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2000 Progress Report: Center for Air Toxic Metals (CATM)
EPA Grant Number: R827649Center: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®)
Center Director: Groenewold, Gerald
Title: Center for Air Toxic Metals (CATM)
Investigators: Groenewold, Gerald , Benson, Steven A. , Galbreath, Kevin C. , Jensen, Robert R. , Laudal, Dennis L. , Laumb, Jason D. , Miller, Stanley J. , Olson, Edwin S. , Pavlish, John H. , Zygarlicke, Christopher J.
Current Investigators: Pavlish, John H. , Benson, Steven A. , Galbreath, Kevin C. , Holmes, Michael J. , Miller, Stanley J. , Zygarlicke, Christopher J.
Institution: University of North Dakota
EPA Project Officer: Stelz, Bill
Project Period: October 15, 1999 through October 14, 2003
Project Period Covered by this Report: October 15, 1999 through October 14, 2000
Project Amount: $4,772,400
RFA: Center for Air Toxic Metals (CATM) (1998)
Research Category: Targeted Research
Description:
Objective:The objective of the research done by the Center for Air Toxic Metals (CATM) is to address air toxic trace element emissions, which have become a matter of worldwide concern as well as a regulatory issue in the United States. The goal of CATM is to develop key information on air toxic metal compounds to support development and implementation of pollution prevention and control strategies that will effectively reduce air toxic metal emissions and releases to the environment.
Progress Summary:CATM research activities this year addressed several key issues related to air toxics. A summary of these research activities and accomplishments by program area follows.
Program Area 1 – Transformation Mechanisms
Fundamental Mechanisms of Mercury Species Formation in Power Plants
• The effects of cofiring Absaloka and Illinois No. 6 coals with chlorine-rich Medicago sativa (alfalfa) stems revealed a decrease in the relative proportions of particulate-bonded mercury (Hg[p]) and oxidized mercury (Hg2+). To the contrary, because of the increase in chlorine concentration, it was thought that the proportions of Hg(p) and Hg2+ would increase, not decrease. Presumably, the high concentration of alkali metals (~30 wt percent on an ash basis) in the alfalfa reacted with the available chlorine to form metal chlorides, thus inhibiting Hg(p) and Hg2+ formation.
• Injections ranging from 50–200 ppmv of NO2, at approximately 880° and 475°C, into Blacksville, Absaloka, and Falkirk coal combustion flue gases did not significantly affect mercury speciation, even though nitrogen oxides (NOx) have been shown to be important heterogeneous elemental mercury (Hg0) reactants in simulated flue gases.
Program Area 2 – Sampling and Analysis
Development of Sampling and Analytical Tools for Oxidized Mercury Species
• This effort focused on the development of analytical tools that would definitively determine the species of Hg2+ compounds in a flue gas stream using cryotrapping and mass spectrometry.
• A new source and temperature profiles for trapping were developed for mercuric nitrate hydrate. Mercuric chloride and mercuric nitrate hydrate are separated by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry.
• A method for transferring mercuric chloride from the initial cryotrap to the mass spectrometer was developed. The combination of these efforts will subsequently lead to quantitative speciation methods for selective mercury compounds.
Nickel, Chromium, and Arsenic Speciation of Ambient Particulate Matter in the Vicinity of Oil-Fired Utility Boilers
• Uncertainties in the chemical speciation of Ni, Cr, and As in ambient particulate matter (PM) associated with oil-fired boilers greatly affect inhalation health risk estimates, primarily because of the great variability in cancer potencies for different chemical species. For example, nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) compounds are considered the most carcinogenic Ni and Cr species on the basis of available human epidemiology and animal studies.
• Arrangements have been made to sample ambient PM associated with two representative residual (No. 6 fuel) oil-fired utility boilers. The combination of fly ash and ambient PM sampling provides a unique opportunity to compare the Ni, Cr, and As speciation of primary combustion PM (i.e., fly ash) to ambient PM, which includes primary and secondary PM.
Program Area 3 – Control Technologies
Development of Mercury Control Technologies
• Several bench-scale tests were performed with simulated flue gas to elucidate the effects of individual flue gas compounds on homogeneous and heterogeneous mercury reactions with carbon-based sorbents.
