science	1994

and

technology

POCKET

DATA

BOOK	Division of Science Resources Studies

National Science Foundation

NSF 94-323	Arlington, Virginia 22230

science	1994

and

technology

POCKET

DATA

BOOK	Division of Science Resources Studies

National Science Foundation

Arlington, Virginia 22230

Project Coordinator: Deborah A. Collins

Additional Information

Additional information on any figure in this booklet may be obtained by calling the Division of Science Resources Studies at (703) 306-1777.

Telephonic Device for the Deaf

The National Science Foundation has Telephonic Device for the Deaf (TDD) capability which enables individuals with hearing impairment to communicate with the Division of Personnel and Management for information relating to NSF programs, employment, or general information. The TDD number is (703) 306-0090.

Suggested Citation

National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Pocket Data Book: 1994, NSF 94-323 (Arlington, VA, 1994).

Contents

National R&D Funding Patterns	III

Figure 1. The national R&D effort	1

Figure 2. National R&D expenditures, funders, and performers, by character of work: 1993	2

Figure 3. Federal R&D funding, by budget function	3

Figure 4. Federal R&D budget authority, by function: 1995	4

Figure 5. Federal obligations, by type of activity	5

Figure 6. Federal R&D obligations, by selected agency	6

Academic R&D	7

Figure 7. Sources of academic R&D funding, by sector	8

Figure 8. Academic R&D expenditures, by source of funds	9

Figure 9. Academic R&D expenditures, by field	10

Figure 10. Academic R&D expenditures, by selected field	11

Figure 11. Percent of academic R&D that is federally financed, by field	12

Figure 12. Academic funding provided by current lead Federal R&D funder, by field	13

R&D in U.S. Industry	14

Figure 13. Expenditures for industrial R&D, by source of funds	15

Figure 14. Industrial R&D performance, by character of work	16

Figure 15. Share of industrial R&D funding, by source and industry	17

Education of Scientists and Engineers	18

Figure 16. Bachelor's degrees awarded in major science and engineering fields	19

Figure 17. Master's degrees awarded in major science and engineering fields	20

Figure 18. Doctorates awarded in major science and engineering fields	21

Figure 19. Full-time science/engineering graduate students in all institutions, by source of major support	22

Figure 20. Full-time science/engineering graduate students in all institutions, by type of major support	23

Figure 21. Foreign citizen representation in 1992 U.S. science and engineering graduate education	24

Working Scientists and Engineers	25

Figure 22. S&E and in-field employment of 1988 and 1989 S&E graduates, by field of degree: 1990	26

Figure 23. Employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by sector: 1991	27

Figure 24. Academic employment and R&D involvement of women and minority doctorate scientists and engineers: 1991	28

Public Attitudes Toward S&T	29

Figure 25. Attitudes on the impact of science and technology on quality of life issues: 1992	30

Figure 26. Assessments of scientific research over time	31

Figure 27. Expected results from science and technology: 1992	32

Figure 28. Preferences for Government spending: 1992	33

International S&T Trends	34

Figure 29. Comparisons of economic growth	35

Figure 30. National expenditures on R&D, by selected countries	36

Figure 31. R&D as a percentage of GDP, by country	37

Figure 32. R&D expenditures, by country, source, and performer: 1991	38

Figure 33. Government R&D support, by country and socioeconomic objective: 1992	39

Figure 34. Ratio of R&D scientists and engineers per 10,000 workers in the general labor force, by country	40

Figure 35. Scientists and engineers engaged in R&D, by country	41

Figure 36. Immigrant scientists and engineers by occupation	42

Figure 37. Contributions of selected countries/regions to world scientific and technical literature	43

Figure 38. U.S. patents granted, by nationality of inventor	44

Figure 39. U.S. royalties and license fees generated by exchange of industrial processes between unaffiliated companies: 1991	45

