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2006 Progress Report: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®) 2003-2007
EPA Grant Number: CR830929Subproject: this is subproject number R830929 , established and managed by the Center Director under a main grant
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®)
Center Director: Groenewold, Gerald
Title: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®) 2003-2007
Investigators: Pavlish, John H. , Benson, Steven A. , Crocker, Charlene , Galbreath, Kevin C. , Heebink, Loreal V. , Holmes, Michael J. , Laumb, Jason D. , Martin, Christopher L. , Mibeck, Blaise , Ralston, Nicholas V.C. , Schmidt, Darren D. , Zhuang, Ye
Institution: University of North Dakota - Main Campus
EPA Project Officer: Stelz, Bill
Project Period: May 1, 2003 through September 30, 2006 (Extended to September 30, 2007)
Project Period Covered by this Report: May 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006
Project Amount: $3,098,736
RFA: Targeted Research Center (2003)
Research Category: Targeted Research
Description:
Objective:The goal of the research of the Center for Air Toxic Metals (CATM) is to address air toxic trace element emissions, which have become a matter of worldwide concern as well as a regulatory issue in the United States and Canada. The objective of CATM is to develop key information on air toxic metal compounds to support the development and implementation of pollution prevention and control strategies that will effectively reduce air toxic metal emission and release to the environment.
Progress Summary:CATM research activities this year addressed several key issues related to air toxics. These research activities and accomplishments are as summarized below.
Mercury Transformations in Coal Combustion Flue Gas
Research within this area is imperative for development and validation of improved mercury emission measurement, monitoring, and control technologies. This year’s research sought to capture multiple interactions among mercury species, other flue gas components, fly ash and unburned carbon (UBC), and injection of sorbents and/or additives into coal combustion flue gas. The main focus was on mercury-related issues, including transformation mechanisms of mercury within coal flue gas, but emphasis was also placed on understanding the impact that applying mercury control techniques had on other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in flue gas and other coal combustion by-products (CCBs).
To study mercury-flue gas chemistry in a high-temperature, halogen-enriched flue gas environment, an existing entrained-flow reactor (EFR) at the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) was upgraded so that experiments could be performed in the temperature range from 400° to 800°C to evaluate the kinetics of mercury transformations in a high-temperature environment. Mercury kinetic tests were conducted in January 2007, during the 1-week pilot-scale combustion test sponsored by CATM Program Area 3 using both bituminous and subbituminous coal, with calcium chloride addition into the combustion zone. Data analysis is under way. In order to understand the role UBC content in coal fly ash plays on Hg0 oxidation and adsorption, two relatively carbon-rich fly ashes have been collected and tested for their ability to capture mercury: one from bituminous coal and one from subbituminous coal. The carbon-bearing subbituminous fly ashes were effective in capturing Hg, whereas in the bituminous fly ash, they were not. Both coal fly ashes were sieved to concentrate the larger UBC particles. Particle characterization seems to indicate that the degree of Hg adsorption and Hg0 oxidation depends significantly on the morphology, microstructure, and/or chemical composition of UBC particles. Tests of impregnated standard activated carbon (AC) and a fly ash with a sulfur compound solution were conducted on the EERC bench-scale thin-bed reactor to determine whether Hg0 capture results from interactions with sulfur forms alone or in synergy with AC. The impregnated fly ash showed little capacity for elemental mercury, and the impregnated AC showed breakthrough similar to the untreated carbon, indicating no capacity benefits as a result of impregnation using the sulfur compound. The kinetic experiments indicate that a sulfur species formed on the carbon surface has an inhibitory effect on the mercury oxidation that is overcome by HCl when it is present.
The Fate of Arsenic in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facilities
Arsenic-treated wood used in residential and industrial applications will be a disposal issue for the next 25 to 50 years. WTE facilities present the greatest opportunity for mass disposal of treated wood products. Based on this identified opportunity, the EERC conducted a study to determine the fate of copper, chromium, and arsenic from treated wood under the conditions found in a WTE facility, showing that combustion of arsenic-treated wood in a WTE facility is a technically feasible alternative for disposal. Flue gas emissions are not expected to exceed federal regulatory limits with implementation of maximum achievable control technologies at WTE facilities; however, high arsenic levels may cause combustion ash to be classified as hazardous waste.
