[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 27]
[Revised as ofJuly 1, 2003]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR471.02]

[Page 685-687]
 
                   TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
 
         CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
 
PART 471--NONFERROUS METALS FORMING AND METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY--Table of Contents
 
Sec. 471.02  General definitions.

    In addition to the definitions set forth in 40 CFR part 401, the 
following definitions apply to this part:
    (a) ``Nonferrous metal'' is any pure metal other than iron or any 
metal alloy for which a metal other than iron is its major constituent 
in percent by weight.
    (b) ``Forming'' is a set of manufacturing operations in which metals 
and alloys are made into semifinished products by hot or cold working.
    (c) ``Alkaline cleaning'' uses a solution (bath), usually detergent, 
to remove lard, oil, and other such compounds from a metal surface. 
Alkaline cleaning is usually followed by a water rinse. The rinse may 
consist of single or multiple stage rinsing. For the purposes of this 
part, an alkaline cleaning operation is defined as a bath followed by a 
rinse, regardless of the number of rinse stages. Each alkaline cleaning

[[Page 686]]

bath and rinse combination is entitled to a discharge allowance.
    (d) ``Atomization'' is the process in which a stream of water or gas 
impinges upon a molten metal stream, breaking it into droplets which 
solidify as powder particles.
    (e) ``Burnishing'' is a surface finishing process in which minute 
surface irregularities are displaced rather than removed.
    (f) ``Casting'' is pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an 
object of desired shape.
    (g) ``Cladding'' or ``metal cladding'' is the art of producing a 
composite metal containing two or more layers that have been 
metallurgically bonded together by roll bonding (co-rolling), solder 
application (or brazing), or explosion bonding.
    (h) ``Contact cooling water'' is any wastewater which contacts the 
metal workpiece or the raw materials used in forming metals for the 
purpose of removing heat from the metal.
    (i) ``Continuous casting'' is the production of sheet, rod, or other 
long shapes by solidifying the metal while it is being poured through an 
open-ended mold.
    (j) ``Degreasing'' is the removal of oils and greases from the 
surface of the metal workpiece. This process can be accomplished with 
detergents as in alkaline cleaning or by the use of solvents.
    (k) ``Direct chill casting'' is the pouring of molten nonferrous 
metal into a water-cooled mold. Contact cooling water is sprayed onto 
the metal as it is dropped into the mold, and the metal ingot falls into 
a water bath at the end of the casting process.
    (l) ``Drawing'' is the process of pulling a metal through a die or 
succession of dies to reduce the metal's diameter or alter its cross-
sectional shape.
    (m) ``Dye penetrant testing'' is a nondestructive method for finding 
discontinuities that are open to the surface of the metal. A dye is 
applied to the surface of metal and the excess is rinsed off. Dye that 
penetrates surface discontinuities will not be rinsed away thus marking 
these discontinuities.
    (n) ``Emulsions'' are stable dispersions of two immiscible liquids. 
In the Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powders Point Source 
category, this is usually an oil and water mixture.
    (o) ``Electrocoating'' is the electrodeposition of a metallic or 
nonmetallic coating onto the surface of a workpiece.
    (p) ``Extrusion'' is the application of pressure to a billet of 
metal, forcing the metal to flow through a die orifice.
    (q) ``Forging'' is deforming metal, usually hot, with compressive 
force into desired shapes, with or without dies. Where dies are used, 
the metal is forced to take the shape of the die.
    (r) ``Grinding'' is the process of removing stock from a workpiece 
by the use of a tool consisting of abrasive grains held by a rigid or 
semi-rigid grinder. Grinding includes surface finishing, sanding, and 
slicing.
    (s) ``Heat treatment'' is the application of heat of specified 
temperature and duration to change the physical properties of the metal.
    (t) ``Hot pressing'' is forming a powder metallurgy compact at a 
temperature high enough to effect concurrent sintering.
    (u) ``Hydrotesting'' is the testing of piping or tubing by filling 
with water and pressurizing to test for integrity.
    (v) ``Impregnation'' is the process of filling pores of a formed 
powder part, usually with a liquid such as a lubricant, or mixing 
particles of a nonmetallic substance in a matrix of metal powder.
    (w) ``In-process control technology'' is the conservation of 
chemicals and water throughout the production operations to reduce the 
amount of wastewater to be discharged.
    (x) ``Metal powder production'' operations are mechanical process 
operations which convert metal to a finely divided form.
    (y) ``Milling'' is the mechanical treatment of a nonferrous metal to 
produce powder, or to coat one component of a powder mixture with 
another.
    (z) ``Neat oil'' is a pure oil with no or few impurities added. In 
nonferrous metals forming, its use is mostly as a lubricant.
    (aa) ``Powder forming'' includes forming and compressing powder into 
a fully dense finished shape, and is usually done within closed dies.