• Results from experimental tests in which O2 was removed from simulated flue gas matrix showed that there was no effect on sorbent reactivity or capacity and that the Hg0 was converted to an oxidized form across the sorbent, without O2 or HCl present. By virtue of elimination, this result clearly shows that NOx must provide the electron sink needed for heterogeneous surface reactions to occur. This points to nitrogen–mercury compounds or sulfur–mercury compounds as the forms of Hg2+ being formed in the presence of SO2 and NO2.
• Tests conducted with and without moisture indicate that moisture plays an important role in the SO2–NO2 interaction that reduces a sorbent's ability to capture mercury.
• Tests to further evaluate the interactions among Hg0, NO2, and SO2 suggest that SO2 by itself (added to the baseline gases) does not produce good mercury capture; NO2 alone (added to the baseline gases) produces excellent capture. This suggests that the Hg0 and NO2 react heterogeneously to form a mercury–nitrogen compound that is retained by the sorbent.
Characterization of Coal-Derived Mercury Sorbents
• Two activated carbons (ACs), a high-calcium AC (Norit FGD) and an AC developed at the EERC, were exposed to a simulated flue gas atmosphere with various levels of SO2, NO2, HCl, Hg0, and H2O. The exposed sorbents were analyzed using x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the chemistry of sulfur, nitrogen, and Hg in the carbons.
• Under conditions deficient in HCl, the AC made at the EERC exhibited the ability to capture mercury for a longer period of time without breakthrough than did the Norit lignite-based activated carbon (LAC). Thus, it improved the capacity for Hg sorption. The absence of water and HCl also improved the sorbent's capacity to capture mercury. As seen in previous tests, an SO2–NO2 interaction exists that results in the desorption of oxidized mercury captured in the sorbent.
• Chlorine seems to be very important in the absorption process. When HCl is not part of the flue gas, breakthrough of Hg occurs faster. After breakthrough, Cl seems to disappear from the AC. Given that, one can presume that the majority of the Hg is desorbing as a mercury chloride compound.
Stability of Mercury in Combustion By-Products
• The project was designed to determine the mechanisms of mercury release from coal combustion by-products (CCBs) and biomass materials.
• The results of the project have shown that there is no clear evidence that the rate of mercury release was related to the mercury concentration as determined by bulk analysis of the ash. The mercury release from the six samples selected appears to be extraordinarily low—below 200 picograms per 100 grams of CCB for each 90-day equilibration period.
• Ultraviolet light was found not to be effective in devolatilizing elemental mercury from the mercury–fly ash couple; however, infrared radiant energy resulted in devolatilization of elemental mercury without measurable change in bulk temperature. This suggests that the mercury was physisorbed to the fly ash.
Program Area 4 – Modeling and Database Development
Application of Database and Models to the Fundamental and Applied Study of Air Toxic Metals
• The CATM database was enhanced with the addition of data from U.S. coal-fired power plants utilizing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Information Collection Request (ICR) data. The database now contains over 300,000 analytical measurements from more than 40,000 samples from over 70 plants. The number of coal analyses with ash chemistry is in excess of 2,500 entries. The predictive regression equation estimated 45 tons of mercury is emitted into the atmosphere by coal utilities in the United States.
• The theoretical modeling of mercury–sorbent interactions has focused on modeling of the gas-phase mass transfer to the sorbent. Preliminary mass-transfer calculations using the modified model with an experimentally determined sorbent particle-size distribution were performed, with an arbitrary function used to define the gas-phase mercury concentration at the particle surface.
• A neural network model is being developed to predict plant emissions utilizing data from coal entering and emissions from the plant. The design of the network has been completed along with the determination of significant inputs. Training the network is ongoing and will require that the data be examined for inconsistent and/or outlying values.
Program Area 5 – Technology Commercialization and Education
Technology Commercialization, Education, and Publication
• The EERC, through CATM, the EPA, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), organized and sponsored a conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, held December 1-4, 1998, in McLean, Virginia. A follow-on conference, Air Quality II: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter (AQII), was held September 19-21, 2000, in McLean, Virginia. AQII provided over 300 participants in industry, government, academia, and research organizations with strategic information on advances made since the first conference and was expanded to two streams to enable more in-depth coverage of PM issues and the addition of topical areas that included environmental management, indoor/outdoor issues, and urban/rural settings.