Sampling and Analytical Methods
In this task, a project was initiated to develop an accurate and reproducible method for analyzing biological samples of very low mass for the determination of Hg, Se, and other elements in biological matrices. A literature review was done to identify applicable sample preparation and analytical techniques. Microdigestion procedures and analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) are being investigated for modification and will be compared with suitable biological standard reference materials.
EPA Method 26A, a wet-chemistry method to measure Cl2 and HCl emissions, determines average total chlorine concentration over an extended period of time, but cannot differentiate continuous changes in Cl2 and HCl concentrations, which is essential for understanding time-dependent reactions, such as fluctuations in Hg chlorination caused by kinetic and equilibrium processes. Using actual coal combustion flue gas, the EERC demonstrated that gaseous HCl and Cl2 could be selectively sampled and analyzed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy (Thermo Electron Model 15C HCl analyzer) with modifications. Work will now proceed to the development of a prototype continuous Cl2 monitor. Activities in this task will supplement data generated in an ongoing, related CATM project entitled, “Measurement of Halogens.” It is the goal of the project to develop a sensitive, reliable, and reasonably priced method at the EERC with existing equipment that is as sensitive as instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA; 1–10 ppm Br and Cl determination in coals), but can provide better distinction between Br and Cl. The challenge is to develop a preparation procedure that significantly increases the sample size, while minimizing possible instrumental interferences. Initial results show very low detection of Br in alkaline solutions by ICP-MS. Work will continue to determine lower limits of quantitation for Br and Cl with two identified methods.
A task of this project is also evaluating dry sorbent traps, which are presently unacceptable for Appendix K of the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) because, under certain sampling conditions, particularly for long sampling times in a high SO2/SO3 flue gas environment, the method is not reliable on low spike recoveries and mercury breakthrough. This project is evaluating ways to improve the spiking system, overcome certain interferrants like SO2/SO3, as well as develop a sorbent-additive that will capture and retain Hg in the traps.
CATM researchers continue to improve laser spectroscopic techniques for determining mercury. Previous tests have shown that this method is feasible for measuring mercury in flue gas; however, when NO2 or SO2 is present, it interferes with mercury measurement, because both have broad absorptions in the UV. Techniques such as modulating the lamp wavelength and separating the mercury using gold amalgamation are being investigated with varying degrees of success to allow measurement in air versus argon.
The last task is developing a sampling protocol for arsenic (arsine gas), selenium (hydrogen selenide), and mercury (Hg0) in a reducing gas environment, such as in gasification. This includes both development of a sample-conditioning protocol that will convert the desired species into a form suitable for continuous emission monitor (CEM) measurement as well as possible modifications to the system to find a solution for some of the caustic solutions. Results will be compared to those obtained by EPA Method 29 for trace metals.
Measurement of Halogens
This ongoing project is using existing methods and developing improved methods for evaluating the effects of Cl and Br on the conversion of Hg0 to inorganic and organic Hg compounds with coal combustion flue gas and statistically evaluating the results for interelemental correlations. Work has been focused on modifying and simplifying EPA Method 26A to allow for better detection of Cl and Br and discernment between them. Testing is still under way and provides data for the preceding project.
Development of an Oxidized Mercury-Spiking System
CATM researchers are completing a project to design an Hg2+-spiking system that can be used in field continuous mercury monitor (CMM) installations—CMM manufacturers, researchers, and power plants can benefit from such a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) tool. This catalysis-based system will use elemental mercury and chlorine to form reactive gaseous HgCl2. Parametric testing showed that the portable prototype system is capable of producing a stream of over 98% oxidized mercury. During operation, measurements with the Nippon CMM indicated that more than 95% of the mercury entering the reactor is oxidized to a form that is transported out of the system. This prototype can be used with compressed air or nitrogen for the dilution gas and nitrogen gas for the permeation sources. This system has been operated continuously for more than 2 weeks without significant changes in output (± 2% of output over a 24-hour period).
Development of Control Technologies
CATM research activities continue to focus on the development and testing of control technologies, especially for mercury. Several bench-scale tests have been performed to evaluate potential sorbents for mercury control—both those prepared at the EERC and those provided by external vendors. Tests were completed to support CATM sorbent development research, with additional tests to be performed as new sorbents are identified. Testing continues to evaluate the effect of SO3 on sorbent performance. Tests in a full-factorial design have been completed to determine the effects of SO3 on sorbent reactivity and capacity for oxidized mercury control. Results were compiled to facilitate a greater understanding of the mechanisms between the sorbent and flue gas occurring on the surface of the carbon. Future work will further evaluate the effects of SO3 concentration and fixed-bed temperature, as well as moisture and acid gas concentrations, on mercury sorbent performance. A future CATM project will look at the effects of SO3 on the capture of Hg and HgCl2 by brominated carbon sorbents. In order to evaluate mechanisms for Hg-flue gas interactions, several approaches for creating highly dispersed mercury sorbents have been investigated and tested at the bench scale. Next-generation proprietary nanoparticle sorbents are currently being synthesized and will be tested in 2007.
