
air sample as measured, ppm.
Note: If a CO instrument which meets the criteria specified in Sec.
86.511 is used and the conditioning column has been deleted,
COem can be substituted directly for COe and
COdm must be substituted directly for COd.
(4)(i) CO2mass = Carbon dioxide emissions, grams per test
phase.
(ii) DensityC02 = Density of carbon dioxide, 1830 g/m\3\
(51.81 g/ft\3\), at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
pressure.
(iii)(A) CO2conc = carbon dioxide concentration of the
dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, in percent.
(B) CO2conc = CO2e - CO2d(1 - 1/DF)
Where:
(iv) CO2d = Carbon dioxide concentration of the dilution
air as measured, in percent.
(5)(i) CH3OHmass = Methanol emissions
corrected for background, grams per test phase.
(ii) DensityCH3OH = Density of methanol is 1332 g/m\3\
(37.71 g/ft\3\), at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
pressure.
(iii)(A) CH3OHconc = Methanol concentration of
the dilute exhaust corrected for background, ppm.
(B) CH3OHconc = CCH3OHe -
CCH3OHd(1 - (1/DF))
[[Page 693]]
Where:
(iv)(A) CCH3OHe=Methanol concentration in the dilute
exhaust, ppm.
(B)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30JN95.022
(v)(A) CCH3OHd=Methanol concentration in the dilution
air, ppm.
(B)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30JN95.023
(vi) TEM=Temperature of methanol sample withdrawn from
dilute exhaust, [deg]R.
(vii) TDM=Temperature of methanol sample withdrawn from
dilution air, [deg]R.
(viii) PB=Barometric pressure during test, mm Hg.
(ix) VEM=Volume of methanol sample withdrawn from dilute
exhaust, ft\3\.
(x) VDM=Volume of methanol sample withdrawn from dilution
air, ft\3\.
(xi) Cs=GC concentration of sample drawn from dilute
exhaust, [mu]g/ml.
(xii) CD=GC concentration of sample drawn from dilution
air, [mu]g/ml.
(xiii) AVs=Volume of absorbing reagent (deionized water)
in impinger through which methanol sample from dilute exhaust is drawn,
ml.
(xiv) AVD=Volume of absorbing reagent (deionized water)
in impinger through which methanol sample from dilution air is drawn,
ml.
(xv) 1=first impinger.
(xvi) 2=second impinger.
(6)(i) HCHOmass = Formaldehyde emissions corrected for
background, grams per test phase.
(ii) DensityHCHO = Density of formaldehyde is 1249 g/m\3\
(35.36 g/ft\3\), at 20 [deg]C (68 [deg]F) and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
pressure.
(iii)(A) HCHOconc = Formaldehyde concentration of the
dilute exhaust corrected for background, ppm.
(B) HCHOconc = CHCHOe - CHCHOd (1 -
(1/DF))
Where:
(iv)(A) CHCHOe = Formaldehyde concentration in dilute
exhaust, ppm.
(B)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR06OC93.203
(v)(A) CHCHOd = Formaldehyde concentration in dilution
air, ppm.
(B)
[[Page 694]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR06OC93.202
(vi) CFDE = Concentration of DNPH derivative of
formaldehyde from dilute exhaust sample in sampling solution, [mu]g/ml.
(vii) VAE = Volume of sampling solution for dilute
exhaust formaldehyde sample, ml.
(viii)(A) Q = Ratio of molecular weights of formaldehyde to its DNPH
derivative.
(B) Q = 0.1429
(ix) TEF = Temperature of formaldehyde sample withdrawn
from dilute exhaust, [deg]R.
(x) VSE = Volume of formaldehyde sample withdrawn from
dilute exhaust, ft\3\.
(xi) PB = Barometric pressure during test, mm Hg.
(xii) CFDA = Concentration of DNPH derivative of
formaldehyde from dilution air sample in sampling solution, [mu]g/ml.
(xiii) VAA = Volume of sampling solution for dilution air
formaldehyde sample, ml.
(xiv) TDF = Temperature of formaldehyde sample withdrawn
from dilution air, [deg]R.
(xv) VSA = Volume of formaldehyde sample withdrawn from
dilution air, ft\3\.
(7)(i) DF = 13.4/[CO2e + (HCe =
COe)10-4] for gasoline-fueled vehicles.
(ii) For methanol-fueled, natural gas-fueled or liquefied petroleum
gas-fueled motorcycles, where fuel composition is Cx
Hy Oz as measured, or calculated, for the fuel
used (for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas-fuel, Z=0):
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30JN95.024
(iii)(A) Vmix = Total dilute exhaust volume in cubic
meters per test phase corrected to standard conditions (293 [deg]K (528
[deg]R) and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)).
(B)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR06OC93.235
Where:
(iv) Vo = Volume of gas pumped by the positive
displacement pump, in cubic meters per revolution. This volume is
dependent on the pressure differential across the positive displacement
pump. (See calibration techniques in Sec. 86.519.)
(v) N = Number of revolutions of the positive displacement pump
during the test phase while samples are being collected.