[[Page 687]]

    (bb) ``Precious metals'' include gold, platinum, palladium, and 
silver and their alloys. Any alloy containing 30 or greater percent by 
weight of precious metals is considered a precious metal alloy.
    (cc) ``Product testing'' includes operations such as dye penetrant 
testing, hydrotesting, and ultrasonic testing.
    (dd) ``Refractory metals'' includes the metals of columbium, 
tantalum, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten and vanadium and their alloys.
    (ee) ``Rolling'' is the reduction in thickness or diameter of a 
workpiece by passing it between lubricated steel rollers.
    (ff) ``Roll bonding'' is the process by which a permanent bond is 
created between two metals by rolling under high pressure in a bonding 
mill (co-rolling).
    (gg) ``Sawing'' is cutting a workpiece with a band, blade, or 
circular disc having teeth.
    (hh) ``Shot casting'' is the production of shot by pouring molten 
metal in finely divided streams to form spherical particles.
    (ii) ``Stationary casting'' is the pouring of molten metal into 
molds and allowing the metal to cool.
    (jj) ``Surface treatment'' is a chemical or electrochemical 
treatment applied to the surface of a metal. Such treatments include 
pickling, etching, conversion coating, phosphating, and chromating. 
Surface treatment baths are usually followed by a water rinse. The rinse 
may consist of single or multiple stage rinsing. For the purposes of 
this part, a surface treatment operation is defined as a bath followed 
by a rinse, regardless of the number of stages. Each surface treatment 
bath, rinse combination is entitled to discharge allowance.
    (kk) ``Swaging'' is a process in which a solid point is formed at 
the end of a tube, rod, or bar by the repeated blows of one or more 
pairs of opposing dies.
    (ll) ``Tube reducing'' is an operation which reduces the diameter 
and wall thickness of tubing with a mandrel and a pair of rolls with 
tapered grooves.
    (mm) ``Tumbling'' or ``barrel finishing'' is an operation in which 
castings, forgings, or parts pressed from metal powder are rotated in a 
barrel with ceramic or metal slugs or abrasives to remove scale, fins, 
or burrs. It may be done dry or with an aqueous solution.
    (nn) ``Ultrasonic testing'' is a nondestructive test which applies 
sound, at a frequency above about 20 HJz, to metal, which has been 
immersed in liquid (usually water) to locate inhomogeneities or 
structural discontinuities.
    (oo) ``Wet air pollution control scrubbers'' are air pollution 
control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from air by 
entraining the pollutants in a water spray.
    (pp) ``Grab sample'' is a single sample which is collected at a time 
and place most representative of total discharge.
    (qq) ``Composite sample'' is a sample composed of no less than eight 
grab samples taken over the compositing period.
    (rr) A ``flow proportional composite sample'' is composed of grab 
samples collected continuously or discretely in proportion to the total 
flow at time of collection or to the total flow since collection of the 
previous grab sample. The grab volume or frequency of grab collection 
may be varied in proportion to flow.
    (ss) The term ``control authority'' is defined as the POTW if it has 
an approved pretreatment program; in the absence of such a program, the 
NPDES State if it has an approved pretreatment program or EPA if the 
State does not have an approved program.
    (tt) ``Continuous operations'' means that the industrial user 
introduces regulated wastewaters to the POTW throughout the operating 
hours of the facility, except for infrequent shutdowns for maintenance, 
process changes, or other similar activities.
    (uu) ``Intermittent operations'' means the industrial users does not 
have a continuous operation.
    (vv) The term ``off-kg (off-lb)'' means the mass of metal or metal 
alloy removed from a forming operation at the end of a process cycle for 
transfer to a different machine or process.