CATM testing continues to evaluate alternatives to better utilize sorbents, including ACs. Field testing of the EERC proprietary sorbent enhancement technology has been successful. The information and experience obtained during the field test will facilitate future optimization of the onsite sorbent enhancement technology. The EERC and the Babcock & Wilcox Company (B&W) are now teaming together to design and fabricate a commercial enhancement unit capable of treating coal-fired power plants up to 600 MW.
CATM researchers also continue the evaluation of ways to improve the cobenefit effects of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. The upgrade on the bench-scale SCR unit has been completed. The next step will be incorporating the mercury oxidant delivery system with the bench-scale SCR. Tests have been planned to evaluate the performance of a number of mercury oxidants on mercury oxidation across the SCR.
Pilot-scale testing, planned for January 2007, will provide an opportunity to use actual flue gas for various tests involving other areas of CATM research.
Modeling Mercury Speciation in Coal Combustion Systems and Interactions on AC
A quantum mechanical approach was employed in the study of mercury interactions with flue gas components on AC surfaces. The complexity of such interactions makes it difficult to obtain quantitative thermodynamic data and reaction rates experimentally. However, a structural/ mechanistic model recently developed under CATM offers the possibility to perform such calculations, which yield energy minima for reactants, intermediates, and products. From these calculations, information about the relative thermodynamic stabilities and optimum conditions of the species involved can be obtained. Information about barriers to reactions is vital in the determination of reaction rates and rate constants and can also be obtained from these calculations after fully characterizing the transition state species in the reaction path. This thermochemical information at the determined optimum conditions, together with rates, can allow one to adjust certain experimental parameters in the most cost-effective manner, while maintaining high throughput capacity. Initial results, based on free energy and enthalpy data for the elementary reactions on the AC surface, seem to indicate that predominantly aromatic compounds will suffer a larger energy penalty in oxidizing elemental mercury at room temperature than their aliphatic counterparts. The insertion step of Hg0 on the graphene edge surface is not thermodynamically favorable at 298.15 K. On the other hand, surface activation by acidic flue gas components and the capture of Cl ions by the chemisorbed mercury adducts is feasible, and this yields organomercury chlorine compounds, which eventually release the captured Hg as HgCl2 at breakthrough.
Investigation of Mercury and Carbon-Based Sorbent Reaction Mechanisms
Research in this project was conducted through a consortium focused on improving the mercury capture efficiency of carbon-based sorbents in flue gases typical of firing lignite and other low-chlorine, low-sulfur fuels and focused on establishing a better understanding of mercury-sorbent reaction mechanisms, with the goal of improving mercury capture. The project aimed to develop better sorbents to control mercury emissions in subbituminous- and lignite coal-fired power plants equipped with fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet-and-dry scrubbers through investigation of surface reaction mechanisms by which carbon sorbents oxidize and capture mercury. The research plan examined flue gas-mercury interactions on carbon sorbents, sorbent surface chemistry, effects of surface modifications to the carbon structure on kinetics and capture, and evaluation of the efficiency of ACs prepared with surface modifications in low-chlorine fuel combustion applications. In previous years, the research in this project focused on examining the role of HCl in promoting the oxidation of elemental mercury on the carbon surface; the effort this year focused on the mechanism of SO2 oxidation as a competing reaction on the carbon surface. Testing showed that the promotion effect of HCl on the oxidation of SO2 is consistent with the promotion effect on the oxidation of mercury, suggesting that the carbon catalysis mechanisms are similar. Various methods were used to elucidate the surface of the carbon and the effectiveness of modifications to the surface.
