![]() |
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences NSF 97-310 June 13, 1997 |
by Jean M. Johnson |
![]() |
Government Spending on R&D |
In 1992, Japan's Basic Policy
for Science and Technology [1] called for a doubling of
the government's R&D budget as soon as possible,
and an expansion of funding to improve the research environment.
In this policy, the Cabinet recommended a major renovation of
facilities and equipment of universities and national research
institutes, and an expansion of competitive grants for strategic
research. Subsequently, the S&T Plan of 1996 suggested the
government invest 17 trillion yen in R&D from 1996-2000, equivalent
to $74 billion in 1987 constant U.S. dollars. [2]
If such an expansion is achieved, annual government R&D
investment would be around $18 billion in the year 2000, approximately
double the 1992 budget in constant yen. Thus the 1996 S&T
Plan seeks to meet the 1992 Basic Policy.
Has Japan under-invested in R&D?
![]() However, the proportion of total R&D funded by the government in Japan is smaller than that of any other industrialized country. In 1994, the government support of R&D represented less than 20 percent of the total; industry supports the vast majority of research in Japan (see chart 2). In contrast, in the United States and European Union countries, government represents 35-40 percent of total R&D. The Japan Council on Science and Technology has estimated that doubling the government R&D budget would increase the proportion of government support of total R&D to approximately 29 percent.[3]
![]() Can Japan actually accomplish a doubling of its government R&D budget? Achieving the suggested investment of $74 billion in R&D from 1996 to 2000 would require an average annual growth rate of around 10 percent (approximately $1.5 billion) in government R&D investment, far higher than past annual funding increases (see table 1). Historically, Japanese government R&D expenditures have grown about 3.9 percent annually, from $5.5 billion in 1978 to $10.1 billion in 1994. This rate of growth in R&D occurred when Japan's annual growth in GDP was 4.7 percent (1975-1990).
![]() However, in the 1990's, Japan's GDP annual growth rate has been slightly less than 1 percent. Nonetheless, Japan's approved government R&D budgets accelerated during this period of economic recession. In 1996, the Japanese government R&D budget increased 12.5 percent, reaching $12.2 billion. The Cabinet-approved 1997 R&D budget represents a 6.8-percent increase over 1996. Therefore, the 1996 and 1997 R&D budget increases together effectively meet the desired level of growth. In contrast, government sponsored research in the United States has been declining during the past five years (see chart 3).
![]() If the doubling is achieved, what does it mean for Japan's domestic science? The additional funding is aimed at strengthening Japan's human and physical infrastructure for basic science, particularly within universities. Domestically, Japan plans to utilize the additional funding to continue expansion of doctoral programs and attempt to create centers of excellence in research. Until recently, most doctorates in the natural sciences and engineering were awarded by universities to industrial scientists and engineers for research conducted in Japanese companies. In 1986, these doctorates, called ronbon hakase, represented two-thirds of all doctoral engineering degrees and over 40 percent of all degrees in the natural sciences. In that year, university-based engineering doctorates numbered 500; ronbon hakase, 1,000. With the expansion of university-based doctoral programs and graduate fellowships, however, the proportion of ronbon hakase degrees is decreasing. By 1994, more doctoral engineering degrees were earned for research within university labs (1,323) than industrial research labs (1,178). The planned annual funding of 10,000 fellowships for doctoral students and post-docs by the year 2000 would continue this trend. The main science funding agencies have increased the amount of competitive research funding to universities to improve research facilities and personnel. New programs are facilitating collaboration of scientists from industry, academia, and national laboratories, and employing research assistants and laboratory technicians on fixed-term projects (3-5 years). About a half-dozen strong research institutes have received large five-year infusions of R&D funds to enable them to become centers of excellence in specialized fields, e.g., in brain research, material science, and econometrics. The science funding agencies plan to expand such programs if their funding continues to increase through the year 2000 and beyond. What are the implications for global S&T? Japanese science agencies have growing R&D budgets to boost the funding and realization of world class research facilities within Japan and abroad. The increase in government-sponsored research in Japan, at a time when other governments have constrained R&D budgets, creates several possibilities for the international science community. In the past few years, Japan has provided additional funds to intensify international research cooperation in basic sciences, e.g., the Human Frontiers [4] and Human Genome Project and the Ocean Drilling Program. Japan has also increased its contribution to the European Center for Nuclear Research (known by its French initials, CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland, and to the construction of CERN's powerful accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider. If government R&D increases continue, Japan plans to fund more grants for international joint research, expand the number of postdoctoral fellowships for foreign researchers to 2,000, and expand cooperation in developing countries, particularly with researchers in the Asia-Pacific countries.[5] This Issue Brief was prepared by:
Jean M. Johnson For free copies of SRS Issue Briefs, write to the above address, call 703-306-1773, or send e-mail to pubs@nsf.gov.
|
[1]
The policy was first mentioned in the 18th Recommendation of the Council for Science and Technology (January 24, 1992), a report on the Comprehensive and Basic S&T Policy: Toward the
New Century.
[2]
All dollar amounts in this report are in 1987 constant dollars using purchasing power parity
(PPP) conversions.
[3]
Arima, Akito. "Strengthening Japan's Science Base: Developments in Education and
Research Infrastructure," presentation in the conference on Science and Science Policy of Japan,
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, March 7th, 1997.
[4]
Japan's primary support of the Human Frontiers Science Program (centered in Strasbourg) was an international basic science initiative of Prime Minister Nakasone in the mid-1980's.
[5]
S&T Basic Plan, Government of Japan, July 2, 1996, p. 38.