[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 27]
[Revised as ofJuly 1, 2003]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR600.510-93]
[Page 910-913]
TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
PART 600--FUEL ECONOMY OF MOTOR VEHICLES--Table of Contents
Subpart F--Fuel Economy Regulations for Model Year 1978 Passenger
Sec. 600.510-93 Calculation of average fuel economy.
(a) Average fuel economy will be calculated to the nearest 0.1 mpg
for the classes of automobiles identified in this section, and the
results of such calculations will be reported to the Secretary of
Transportation for use in determining compliance with the applicable
fuel economy standards.
(1) An average fuel economy calculation will be made for the
category of passenger automobiles that is domestically manufactured as
defined in Sec. 600.511(d)(1).
(2) An average fuel economy calculation will be made for the
category of passenger automobiles that is not domestically manufactured
as defined in Sec. 600.511(d)(2).
(3) An average fuel economy calculation will be made for the
category of light trucks that is domestically manufactured as defined in
Sec. 600.511(e)(1).
(4) An average fuel economy calculation will be made for the
category of light trucks that is not domestically manufactured as
defined in Sec. 600.511(e)(2).
(b) For the purpose of calculating average fuel economy under
paragraph (c), of this section:
(1) All fuel economy data submitted in accordance with
Sec. 600.006(e) or Sec. 600.502(c) shall be used.
(2) The combined city/highway fuel economy will be calculated for
each model type in accordance with Sec. 600.207 of this section except
that:
(i) Separate fuel economy values will be calculated for model types
and base levels associated with car lines that are:
(A) Domestically produced; and
(B) Nondomestically produced and imported;
(ii) Total model year production data, as required by this subpart,
will be used instead of sales projections;
(iii) The fuel economy value of diesel-powered model types will be
multiplied by the factor 1.0 to correct gallons of diesel fuel to
equivalent gallons of gasoline;
(iv) The fuel economy value will be rounded to the nearest 0.1 mpg;
and
(v) At the manufacturer's option, those vehicle configurations that
are selfcompensating to altitude changes may be separated by sales into
high-altitude sales categories and low-altitude sales categories. These
separate sales categories may then be treated (only for the purpose of
this section) as separate configurations in accordance with the
procedure of paragraph Sec. 600.207(a)(4)(ii).
(3) The fuel economy value for each vehicle configuration is the
combined
[[Page 911]]
fuel economy calculated according to Sec. 600.206 except that:
(i) Separate fuel economy values will be calculated for vehicle
configurations associated with car lines that are:
(A) Domestically produced; and
(B) Nondomestically produced and imported;
(ii) Total model year production data, as required by this subpart
will be used instead of sales projections; and
(iii) The fuel economy value of diesel-powered model types will be
multiplied by the factor 1.0 to convert gallons of diesel fuel to
equivalent gallons of gasoline.
(c) Except as permitted in paragraph (d) of this section, the
average fuel economy will be calculated individually for each category
identified in paragraph (a) of this section as follows:
(1) Divide the total production volume of that category of
automobiles; by
(2) A sum of terms, each of which corresponds to a model type within
that category of automobiles and is a fraction determined by dividing:
(i) The number of automobiles of that model type produced by the
manufacturer in the model year; by
(ii) For gasoline-fueled and diesel-fueled model types, the fuel
economy calculated for that model type in accordance with paragraph
(b)(2) of this section; or
(iii) For alcohol-fueled model types, the fuel economy value
calculated for that model type in accordance with (b)(2) of this section
divided by 0.15 and rounded to the nearest 0.1 mpg; or
(iv) For natural gas-fueled model types, the fuel economy value
calculated for that model type in accordance with (b)(2) of this section
divided by 0.15 and rounded to the nearest 0.1 mpg; or
(v) For alcohol dual fuel model types, for model years 1993 through
2004, the harmonic average of the following two terms; the result
rounded to the nearest 0.1 mpg:
(A) The combined model type fuel economy value for operation on
gasoline or diesel fuel as determined in Sec. 600.207(b)(5)(i); and
(B) The combined model type fuel economy value for operation on
alcohol fuel as determined in Sec. 600.207(b)(5)(ii) divided by 0.15
provided the requirements of Sec. 600.510 (g) are met; or
(vi) For natural gas dual fuel model types, for model years 1993
through 2004, the harmonic average of the following two terms; the
result rounded to the nearest 0.1 mpg:
(A) The combined model type fuel economy value for operation on
gasoline or diesel as determined in Sec. 600.207(b)(5)(i); and
(B) The combined model type fuel economy value for operation on
natural gas as determined in Sec. 600.207(b)(5)(ii) divided by 0.15
provided the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section are met.