Mercury and Air Toxic Element Impacts of CCB Disposal and Utilization
The stability of mercury and other air toxic elements associated with CCBs has become a prominent question as the coal-fired utility industry works to develop and test mercury emission controls that may consequently increase the mercury and air toxic element concentrations associated with CCBs. In order to address the potential for release of selenium and arsenic from CCBs, sorbents, and combinations adequately, one key release mechanism that must be evaluated is elevated-temperature vapor release. The overall goal of this project is to develop a method to quantify the real-time evolution of selenium and arsenic from fly ash at elevated temperatures. The development of a method to thermally desorb selenium and selenium compounds has been the focus of evaluation this year.
Mercury’s Interaction with Selenium
Using animal models developed in previous years, this project is an integrated study to better understand how Se affects Hg accumulation and how high Hg exposure harms Se physiology. Because bioaccumulation of Hg occurs in plants that are also known to bioaccumulate Se, this research will provide insight into the ways that Se status influences MeHg toxicity at the cellular level and assess the influence of Se on Hg accumulation in Hg hyperaccumulator plants, while evaluating applications for remote sensing using spectral reflectance. CATM research with insects demonstrated that organic and inorganic dietary Se are equally effective in preventing toxic effects of high Hg exposures; food chain experiments are being completed to examine the influence of dietary Se in the normal range of intakes on absorption and retention of dietary MeHg present at low concentrations, reflecting natural exposures. Also, cell cultures grown with graduated concentrations of Se that are subjected to MeHg and inorganic Hg added at incremental concentrations ranging from none to toxic levels are being used by CATM researchers to conduct Se dose-, form-, and time-dependent studies. These studies evaluate MeHg toxicity using sensitive markers of cell health and death, including rates of MeHg demethylation. Additionally, programmed cell death (apoptosis) in MeHg-exposed brain tissues is being assessed. Finally, CATM researchers are studying the interactions of dietary Hg and Se and possible connections between trace metals and heart disease through the examination of heart tissues of human patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, a pathology reportedly associated with high Hg accumulations.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model of Mercury-Selenium Interactions
This project is being conducted using the data generated from a separate but complementary animal research project entitled, “Investigating the Importance of Hg–Se Interactions.” A previously developed PBPK model of mercury distributions is being extended into a new, more comprehensive mathematical model called the Physiologically Oriented Integration of Nutrients and Toxins (POINT) model. This model reflects the influence of methylmercury and its metabolites on selenium availability in various tissue compartments. Animal exposure experiments conducted in this project have been done, and the POINT model has been used to evaluate and interpret the results of the complementary rat study. Results confirm earlier CATM findings, but allow a more in-depth analysis of Hg and Se interactions. Preliminary results indicate that toxic levels of dietary mercury affect Se distribution to the brain and limit Se availability, impairing enzyme activities that protect against oxidative damage from free radicals produced as a result of normal metabolic activities. The model will also be applied to human data to examine historically noted correlations and predict risk in human populations. The POINT model considers time-dose correlations of dietary Hg consumption in the context of the Se physiology that appears to be the molecular target of Hg toxicity. Therefore, this is the first study to comprehensively examine the underlying interactions between Hg exposure and the protective effects of dietary Se status in establishing associated risk.
Mercury Metabolism and Selenium Physiology Studies
The research activities for this project are ongoing from previous years. Selenium has long been known to be a mercury antagonist, but results of this project support the hypothesis that mercury is a selenium antagonist. This distinction appears to define the primary mechanism of mercury toxicity and is of pivotal importance in quantifying the risks associated with mercury exposure. Continued analysis of results from dietary rat studies demonstrates that low-selenium diets result in sensitivity to mercury exposure. Meanwhile, rats fed selenium-rich diets showed no adverse effects from consumption of otherwise toxic levels of mercury. Because selenium is an essential nutrient that is particularly important in brain function, the signs and symptoms of mercury toxicity appear to occur as a consequence of mercury-dependent selenium sequestration and the resulting loss of physiological functions normally supported by selenium.
Mercury-Selenium Interactions in Aquatic Ecosystems
Activities in this project are also ongoing from the previous year and investigated the affinity of selenium for mercury and selenium’s influence on mercury retirement in aquatic ecosystems. Continued analysis confirms that the effect appears to occur intracellularly, resulting in formation of an insoluble HgSe complex, which limits the biological availability of both elements. Physiological experiments using rapid-growing, short-lived insects were conducted, which continued to show selenium-dependent protection against mercury toxicity in insects and appeared to reflect findings showing selenium-dependent enzyme cellular activities in all other animal species.