Figure 40. Country/region share of global high-tech markets	46

Figure 41. Import penetration of high-tech markets	47

Figure 42. U.S. global market share, by hi-tech industry	48

Figure 43. Adult interest in and knowledge about environmental issues and concepts: 1992	49

Other Science Resources Publications	50

National R&D Funding Patterns

Figure 1. The national R&D effort

Figure 2. National R&D expenditures, funders, and performers, by character of work: 1993

Figure 3. Federal R&D funding, by budget function

Figure 4. Federal R&D budget authority, by function: 1995

Figure 5. Federal obligations, by type of activity

(Millions of dollars)

Year Basic research Applied research Development Current

dollars Constant

1987 dollars Current

dollars Constant

1987 dollars Current

dollars Constant

1987 dollars 1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993 (est.)

1994 (est.) 4,674

5,041

5,482

6,260

7,067

7,819

8,153

8,944

9,474

10,602

11,286

12,171

12,490

13,897

14,346 6,621

6,480

6,557

7,196

7,775

8,291

8,397

8,944

9,145

9,799

10,077

10,420

10,382

11,253

11,332 6,923

7,172

7,541

7,993

7,911

8,315

8,349

8,999

9,176

10,163

10,453

11,798

12,001

13,555

13,778 9,806

9,218

9,020

9,188

8,703

8,817

8,598

8,999

8,857

9,393

9,333

10,101

9,976

10,976

10,883 18,233

20,891

23,410

24,458

27,246

32,226

34,910

37,313

38,285

40,640

41,928

37,327

41,102

43,993

43,120 25,826

26,852

28,003

28,113

29,974

34,174

35,953

37,313

36,955

37,560

37,436

31,958

34,166

35,622

34,060

Figure 6. Federal R&D obligations, by selected agency

Academic R&D

Figure 7. Sources of academic R&D funding, by sector

Figure 8. Academic R&D expenditures, by source of funds

(Millions of dollars)

Year Total Federal

Govt.

State and local govt.s Industry U&C

Other

nonprofit

institutions 1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993 est. 8,620

9,686

10,927

12,152

13,463

15,019

16,344

17,638

18,880

19,950 5,430

6,063

6,710

7,342

8,192

8,997

9,637

10,226

11,087

11,500 690

752

915

1,023

1,106

1,234

1,339

1,484

1,506

1,600 475

560

700

790

872

998

1,130

1,210

1,302

1,550 1,411

1,617

1,869

2,169

2,357

2,714

3,033

3,404

3,576

3,750 614

694

733

828

936

1,076

1,195

1,313

1,409

1,550 NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

U&C = Universities and Colleges

Figure 9. Academic R&D expenditures, by field

(Millions of dollars)

Field 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Total

Physical sciences

Mathematics

Computer sciences

Environmental sciences

Life sciences

Psychology

Social sciences

Other sciences

Engineering	9,686

1,148

128

281

705

5,279

158

383

186

1,418 10,927

1,286

152

321

776

5,890

170

462

228

1,641 12,152

1,398

177

372

839

6,528

187

502

256

1,892 13,463

1,544

199

409

894

7,257

213

552

289

2,096 15,019

1,649

214

472

1,014

8,082

237

637

316

2,398 16,344

1,809

221

514

1,080

8,748

258

706

335

2,663 17,638

1,945

230

554

1,130

9,496

291

755

330

2,907 18,880

2,058

247

556

1,249

10,228

336

817

307

3,082 NOTE: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS

Figure 10. Academic R&D expenditures, by selected field

Figure 11. Percent of academic R&D that is federally financed, by field

Percent Federally Financed

Field 1981 1985 1991 1992 Total science & engineering

67 63 58 59 Total sciences

Physical sciences

Mathematical sciences

Computer sciences

Environmental sciences

Life sciences

Psychology

Social sciences

Other sciences

67

81

78

72

71

64

73

51

57 63

78

76

70

67

60

67

40

49 58

71

74

67

63

57

66

33

34 59

72

74

68

64

58

66

34

34 Engineering 69 61 56 57

Figure 12. Academic funding provided by current lead Federal R&D funder, by field

R&D in U.S. Industry

Figure 13. Expenditures for industrial R&D, by source of funds

(Millions of current dollars)

Figure 14. Industrial R&D performance, by character of work

(Millions of dollars)

Year Total Basic

research Applied

research Development 1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992 (prel.)