• The CATM Web page has been maintained throughout the year and can be
accessed at http://www.undeerc.org 
. Copies of the CATM Newsletter are
available, as well as download access to the CATM database. The CATM Web page
recently has undergone major reconstruction and updates.
Future research will focus on the following:
• Fundamental mechanisms of mercury species formation in power plants.
• Development of sampling and analytical tools for oxidized mercury species.
• Development of mercury control technologies.
• Computer-based tools.
• Mercury stability in the environment.
• Nickel, chromium, and arsenic speciation of ambient particulate matter.
• Particulate matter in the vicinity of oil-fired utility boilers.
• Education and peer-reviewed publications.
Journal Articles: 52 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other center views: | All 347 publications | 110 publications in selected types | All 52 journal articles |
| Type | Citation | ||
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Benson S. Air quality conference status of research on mercury. Filtration & Separation 1999;36(6):4. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Benson SA, Erickson TA, Jensen RR, Laumb JD. Transformations model for predicting size and composition of ash during coal combustions. American Chemical Society Fuel Preprints 2002;47(2):796-798. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Benson SA. Air quality III: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):423-424. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Benson SA, Laumb JD, Crocker CR, Pavlish JH. SCR catalyst performance in flue gases derived from subbituminous and lignite coals. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(5):577-613. |
CR830929 (2005) |
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Benson SA, Laumb JD, Jensen RR, Eylands KE. Characterization of particulate matter collected with a Burkhard sampler. American Chemical Society Fuel Preprints 2001;46(1):296-299. |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Biswas P, Senior C, Chang R, Vidic R, Laudal D, Brown T. Mercury measurement and its control: What we know, have learned, and need to further investigate. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1999;49(12):1469-1473 |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Boschee P. EPA mercury regime risks apples-to-oranges results. Electric Light & Power 1999;77(2). |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Dronen LC, Moore AE, Kozliak EI, Seames WS. An assessment of acid wash and bioleaching pre-treating options to remove mercury from coal. Fuel 2004;83(2):181-186. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ, Olson ES, Pavlish JH, Toman DL. Evaluating mercury transformation mechanisms in a laboratory - scale combustion system. Science of the Total Environment 2000;261(1-3):149-155. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Mercury transformations in coal combustion flue gas. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:289-310. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Toman DL, Zygarlicke CJ, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Wong JL. Nickel speciation of residual oil fly ash and ambient particulate matter using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2000;50(11):1876-1886. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Toman DL, Zygarlicke CJ, Pavlish JH. Trace element partitioning and transformations during combustion of bituminous and subbituminous U.S. coals in a 7-kW combustion system. Energy & Fuels 2000;14(6):1265-1279. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Crocker CR, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Larson KP. Nickel speciation measurements of urban particulate matter: method evaluation and relevance to risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2003;5(3):56N-61N. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Crocker CR, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, et al. Nickel speciation of urban particulate matter from Davie, Florida. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical 2003;48(2):779-781. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):701-726. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ, Tibbetts JE, Schulz RL, Dunham GE. Effects of NOx, α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, and HCl on mercury transformations in a 7-kW coal combustion system. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(4):429-448. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) |
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Galbreath KC, Schulz RL, Toman DL, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Zillioux EJ. Nickel and sulfur speciation of residual oil fly ashes from two electric utility steam-generating units. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2005;55(3):309-318. |
CR830929 (2005) |
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Hassett DJ, Eylands KE. Mercury capture on coal combustion fly ash. Fuel 1999;78(2):243-248. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Potential for mercury vapor release from coal combustion by-products. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):613-620. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Heebink LV, Hassett DJ. Release of mercury vapor from coal combustion ash. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2002;52(8):927-930. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Jensen RR, Karki S, Salehfar H. Artificial neural network-based estimation of mercury speciation in combustion flue gases. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):451-462. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Gupta H, Benson SA, Fan L-S, Laumb JD, Olson ES, Crocker CR, Sharma RK, Knutson RZ, Rokanuzzaman ASM, Tibbetts JE. Pilot-scale studies of NOx reduction by activated high-sodium lignite chars: a demonstration of the CARBONOX process. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2004;43(18):5820-5827. |