(d) The Administrator may approve alternative calculation methods if
they are part of an approved credit plan under the provisions of 15
U.S.C. 2003.
(e) For passenger categories identified in paragraphs (a) (1) and
(2) of this section, the average fuel economy calculated in accordance
with paragraph (c) of this section shall be adjusted using the following
equation:
AFEadj = AFE[((0.55xaxc) + (0.45xc) + (0.5556xa) + 0.4487) /
((0.55xa) + 0.45)] + IW
Where:
AFEadj = Adjusted average combined fuel economy, rounded to
the nearest 0.1 mpg.
AFE = Average combined fuel economy as calculated in paragraph (c) of
this section, rounded to the nearest 0.0001 mpg.
a = Sales-weight average (rounded to the nearest 0.0001 mpg) of all
model type highway fuel economy values (rounded to the nearest 0.1 mpg)
divided by the sales-weighted average (rounded to the nearest 0.0001
mpg) of all model type city fuel economy values (rounded to the nearest
0.1 mpg). The quotient shall be rounded to 4 decimal places. These
average fuel economies shall be determined using the methodology of
paragraph (c) of this section.
c = 0.0022 for the 1986 model year.
c = A constant value, fixed by model year. For 1987, the Administrator
will specify the c value after the necessary laboratory humidity and
test fuel data become available. For 1988 and later model years, the
Administrator will specify the c value after the necessary laboratory
humidity and test fuel data become available.
IW = (9.2917 x 10-3 x SF3 IWC x
FE3 IWC) - (3.5123 x 10-3 x SF4 ETW x
FE4 IWC)
Note: Any calculated value of IW less than zero shall be set equal
to zero.
[[Page 912]]
SF3 IWC = The 3000 lb. inertia weight class sales divided by
total sales. The quotient shall be rounded to 4 decimal places.
SF4 ETW = The 4000 lb. equivalent test weight category sales
divided by total sales. The quotient shall be rounded to 4 decimal
places.
FE4 IWC = The sales-weighted average combined fuel economy of
all 3000 lb. inertia weight class base levels in the compliance
category. Round the result to the nearest 0.0001 mpg.
FE4 IWC = The sales-weighted average combined fuel economy of
all 4000 lb. inertia weight class base levels in the compliance
category. Round the result to the nearest 0.0001 mpg.
(f) The Administrator shall calculate and apply additional average
fuel economy adjustments if, after notice and opportunity for comment,
the Administrator determines that, as a result of test procedure changes
not previously considered, such correction is necessary to yield fuel
economy test results that are comparable to those obtained under the
1975 test procedures. In making such determinations, the Administrator
must find that:
(1) A directional change in measured fuel economy of an average
vehicle can be predicted from a revision to the test procedures;
(2) The magnitude of the change in measured fuel economy for any
vehicle or fleet of vehicles caused by a revision to the test procedures
is quantifiable from theoretical calculations or best available test
data;
(3) The impact of a change on average fuel economy is not due to
eliminating the ability of manufacturers to take advantage of
flexibility within the existing test procedures to gain measured
improvements in fuel economy which are not the result of actual
improvements in the fuel economy of production vehicles;
(4) The impact of a change on average fuel economy is not solely due
to a greater ability of manufacturers to reflect in average fuel economy
those design changes expected to have comparable effects on in-use fuel
economy;
(5) The test procedure change is required by EPA or is a change
initiated by EPA in its laboratory and is not a change implemented
solely by a manufacturer in its own laboratory.
(g)(1) Alcohol dual fuel automobiles and natural gas dual fuel
automobiles must provide equal or greater energy efficiency while
operating on alcohol or natural gas as while operating on gasoline or
diesel fuel to obtain the CAFE credit determined in paragraphs (c)(2)(v)
and (vi) of this section. The following equation must hold true:
Ealt/Epet or = 1
Where:
Ealt = [FEalt/(NHValt
xDalt)]x10 6 = energy efficiency while operating
on alternative fuel rounded to the nearest 0.01 miles/million BTU.
Epet = [FEpet/(NHVpet
xDpet)]x10 6 = energy efficiency while operating
on gasoline or diesel (petroleum) fuel rounded to the nearest 0.01
miles/million BTU.
FEalt is the fuel economy [miles/gallon for liquid fuels or
miles/100 standard cubic feet for gaseous fuels] while operated on the
alternative fuel as determined in Sec. 600.113;
FEpet is the fuel economy [miles/gallon] while operated on
petroleum fuel (gasoline or diesel) as determined in Sec. 600.113;
NHValt is the net (lower) heating value [BTU/lb] of the
alternative fuel;
NHVpet is the net (lower) heating value [BTU/lb] of the
petroleum fuel;
Dalt is the density [lb/gallon for liquid fuels or lb/100
standard cubic feet for gaseous fuels] of the alternative fuel;
Dpet is the density [lb/gallon] of the petroleum fuel.