1993 (est.) 87,823

92,155

97,889

101,854

104,606

102,246

107,800

112,300 4,047

4,323

4,280

4,646

4,909

4,373

4,500

4,700 19,760

19,813

20,595

22,388

23,628

24,084

25,400

26,500 64,016

68,019

73,014

74,820

76,069

73,789

77,900

81,100

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS

Figure 15. Share of industrial R&D funding, by source and industry: 1991

Education of Scientists and Engineers

Figure 16. Bachelor's degrees awarded in major science and engineering fields

Field 1981 1991 All fields (S/E and non-S/E)

Science and engineering, total

Physical sciences

Mathematical and computer sciences

Environmental sciences

Biological and agricultural sciences

Psychology

Social sciences

Engineering	946,877

306,792

17,446

26,406

6,694

59,922

41,364

91,243

63,717 1,107,997

337,675

13,678

40,194

2,728

48,783

58,893

111,212

62,187

Figure 17. Master's degrees awarded in major science and engineering fields

Field 1981 1991 All fields (S/E and non-S/E)

Science and engineering, total

Physical sciences

Mathematical and computer sciences

Environmental sciences

Biological and agricultural sciences

Psychology

Social sciences

Engineering	296,798

64,366

3,366

6,787

1,876

9,107

8,039

18,740

16,451 338,498

78,368

3,777

12,956

1,499

7,406

9,802

18,915

24,013

Figure 18. Doctorates awarded in major science and engineering fields

Field 1982 1992 All fields (S/E and non-S/E)

Science and engineering, total

Physical sciences

Mathematics

Computer sciences

Environmental sciences

Biological and agricultural sciences

Psychology

Social sciences

Engineering	31,111

18,017

2,694

720

220

657

4,844

3,159

3,077

2,646 38,814

24,432

3,749

1,058

789

824

5,857

3,252

3,388

5,437

Figure 19. Full-time science/engineering graduate students in all institutions,

by source of major support

Source of major support 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 Total, all sources

Federal Government

Institutional support

Other outside support

Self-support	239,647

53,150

88,955

21,382

76,160 258,029

49,105

104,326

26,584

78,014 293,686

59,598

123,360

25,854

80,456 307,628

63,391

125,705

27,002

91,530 323,399

65,714

128,055

27,880

101,750

Figure 20. Full-time science/engineering graduate students in all institutions,

by type of major support

Type of major support 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 Total, all types

Fellowships and traineeships

Research assistantships

Teaching assistantships

Other types of support	238,868

38,082

51,594

53,913

95,279 258,029

36,300

61,041

61,923

98,765 293,686

40,568

80,682

65,123

107,313 307,628

42,388

85,065

65,390

114,785 323,399

44,233

87,608

65,728

125,750

Figure 21. Foreign citizen representation in 1992 U.S. science and engineering

graduate education

Working Scientists and Engineers

Figure 22. S&E and in-field employment of 1988 and 1989 S&E graduates, by field of degree: 1990

Percent employed

Field of degree

S&E occupation

Bachelors Masters

In-field

Bachelors Masters

Total science and engineering..................

Total sciences..............................................

Physical sciences.......................................

Mathematical sciences/statistics............

Computer science.....................................

Environmental sciences...........................

Life sciences..............................................

Psychology........................................... ......

Social sciences..........................................

Total engineering......................................

Aeronautical/astronautical.....................

Chemical.............................................. .....

Civil.................................................... .......

Electrical/electronic................................ .

Industrial............................................. ......

Materials............................................. ......

Mechanical........................................... .....

