(a) An employer's liabilities and obligations under the Fair Labor
Standards Act with respect to the ``principal'' activities his employees
are employed to perform are not changed in any way by section 4 of the
Portal Act, and time devoted to such activities must be taken into
account in computing hours worked to the same extent as it would if the
Portal Act had not been enacted.53 But before it can be
determined whether an activity is ``preliminary or postliminary to (the)
principal activity or activities'' which the employee is employed to
perform, it is generally necessary to determine what are such
``principal'' activities.54
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53 See Secs. 790.4 through 790.6 of this bulletin and part 785
of this chapter, which discusses the principles for determining hours
worked under the Fair Labor Standards Act, as amended.
54 Although certain ``preliminary'' and ``postliminary''
activities are expressly mentioned in the statute (see Sec. 790.7(b)),
they are described with reference to the place where principal
activities are performed. Even as to these activities, therefore,
identification of certain other activities as ``principal'' activities
is necessary.
The use by Congress of the plural form ``activities'' in the statute
makes it clear that in order for an activity to be a ``principal''
activity, it need not be predominant in some way over all other
activities engaged in by the employee in performing his job; 55
rather, an employee may, for purposes of the Portal-to-Portal Act be
engaged in several ``principal'' activities during the workday. The
``principal'' activities referred to in the statute are activities which
the employee is ``employed to
perform''; 56 they do not include noncompensable ``walking,
riding, or traveling'' of the type referred to in section 4 of the
Act.57 Several guides to determine what constitute
``principal activities'' was suggested in the legislative debates. One
of the members of the conference committee stated to the House of
Representatives that ``the realities of industrial life,'' rather than
arbitrary standards, ``are intended to be applied in defining the term
`principal activity or activities','' and that these words should ``be
interpreted with due regard to generally established compensation
practices in the particular industry and trade.'' 58 The
legislative history further indicates that Congress intended the words
``principal activities'' to be construed liberally in the light of the
foregoing principles to include any work of consequence performed for an
employer, no matter when the work is performed.59 A majority
member of the committee which introduced this language into the bill
explained to the Senate that it was considered ``sufficiently broad to
embrace within its terms such activities as are indispensable to the
performance of productive work.'' 60
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55 Cf. Edward F. Allison Co., Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, 63 F. (2d) 553 (C.C.A. 8, 1933).
56 Cf. Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126, 132-134;
Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 136-137.
57 See statement of Senator Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2297.
58 Remarks of Representative Walter, 93 Cong. Rec. 4389.
See also statements of Senator Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2297, 2299.
59 See statements of Senator Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2296-
2300. See also Senate Report, p. 48, and the President's message to
Congress on approval of the Portal Act, May 14, 1947 (93 Cong. Rec.
5281).
60 See statement of Senator Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2299.
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(b) The term ``principal activities'' includes all activities which
are an integral part of a principal activity.61 Two examples
of what is meant by an integral part of a principal activity are found
in the Report of the Judiciary Committee of the Senate on the Portal-to-
Portal Bill.62 They are the following:
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61 Senate Report, p. 48; statements of Senator Cooper, 93
Cong. Rec. 2297-2299.
62 As stated in the Conference Report (p. 12), by
Representative Gwynne in the House of Representatives (93 Cong. Rec.
4388) and by Senator Wiley in the Senate (93 Cong. Rec. 4371), the
language of the provision here involved follows that of the Senate bill.
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(1) In connection with the operation of a lathe an employee will
frequently at the commencement of his workday oil, grease or clean his
machine, or install a new cutting tool. Such activities are an integral
part of the principal activity, and are included within such term.
(2) In the case of a garment worker in a textile mill, who is
required to report 30 minutes before other employees report to commence
their principal activities, and who during such 30 minutes distributes
clothing or parts of clothing at the work-benches of other employees and
gets machines in readiness for operation by other employees, such
activities are among the principal activities of such employee.
Such preparatory activities, which the Administrator has always regarded
as work and as compensable under the Fair Labor Standards Act, remain so
under the Portal Act, regardless of contrary custom or contract.63
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63 Statement of Senator Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2297; colloquy
between Senators Barkley and Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2350. The fact that a
period of 30 minutes was mentioned in the second example given by the
committee does not mean that a different rule would apply where such
preparatory activities take less time to perform. In a colloquy between
Senators McGrath and Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2298, Senator Cooper stated
that ``There was no definite purpose in using the words `30 minutes'
instead of 15 or 10 minutes or 5 minutes or any other number of
minutes.'' In reply to questions, he indicated that any amount of time
spent in preparatory activities of the types referred to in the examples
would be regarded as a part of the employee's principal activity and
within the compensable workday. Cf. Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co.,
328 U.S. 680, 693.
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(c) Among the activities included as an integral part of a principal
activity are those closely related activities which are indispensable to
its performance.64 If an employee in a chemical plant, for
example, cannot perform his principal activities without putting on
certain clothes,65 changing clothes on the employer's
premises at the beginning and end of the workday would be an integral
part of the employee's principal activity.66 On the other
hand, if changing clothes is merely a convenience to the employee and
not directly related to his principal activities, it would be considered
as a ``preliminary'' or ``postliminary'' activity rather than a
principal part of the activity. 67 However, activities such
as checking in and out and waiting in line to do so would not ordinarily
be regarded as integral parts of the principal activity or
activities.67
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64 See statements of Senator Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2297-2299,
2377; colloquy between Senators Barkley and Cooper, 93 Cong. Rec. 2350.
65 Such a situation may exist where the changing of
clothes on the employer's premises is required by law, by rules of the
employer, or by the nature of the work. See footnote 49.
66 See colloquy between Senators Cooper and McGrath, 93
Cong. Rec. 2297-2298.
67 See Senate Report, p. 47; statements of Senator
Donnell, 93 Cong. Rec. 2305-2306, 2362; statements of Senator Cooper, 93
Cong. Rec. 2296-2297, 2298.
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[12 FR 7655, Nov, 18, 1947, as amended at 35 FR 7383, May 12, 1970]