Molecular Interactions of Toxic Metals
This project investigates the molecular interactions between mercury and selenium and explores a potentially novel molecular mechanism involving the interaction of nickel subsulfide with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These studies compare and contrast direct, indirect, and consequent molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Distinctions between molecular mechanisms of various toxic substances determine how they inflict physiological damage. This provides a new perspective on the molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity, which appears to act through a consequent mechanism, rather than through inducing direct or indirect molecular damage within exposed cells.
Technology Commercialization, Education, and Publication
To facilitate the transfer of technical information produced by CATM, several communication vehicles are used, including: (1) participation in both domestic and international conferences, symposia, workshops, and other educational programs and annual meetings; (2) quarterly reports on topical issues related to mercury through a collaborative project funded by CATM Affiliates, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Canadian Electricity Association (CEA); and (3) the publication of a newsletter that is also available electronically. In addition, the CATM Director and staff provide input into various public forums during the year to assist in the development of venues of technology transfer that may not be directly funded by CATM. The CATM Web page has been maintained throughout the year and can be accessed at http://www.undeerc.org/catm 
. Copies of the CATM Newsletter and topical reports to CEA are available and can be accessed via the CATM Web page for download and distribution.
CATM continues to be instrumental in various venues for disseminating information to the public and specifically to stakeholders affected by toxic metal issues. This included presentations at the “Mega” Symposium, the 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, the Western Fuels Symposium, and distribution via the CATM Web Site, CATM Newsletter, participation on a mercury experts committee, and informal exchanges at regional workshops. CATM researchers also continued specific training of future and current researchers and utility personnel, including focused cutting-edge training on all aspects of CMMs. This training was delivered in late 2005, May 2006, and will be periodically presented as long as there is an interest among stakeholders.
Future Activities:Future research will focus on the following:
- Toxic Metal Transformation in Fossil Fuel Combustion Systems
- Sampling and Analytical Methods—Improving Sorbent Traps for Mercury Spike Recovery to Meet EPA Method Appendix K Criteria
- Control Technologies
- Health Effects–Evaluation of Selenium’s Role in Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Toxicity
Journal Articles: 52 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other center views: | All 347 publications | 110 publications in selected types | All 52 journal articles |
| Type | Citation | ||
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Benson S. Air quality conference status of research on mercury. Filtration & Separation 1999;36(6):4. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Benson SA, Erickson TA, Jensen RR, Laumb JD. Transformations model for predicting size and composition of ash during coal combustions. American Chemical Society Fuel Preprints 2002;47(2):796-798. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Benson SA. Air quality III: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):423-424. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Benson SA, Laumb JD, Crocker CR, Pavlish JH. SCR catalyst performance in flue gases derived from subbituminous and lignite coals. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(5):577-613. |
CR830929 (2005) |
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Benson SA, Laumb JD, Jensen RR, Eylands KE. Characterization of particulate matter collected with a Burkhard sampler. American Chemical Society Fuel Preprints 2001;46(1):296-299. |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Biswas P, Senior C, Chang R, Vidic R, Laudal D, Brown T. Mercury measurement and its control: What we know, have learned, and need to further investigate. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1999;49(12):1469-1473 |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Boschee P. EPA mercury regime risks apples-to-oranges results. Electric Light & Power 1999;77(2). |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Dronen LC, Moore AE, Kozliak EI, Seames WS. An assessment of acid wash and bioleaching pre-treating options to remove mercury from coal. Fuel 2004;83(2):181-186. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ, Olson ES, Pavlish JH, Toman DL. Evaluating mercury transformation mechanisms in a laboratory - scale combustion system. Science of the Total Environment 2000;261(1-3):149-155. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Mercury transformations in coal combustion flue gas. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:289-310. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Toman DL, Zygarlicke CJ, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Wong JL. Nickel speciation of residual oil fly ash and ambient particulate matter using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2000;50(11):1876-1886. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Toman DL, Zygarlicke CJ, Pavlish JH. Trace element partitioning and transformations during combustion of bituminous and subbituminous U.S. coals in a 7-kW combustion system. Energy & Fuels 2000;14(6):1265-1279. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Crocker CR, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Larson KP. Nickel speciation measurements of urban particulate matter: method evaluation and relevance to risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2003;5(3):56N-61N. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Crocker CR, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, et al. Nickel speciation of urban particulate matter from Davie, Florida. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical 2003;48(2):779-781. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):701-726. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ, Tibbetts JE, Schulz RL, Dunham GE. Effects of NOx, α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, and HCl on mercury transformations in a 7-kW coal combustion system. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(4):429-448. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Galbreath KC, Schulz RL, Toman DL, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Zillioux EJ. Nickel and sulfur speciation of residual oil fly ashes from two electric utility steam-generating units. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2005;55(3):309-318. |
CR830929 (2005) |
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Hassett DJ, Eylands KE. Mercury capture on coal combustion fly ash. Fuel 1999;78(2):243-248. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Potential for mercury vapor release from coal combustion by-products. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):613-620. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Heebink LV, Hassett DJ. Release of mercury vapor from coal combustion ash. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2002;52(8):927-930. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Jensen RR, Karki S, Salehfar H. Artificial neural network-based estimation of mercury speciation in combustion flue gases. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):451-462. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Gupta H, Benson SA, Fan L-S, Laumb JD, Olson ES, Crocker CR, Sharma RK, Knutson RZ, Rokanuzzaman ASM, Tibbetts JE. Pilot-scale studies of NOx reduction by activated high-sodium lignite chars: a demonstration of the CARBONOX process. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2004;43(18):5820-5827. |
CR830929 (2005) |
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Laudal DL, Brown TD, Nott BR. Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:157-165. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Laudal DL, Pavlish JH, Graves J, Stockdill D. Mercury mass balances: a case study of two North Dakota power plants. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2000;50(10):1798-1804. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Laudal DL, Thompson JS, Pavlish JH, Brickett LA, Chu P. Use of continuous mercury monitors at coal-fired utilities. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):501-511. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Laudal DL, Thompson JS, Pavlish JH, Brickett L, Chu P, Srivastava RK, Lee CW, Kilgroe J. Mercury speciation at power plants using SCR and SNCR control technologies. Environmental Manager. 2003;(February):16-22. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Laumb JD, Benson SA, Olson EA. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of mercury sorbent surface chemistry. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):577-585. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Mann MD. Mercury emissions. FGD and DeNOx Newsletter, May 1999, No. 253, pp. 5-6. |
R827649 (2000) |
not available |
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Miller SJ, Dunham GE, Olson ES, Brown TD. Flue gas effects on a carbon-based mercury sorbent. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:343-363. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Miller SJ, Sharma RK, Dunham GE, Benson SA. Catalytic effects of carbon sorbents for mercury capture. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2000;74(1-2):61-79. |
R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Sharma RK, Pavlish JH. On the analysis of mercuric nitrate in flue gas by GC-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2002;374(6):1045-1049. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Laumb JD, Benson SA, Dunham GE, Sharma RK, Mibeck BA, Miller SJ, Holmes MJ, Pavlish JH. Chemical mechanisms in mercury emission control technologies. Journal of Physique IV 2003;107(4):979-982. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Laumb JD, Benson SA, Dunham GE, et al. The multiple site model for flue gas-mercury interactions on activated carbons: the basic site. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical 2003;48(1):30-31. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Crocker CR, Benson SA, Pavlish JH, Holmes MJ. Surface compositions of carbon sorbents exposed to simulated low-rank coal flue gases. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2005;55(6):747-754. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Pavlish JH. Status of particulate matter research and development. Filtration & Separation 1999;36(2):11. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Pavlish JH, Sondreal EA, Mann MD, Olson ES, Galbreath KC, Laudal DL, Benson SA. State review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology 2003; 82(2-3):89-165. |
R827649 (2002) |
not available |
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Pavlish JH, Sondreal EA, Mann MD, Olson ES, Galbreath KC, Laudal DL, Benson SA. Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology 2003;82(2-3):89-165. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Pavlish JH, Holmes MJ, Benson SA, Crocker CR, Galbreath KC. Application of sorbents for mercury control for utilities burning lignite coal. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):563-576. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Pflughoeft-Hassett DF, Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Buckley TD. The current state of the science related to the re-release of mercury from coal combustion products. Ash at Work 2006;1:26-27. |