Petroleum............................................ ...... 58 82

48 77

68 86

66 83

85 89

77 93

54 76

27 58

26 55

86 92

78 86

89 100

89 95

88 94

80 73

85 100

89 94

100 100 38 59

33 60

36 43

40 57

82 77

56 69

38 59

10 48

14 44

51 58

49 *

50 *

71 69

53 58

42 27

* *

44 60

* *

Note: * = no rate was computed for groups with fewer than 1,500 individuals in labor force.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS

Figure 23. Employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by sector: 1991

Figure 24. Academic employment and R&D involvement of women and minority doctoral scientists and engineers: 1991

Field Total employment Primary activity in R&D

Total sciences

Engineering

Total sciences

White

Asian

Black

Hispanic 1/

Native American

Engineering

White

Asian

Black

Hispanic 1/

Native American

Women

37,456

936

Minorities

154,126

12,427

4,590

3,620

384

18,300

3,955

316

523

*

13,570

416

58,140

6,462

872

1,590

108

6,584

1,693

62

76

* 1/ Includes individuals who may have been included in one of the other

race categories.

*Omitted because of small sample size.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS

Public Attitudes Toward S&T

Figure 25. Attitudes on the impact of science and technology on quality of life issues: 1992

Figure 26. Assessments of scientific research over time

Figure 27. Expected results from science and technology: 1992

Figure 28. Preferences for Government spending: 1992

International S&T Trends

Figure 29. Comparisons of economic growth

Figure 30. National expenditures on R&D, by selected countries

(Billions of constant 1987 dollars)

Year United

States Japan 1/ Germany 2/ France United

Kingdom 1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993 74.2

71.9

73.4

74.4

73.2

71.6

74.6

76.5

79.8

83.8

87.3

91.1

95.5

102.2

111.1

120.6

123.4

125.4

128.7

129.7

129.2

123.5

127.6

129.3 14.7

15.7

17.4

19.1

19.6

19.9

20.6

21.3

22.3

24.6

26.9

28.7

30.9

33.5

36.0

40.0

40.6

43.4

46.9

51.3

55.5

57.2

56.5

NA 13.8

15.2

15.9

15.8

16.2

16.7

17.0

17.4

18.7

20.5

21.4

20.5

21.1

21.4

21.8

24.0

24.5

26.1

27.0

28.0

28.2

30.3

30.0

NA 10.1

10.5

10.7

10.7

11.2

11.3

11.5

11.8

12.1

12.9

13.3

14.1

15.0

15.5

16.4

17.0

17.2

17.9

18.7

19.8

21.0

21.3

20.8

NA NA

NA

11.6

NA

NA

12.2

NA

NA

13.5

NA

NA

14.7

NA

14.4

NA

15.6

16.5

16.8

17.0

17.6

17.7

16.1

16.5

NA

1/ Japanese data for 1970-74 are NSF estimates.

2/ Data after 1990 are for Unified Germany.

NOTES: NA = Not available. Conversions of foreign currencies to U.S. dollars are calculated with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development purchasing power parity exchange rates. Constant 1987 dollars are based on U.S. Department of Commerce GDP implicit price deflators.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS, Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development, and national sources.

Figure 31. R&D as a percentage of GDP, by country

Figure 32. R&D expenditures, by country, source, and performer: 1991

Figure 33. Government R&D support, by country and socioeconomic objective: 1992

Figure 34. Ratio of R&D scientists and engineers per 10,000 workers in the general labor force, by country

Figure 35. Scientists and engineers engaged in R&D, by country

(In thousands)