(i) The equation must hold true for both the city and highway fuel
economy values for each test of each test vehicle.
(ii)(A) The net heating value for alcohol fuels shall be determined
per ASTM D 240 (Incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 600.011-
93).
(B) The density for alcohol fuels shall be determined per ASTM D
1298 (Incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 600.011-93).
(iii) The net heating value and density of gasoline are to be
determined by the manufacturer in accordance with Sec. 600.113(c).
(2) For model years 1993 through 1995, alcohol dual fuel automobiles
designed to operate on mixtures of alcohol and gasoline must, in
addition to paragraph (g)(1) of this section, to obtain the CAFE credit
determined in paragraphs (c)(2)(v) and (vi) of this section, provide
equal or superior energy efficiency while operating on a mixture of 50%
alcohol, 50% gasoline by volume, as while
[[Page 913]]
operating on gasoline fuel. The following equation must hold true:
E50/Egor=1
Where:
E50=[FE50/
(NHV50xD50)]x106=energy efficiency
while operating on 50% alcohol, 50% gasoline rounded to the nearest 0.01
miles/million BTU.
Eg=[FEg/
(NHVgxDg)]x106=energy efficiency while
operating on gasoline fuel rounded to the nearest 0.01 miles/million
BTU.
FE50 is the fuel economy [miles/gallon] while operated on 50%
alcohol, 50% gasoline as determined in Sec. 600.113;
FEg is the fuel economy [miles/gallon] while operated on
gasoline as determined in Sec. 600.113;
NHV50 is the net (lower) heating value [BTU/lb] of the 50/50
blend;
NHVg is the net (lower) heating value [BTU/lb] of gasoline;
D50 is the density [lb/gallon] of the 50/50 blend;
Dg is the density [lb/gallon] of the gasoline.
(i) To demonstrate that the equation holds true for each engine
family, the manufacturer will:
(A) Test one test vehicle in each engine family on both the city and
highway cycles; or
(B) In lieu of testing, provide a written statement attesting that
equal or superior energy efficiency is attained while using a 50%
alcohol, 50% gasoline mixture compared to using 100% gasoline.
(ii)(A) The net heating value for the 50% alcohol, 50% gasoline
mixture shall be determined by ASTM D 240 (Incorporated by reference as
specified in Sec. 600.011-93).
(B) The density for the 50% alcohol, 50% gasoline mixture shall be
determined per ASTM D 1298 (Incorporated by reference as specified in
Sec. 600.011-93).
(iii) The net heating value and density of gasoline are to be
determined by the manufacturer in accordance with Sec. 600.113(c).
(3) Alcohol dual fuel passenger automobiles and natural gas dual
fuel passenger automobiles manufactured during model years 1993 through
2004 must meet the minimum driving range requirements established by the
Secretary of Transportation (49 CFR part 538) to obtain the CAFE credit
determined in paragraphs (c)(2)(v) and (vi) of this section.
(h) For each of the model years 1993 through 2004, and for each
category of automobile identified in paragraph (a) of this section, the
maximum increase in average fuel economy determined in paragraph (c) of
this section attributable to alcohol dual fuel automobiles and natural
gas dual fuel automobiles shall be 1.2 miles per gallon or as provided
for in paragraph (i) of this section.
(1) The Administrator shall calculate the increase in average fuel
economy to determine if the maximum increase provided in paragraph (h)
of this section has been reached. The Administrator shall calculate the
average fuel economy for each category of automobiles specified in
paragraph (a) of this section by subtracting the average fuel economy
values calculated in accordance with this section by assuming all
alcohol dual fuel and natural gas dual fuel automobiles are operated
exclusively on gasoline (or diesel) fuel from the average fuel economy
values determined in paragraphs (b)(2)(vi), (b)(2)(vii), and (c) of this
section. The difference is limited to the maximum increase specified in
paragraph (h) of this section.
(2) [Reserved]
(i) In the event that the Secretary of Transportation lowers the
corporate average fuel economy standard applicable to passenger
automobiles below 27.5 miles per gallon for any model year during 1993
through 2004, the maximum increase of 1.2 mpg per year specified in
paragraph (h) of this section shall be reduced by the amount the
standard was lowered, but not reduced below 0.7 mpg per year.
[59 FR 39659, Aug. 3, 1994]
Effective Date Note: At 59 FR 39659, Aug. 3, 1994, Sec. 600.510-93
was added. This section contains information collection and
recordkeeping requirements and will not become effective until approval
has been given by the Office of Management and Budget.