CR830929 (2005) |
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Laudal DL, Brown TD, Nott BR. Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:157-165. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Laudal DL, Pavlish JH, Graves J, Stockdill D. Mercury mass balances: a case study of two North Dakota power plants. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2000;50(10):1798-1804. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Laudal DL, Thompson JS, Pavlish JH, Brickett LA, Chu P. Use of continuous mercury monitors at coal-fired utilities. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):501-511. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Laudal DL, Thompson JS, Pavlish JH, Brickett L, Chu P, Srivastava RK, Lee CW, Kilgroe J. Mercury speciation at power plants using SCR and SNCR control technologies. Environmental Manager. 2003;(February):16-22. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Laumb JD, Benson SA, Olson EA. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of mercury sorbent surface chemistry. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):577-585. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Mann MD. Mercury emissions. FGD and DeNOx Newsletter, May 1999, No. 253, pp. 5-6. |
R827649 (2000) |
not available |
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Miller SJ, Dunham GE, Olson ES, Brown TD. Flue gas effects on a carbon-based mercury sorbent. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:343-363. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Miller SJ, Sharma RK, Dunham GE, Benson SA. Catalytic effects of carbon sorbents for mercury capture. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2000;74(1-2):61-79. |
R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Sharma RK, Pavlish JH. On the analysis of mercuric nitrate in flue gas by GC-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2002;374(6):1045-1049. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Laumb JD, Benson SA, Dunham GE, Sharma RK, Mibeck BA, Miller SJ, Holmes MJ, Pavlish JH. Chemical mechanisms in mercury emission control technologies. Journal of Physique IV 2003;107(4):979-982. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Laumb JD, Benson SA, Dunham GE, et al. The multiple site model for flue gas-mercury interactions on activated carbons: the basic site. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical 2003;48(1):30-31. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Olson ES, Crocker CR, Benson SA, Pavlish JH, Holmes MJ. Surface compositions of carbon sorbents exposed to simulated low-rank coal flue gases. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2005;55(6):747-754. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) |
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Pavlish JH. Status of particulate matter research and development. Filtration & Separation 1999;36(2):11. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Pavlish JH, Sondreal EA, Mann MD, Olson ES, Galbreath KC, Laudal DL, Benson SA. State review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology 2003; 82(2-3):89-165. |
R827649 (2002) |
not available |
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Pavlish JH, Sondreal EA, Mann MD, Olson ES, Galbreath KC, Laudal DL, Benson SA. Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology 2003;82(2-3):89-165. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Pavlish JH, Holmes MJ, Benson SA, Crocker CR, Galbreath KC. Application of sorbents for mercury control for utilities burning lignite coal. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):563-576. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Pflughoeft-Hassett DF, Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Buckley TD. The current state of the science related to the re-release of mercury from coal combustion products. Ash at Work 2006;1:26-27. |
CR830929 (2006) |
not available |
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Raymond LJ, Ralston NVC. Mercury: selenium interactions and health implications. Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal 2004;7(1):72-77. |
R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Pavlish JH. Status of research on air quality: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:5-19. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Hurley JP, Mann MD, Pavlish JH, Swanson ML, Weber GF, Zygarlicke CJ. Review of advances in combustion technology and biomass cofiring. Fuel Processing Technology. 2001;71(1-3):7-38. |
R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Sondreal EA, Jones ML, Groenewold GH. Tides and trends in the world’s electric power industry. The Electricity Journal 2001;14(1):61-79. |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Pavlish JH, Ralston NV. An overview of air quality III: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):425-440. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