Year France Italy Japan 2/ Sweden 1/ United

Kingdom United

States Germany 1/ 1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992 65.3

67.0

68.0

70.9

72.9

74.9

85.5

90.1

92.7

98.2

102.3

105.0

109.4

115.2

120.4

123.9

129.2

NA 37.9

37.9

39.7

40.8

46.4

47.0

52.1

56.7

63.0

62.0

63.8

67.8

70.6

74.9

76.1

77.9

75.2

NA 253.6

263.2

264.8

272.8

291.2

303.2

311.0

321.0

347.4

357.4

380.8

393.0

415.6

434.6

457.5

477.9

491.1

511.4 13.2

NA

14.1

14.5

14.8

16.3

17.9

18.5

19.2

20.5

21.9

22.3

22.7

24.2

25.6

26.1

26.5

NA 80.5

NA

NA

87.7

NA

NA

95.7

NA

94.1

96.3

124.8

128.2

128.2

130.2

134.0

130.0

126.0

123.0 527.4

535.2

560.6

586.6

614.5

651.1

683.2

711.8

751.6

797.6

841.2

882.3

910.2

927.3

949.3

NA

NA

NA 103.7

104.5

111.0

113.9

116.9

120.7

124.7

127.7

130.8

137.1

143.6

156.0

165.6

171.0

176.4

NA

NA

NA 1/ Beginning in 1978, figures for Germany and Sweden in even numbered years have been imputed by the National Science Foundation.

NOTES: Table includes all scientists and engineers engaged in R&D on a full-time basis, except for Japan, which reflects persons primarily employed in R&D in the natural sciences and engineering. British data exclude the private non-profit sector (about 2-5% of total). Because of ongoing improvements in methodology and measurement, there are several major breaks in the continuity of the following time series: France (between 1980-81), Germany (between 1978-79), Japan (1974-75), United Kingdom (1984-85), and Sweden (1980-81).

KEY: NA = Not available.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; and national sources.

Figure 36. Immigrant scientists and engineers by occupation

1990 1991 1992 Total, all scientists and engineers................................ 12,659 14,111 22,871 Natural scientists........................................................... 1,231 1,298 2,796 Mathematical scientists and

computer specialists..................................................

1,613

1,722

3,402 Social scientists............................................................ 528 599 1,088 Engineers................................................................. .... 9,287 10,492 15,585

Figure 37. Contributions of selected countries/regions to world scientific and technical literature

Figure 38. U.S. patents granted, by nationality of inventor

Figure 39. U.S. royalties and license fees generated by exchange

of industrial processes between unaffiliated companies: 1991

Figure 40. Country/region share of global high-tech markets

Figure 41. Import penetration of high-tech markets

Figure 42. U.S. global market share, by high-tech industry

Figure 43. Adult interest in and knowledge about environmental issues and concepts: 1992

NOTES: There were slight variations in the wording of the questions between the European Community and U.S. samples. The items measuring subjective and objective knowledge were asked of a random half of the U.S. sample (N=1,004). Percentages for the objective items represent percent correct.

SOURCES: J.D. Miller and L.K. Pifer, Public Attitudes Toward Science and Technology, 1979-1992, Integrated Codebook (Chicago: International Center for the Advancement of Scientific Literacy, Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1993); and Commission of the European Communities, Europeans, Science and Technology - Public Understanding and Attitudes [Eurobarometer 38.1](Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 1993).

Other Science Resources Publications

Title	Pub. Type	NSF Pub. No.

Overviews

Academic Research Equipment and Equipment Needs in Selected Science

and Engineering Fields: 1989-90	Report	91-311

Academic Research Equipment and Equipment Needs in the

Physical Sciences: 1989	Report	91-305

Academic Research Equipment in Computer Sciences, Central Computer

Facilities and Engineering: 1989	Report	91-304

Characteristics of Science/Engineering Equipment in Academic Settings:

1989-90	Report	91-315

Estimating Basic and Applied Research and Development in Industry:

A Preliminary Review of Survey Procedures	Report	90-322

Geographic Patterns: R&D in the United States	Report	89-317

Guide to NSF's Surveys of Academic Science & Engineering

December 1991	Report	92-301

International Science and Technology Data Update: 1991	Report	91-309

National Patterns of R&D Resources: 1992	Report	92-330

Profiles—Aeronautical/Astronautical Engineering:

Human Resources and Funding	Report	89-314

Profiles—Agricultural Sciences: Human Resources and Funding	Report	89-319

Profiles—Biological Sciences: Human Resources and Funding	Report	89-318

Profiles—Chemical Engineering: Human Resources and Funding	Report	89-312

Profiles—Civil Engineering: Human Resources and Funding	Report	90-303

Profiles—Economics: Human Resources and Funding	Report	88-333

Project Summaries: FY 1989	Report	89-324

Science and Engineering Indicators—1993	Report	NSB 93-1

Science and Engineering Personnel: A National Overview	Report	90-310

Science and Technology Pocket Data Book: 1992	Report	92-331

Scientific and Engineering Research Facilities at Universities and

Colleges: 1992	Report	92-325

Superconductivity Research and Development Activities in U.S. Industry:

1987 and 1988	Staff Paper	——

Supplemental Users Guide to NSF's Surveys of Academic Science &

Engineering, December 1991	Report	92-302

Survey of Direct U.S. Private Capital Investment in Research and

Development Facilities in Japan	Report	91-312

Financial Resources

Academic Science/Engineering: R&D Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1991	Tables	93-308

Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1991,

1992 and 1993, Volume XLI	Tables	93-323

Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function: Fiscal Years 1992-94	Data Update	93-311

Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions:

Fiscal Year 1991	Tables	92-325

Planned R&D Expenditures of Major U.S. Firms: 1990-91	Report	91-306

Research and Development Expenditures of State Government Agencies:

Fiscal Years 1987 and 1988	Report	90-309

Research and Development in Industry: 1990. Funds, 1990;

Scientists & Engineers, January 1991	Tables	94-304

Selected Data on Academic Science/Engineering R&D Expenditures:

Fiscal Year 1992	Tables	94-303

Selected Data on Federal Funds for Research and Development:

Fiscal Years 1991, 1992, and 1993, Volume XLI	Tables	93-319

Selected Data on Federal Support to Universities and Colleges:

Fiscal Year 1991	Tables	93-320

Selected Data on Research and Development in Industry: 1991	Tables	93-322

Slow Growth Expected in U.S. R&D Spending for 1992	Data Brief	92-308

Total Federal Academic Obligations Increased 15 Percent

in FY 1991	Data Brief	93-304

U.S. Industry R&D Expenditures Declined in 1991	Data Brief	93-310

Human Resources

Academic Science/Engineering: Graduate Enrollment and Support,

Fall 1991	Tables	93-309

Blacks in Undergraduate Science and Engineering Education,

April 1992	Special Report	92-305

Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the

United States: 1991	Tables	94-307 (in press)

Characteristics of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates: 1990	Tables	92-316

Enrollment of S/E Graduate Students Continue to Increase	Data Brief	93-306

Federal Scientists and Engineers: 1988	Tables	89-322

Foreign Citizens Continue to Increase U.S. Ranks of Science and

Engineering Doctorate Recipients	Data Brief	92311

Immigrant Scientists and Engineers: 1990	Tables	93-317

S/E Baccalaureates Declined After 1986 As Masters and Doctoral

Degrees Increased	Data Brief	91-313

Science and Engineering Degrees: 1966-91	Tables	94-305

Science and Engineering Doctorates: 1960-91	Tables	93-301

Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in Manufacturing: 1989	Tables	92-312

Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in Nonmanufacturing

Industries: 1990	Tables	89-321

Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in Trade and Regulated

Industries: 1988	Tables	90-317

Selected Data on Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and

Engineering: Fall 1992	Tables	94-301

Selected Data on Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 1992	Tables	93-315

U.S. Scientists and Engineers: 1988	Tables	90-314

Using the Survey of Doctorate Recipients to Measure the Number

of Academic Research Personnel in Science and Engineering	Data Brief	92-314

Using the Survey of Doctorate Recipients to Measure the Number

of Academic Research Personnel in Science and Engineering	Research Note	92-315

Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering,

An Update	Report	92-303

Women Continue to Earn Increasing Percentage of Science and

Engineering Baccalaureates	Data Brief	92-313