CR830929 (2006) |
not available |
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Raymond LJ, Ralston NVC. Mercury: selenium interactions and health implications. Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal 2004;7(1):72-77. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (Final) |
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Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Pavlish JH. Status of research on air quality: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:5-19. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Hurley JP, Mann MD, Pavlish JH, Swanson ML, Weber GF, Zygarlicke CJ. Review of advances in combustion technology and biomass cofiring. Fuel Processing Technology. 2001;71(1-3):7-38. |
R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Sondreal EA, Jones ML, Groenewold GH. Tides and trends in the world’s electric power industry. The Electricity Journal 2001;14(1):61-79. |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Pavlish JH, Ralston NV. An overview of air quality III: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):425-440. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Thompson JS, Pavlish JH. Cryogenic trapping of oxidized mercury species from combustion flue gas. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:167-175. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
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Timpe RC, Mann MD, Pavlish JH. Organic sulfur and hap removal from coal using hydrothermal treatment. Fuel Processing Technology 2001;73(2):127-141. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Xin M, Gustin MS, Ladwig K, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Air-substrate mercury exchange associated with landfill disposal of coal combustion products. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(8):1167-1176. |
CR830929 (2006) |
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Zhao Y, Mann MD, Pavlish JH, Mibeck BAF, Dunham GE, Olson ES. Application of gold catalyst for mercury oxidation by chlorine. Environmental Science & Technology 2006;40(5):1603-1608. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) CR830929 (2006) R827649 (Final) |
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Zhao Y, Mann MD, Olson ES, Pavlish JH, Dunham GE. Effects of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide on mercury oxidation and reduction under homogeneous conditions. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(5):628-635. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) CR830929 (2006) |
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Zhuang Y, Thompson JS, Zygarlicke CJ, Pavlish JH. Development of a mercury transformation model in coal combustion flue gas. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(21):5803-5808. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (Final) |
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Zhuang Y, Zygarlicke CJ, Galbreath KC, Thompson JS, Holmes MJ, Pavlish JH. Kinetic transformation of mercury in coal combustion flue gas in a bench-scale entrained-flow reactor. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):463-472. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Zygarlicke CJ, Zhuang Y, Galbreath KC, Thompson JS, Holmes MJ, Tibbetts JE, Schulz RL, Dunham GE. Experimental investigation of mercury transformations in pilot-scale combustion systems and a bench-scale entrained flow reactor. Fuel Processing Technology. |
R827649 (2002) |
not available |
activated carbon, air toxic, air quality, chlorine, coal, control, modeling, emissions, environment, flue gas, hazardous, measurement, mercury, metals, pollutants, pollution, sampling, selenium, sorbents, species, toxic, transformations,
,
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Air, Scientific Discipline, Risk Assessment, Health Risk Assessment, Ecological Risk Assessment, air toxics, Atmospheric Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, exposure assessment, mercury emissions, emission control strategies, aerosol particles, air sampling, airborne metals, metals, air quality standards
Relevant Websites:
http://www.undeerc.org
http://www.undeerc.org/catm/index.html
Progress and Final Reports:
2004 Progress Report
2005 Progress Report
Original Abstract
Subprojects under this Center:
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R827649C001 Development And Demonstration Of Trace Metals Database
R827649C002 Nickel Speciation Of Residual Oil Ash
R827649C003 Atmospheric Deposition: Air Toxics At Lake Superior
R827649C004 Novel Approaches For Prevention And Control For Trace Metals
R827649C005 Wet Scrubber System
R827649C006 Technology Commercialization And Education
R827649C007 Development Of Speciation And Sampling Tools For Mercury In Flue Gas
R827649C008 Process Impacts On Trace Element Speciation
R827649C009 Mercury Transformations in Coal Combustion Flue Gas
R827649C010 Nickel, Chromium, and Arsenic Speciation of Ambient Particulate Matter in the Vicinity of an Oil-Fired Utility Boiler
R827649C011 Transition Metal Speciation of Fossil Fuel Combustion Flue Gases
R827649C012 Fundamental Study of the Impact of SCR on Mercury Speciation
R827649C013 Development of Mercury Sampling and Analytical Techniques
R827649C014 Longer-Term Testing of Continuous Mercury Monitors
R827649C015 Long-Term Mercury Monitoring at North Dakota Power Plants
R827649C016 Development of a Laser Absorption Continuous Mercury Monitor
R827649C017 Development of Mercury Control Technologies
R827649C018 Developing SCR Technology Options for Mercury Oxidation in Western Fuels
R827649C019 Modeling Mercury Speciation in Coal Combustion Systems
R827649C020 Stability of Mercury in Coal Combustion By-Products and Sorbents
R827649C021 Mercury in Alternative Fuels
R827649C022 Studies of Mercury Metabolism and Selenium Physiology