(vi) PB = Barometric pressure, kPa.
(vii) Pi = Pressure depression below atmospheric measured
at the inlet to the positive displacement pump, kPa.
(viii) Tp = Average temperature of dilute exhaust
entering positive displacement pump during test while samples are being
collected, [deg]K.
(ix)(A) Kh = Humidity correction factor.
(B) Kh = 1/[1 - 0.0329(H - 10.71)]
Where:
(x)(A) H = Absolute humidity in grams of water per kilogram of dry
air.
(B) H = [(6.211)Ra x Pd]/[PB -
(Pd x Ra/100)]
(xi) Ra = Relative humidity of the ambient air, pct.
(xii) Pd = Saturated vapor pressure, in kPa at the
ambient dry bulb temperature.
(xiii) PB = Barometric pressure, kPa.
[[Page 695]]
(d) Sample calculation of mass emission values for gasoline-fueled
vehicles with engine displacements equal to or greater than 170 cc (10.4
cu. in.):
(1) For the ``transient'' phase of the cold-start test, assume
Vo = 0.0077934 m\3\ per rev; N = 12,115; R = 20.5 pct;
Ra = 20.5 pct; PB = 99.05 kPa; Pd =
3.382 kPa; Pi = 9.851 kPa; Tp = 309.8 [deg]K;
HCe = 249.75 ppm carbon equivalent; NOxe = 38.30
ppm; COem = 311.23 ppm; CO2e = 0.415 percent;
HCd = 4.90 ppm; NOxd = 0.30 ppm; COdm =
8.13 ppm; CO2d = 0.037 pct; Dct = 5.650 km.
Then:
(i) Vmix = [(0.0077934)(12,115)(99.05-9.851)(293.15)]/
[(101.325)(309.8)] = 78.651 m\3\ per test phase.
(ii) H = [(6.211)(20.5)(3.382)]/[(99.05) - (3.382)(20.5/100)] =
4.378 grams H2O per kg dry air.
(iii) Kh = 1/[1 - 0.0329(4.378 - 10.71)] = 0 8276
(iv) COe = [1 - 0.01925(0.415) - 0.000323 (20.5)](311.23)
= 306.68 ppm.
(v) COd = [1 - 0.000323(20.5)](8.13) = 8.08 ppm.
(vi) DF = 13.4/[0.415 + (249.75 + 306.68)10-4] = 28.472
(vii) HCconc = 249.75 - 4.90(1 - 1/28.472) = 245.02 ppm.
(viii) HCmass = (78.651) (576.8) (245.02) 10-6
= 11.114 grams per test phase.
(ix) NOxconc = 38.30 - 0.30(1 - 1/28.472) = 38.01 ppm.
(x) NOxmass = (78.651)(1913)(38.01)(0.8276) x
10-6 = 4.733 grams per test phase.
(xi) COconc = 306.68 - 8.08 (1 - 1/28.472) = 298.88 ppm.
(xii) COmass = (78.651) (1164) (298.88) (10-6)
= 27.362 grams per test phase.
(xiii) CO2conc = 0.415 - 0.037 (1 - 1/28.472) = 0.3793
percent.
(xiv) CO2mass = (78.651)(1843)(0.3793)/100 = 549.81 grams
per test phase.
(2) For the ``stabilized'' portion of the cold-start test, assume
that similar calculations resulted in HCmass = 7.184 grams
per test phase; NOxmass = 2.154 grams per test phase;
COmass = 64.541 grams per test phase; and CO2mass
= 529.52 grams per test phase. Ds = 6.070 km.
(3) For the ``transient'' portion of the hot-start test, assume that
similar calculations resulted in HCmass = 6.122 grams per
test phase; NOxmass = 7.056 grams per test phase;
COmass = 34.964 grams per test phase; and CO2mass
= 480.93 grams per test phase. Dht = 5.660 km.
(4) For a 1978 motorcycle with an engine displacement equal to or
greater than 170 cc (10.4 cu. in):
(i) HCwm = 0.43 [(11.114 + 7.184)/(5.650 + 6.070)] + 0.57
[(6.122 + 7.184)/(5.660 + 6.070)] = 1.318 grams per vehicle kilometer.
(ii) NOxwm = 0.43 [(4.733 = 2.154)/(5.650 = 6.070)] =
0.57 [(7.056 = 2.154)/(5.660 = 6.070)] = 0.700 gram per vehicle
kilometer.
(iii) COwm = 0.43 [(27.362 + 64.541)/(5.650 + 6.070)] +
0.57 [(34.964 + 64.541)/(5.660 + 6.070)] = 8.207 grams per vehicle
kilometer.
(iv) CO2wm = 0.43 [(549.81 + 529.52)/(5.650 + 6.070)] +
0.57 [(480.93 + 529.52)/(5.660 + 6.070)] = 88.701 grams per vehicle
kilometer.
[54 FR 14553, Apr. 11, 1989, as amended at 59 FR 48515, Sept. 21, 1994;
60 FR 34358, June 30, 1995; 69 FR 2441, Jan. 15, 2004]