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Thompson JS, Pavlish JH. Cryogenic trapping of oxidized mercury species from combustion flue gas. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:167-175. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
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Timpe RC, Mann MD, Pavlish JH. Organic sulfur and hap removal from coal using hydrothermal treatment. Fuel Processing Technology 2001;73(2):127-141. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
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Xin M, Gustin MS, Ladwig K, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Air-substrate mercury exchange associated with landfill disposal of coal combustion products. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(8):1167-1176. |
CR830929 (2006) |
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Zhao Y, Mann MD, Pavlish JH, Mibeck BAF, Dunham GE, Olson ES. Application of gold catalyst for mercury oxidation by chlorine. Environmental Science & Technology 2006;40(5):1603-1608. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) CR830929 (2006) R827649 (Final) |
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Zhao Y, Mann MD, Olson ES, Pavlish JH, Dunham GE. Effects of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide on mercury oxidation and reduction under homogeneous conditions. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(5):628-635. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) CR830929 (2006) |
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Zhuang Y, Thompson JS, Zygarlicke CJ, Pavlish JH. Development of a mercury transformation model in coal combustion flue gas. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(21):5803-5808. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (Final) |
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Zhuang Y, Zygarlicke CJ, Galbreath KC, Thompson JS, Holmes MJ, Pavlish JH. Kinetic transformation of mercury in coal combustion flue gas in a bench-scale entrained-flow reactor. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):463-472. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) CR830929 (2004) |
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Zygarlicke CJ, Zhuang Y, Galbreath KC, Thompson JS, Holmes MJ, Tibbetts JE, Schulz RL, Dunham GE. Experimental investigation of mercury transformations in pilot-scale combustion systems and a bench-scale entrained flow reactor. Fuel Processing Technology. |
R827649 (2002) |
not available |
air, toxic, air quality, control, modeling, database, emissions, environment, hazardous, mercury, metals, pollutants, pollution, sampling, measurement, species, transformations. , Air, Sustainable Industry/Business, Scientific Discipline, Waste, RFA, Engineering, Chemistry, & Physics, Chemical Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Incineration/Combustion, air toxics, Environmental Engineering, cleaner production/pollution prevention, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, combustion contaminants, emissions contol engineering, clean technology, combustion waste recovery, ambient air quality, cleaner production, ambient emissions, atmospheric models, combustion byproducts, combustion technology, combustion control, emission control strategies, hazardous air pollutants, aerosol particles, trace metal emissions, combustion, chemical kinetics of incineration, air pollutants, air quality models, emission control technologies, environmentally friendly technology, atmospheric chemistry, mercury, metals, ambient metal species, air pollution control, energy efficiency, metal vapor emissions, emission controls, green technology, pollution prevention, air emissions
Relevant Websites:
http://www.undeerc.org
http://www.undeerc.org/catm/catm_home.html
Progress and Final Reports:
Original Abstract
2001 Progress Report
2002 Progress Report
2003 Progress Report
Final Report
Subprojects under this Center:
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R827649C001 Development And Demonstration Of Trace Metals Database
R827649C002 Nickel Speciation Of Residual Oil Ash
R827649C003 Atmospheric Deposition: Air Toxics At Lake Superior
R827649C004 Novel Approaches For Prevention And Control For Trace Metals
R827649C005 Wet Scrubber System
R827649C006 Technology Commercialization And Education
R827649C007 Development Of Speciation And Sampling Tools For Mercury In Flue Gas
R827649C008 Process Impacts On Trace Element Speciation
R827649C009 Mercury Transformations in Coal Combustion Flue Gas
R827649C010 Nickel, Chromium, and Arsenic Speciation of Ambient Particulate Matter in the Vicinity of an Oil-Fired Utility Boiler
R827649C011 Transition Metal Speciation of Fossil Fuel Combustion Flue Gases
R827649C012 Fundamental Study of the Impact of SCR on Mercury Speciation
R827649C013 Development of Mercury Sampling and Analytical Techniques
R827649C014 Longer-Term Testing of Continuous Mercury Monitors
R827649C015 Long-Term Mercury Monitoring at North Dakota Power Plants
R827649C016 Development of a Laser Absorption Continuous Mercury Monitor
R827649C017 Development of Mercury Control Technologies
R827649C018 Developing SCR Technology Options for Mercury Oxidation in Western Fuels
R827649C019 Modeling Mercury Speciation in Coal Combustion Systems
R827649C020 Stability of Mercury in Coal Combustion By-Products and Sorbents
R827649C021 Mercury in Alternative Fuels
R827649C022 Studies of Mercury Metabolism and Selenium Physiology