![[logo] US EPA](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20081106060148im_/http://www.epa.gov/epafiles/images/logo_epaseal.gif){kind=logo}
2005 Progress Report: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®) 2003-2007
EPA Grant Number: CR830929Subproject: this is subproject number R830929 , established and managed by the Center Director under a main grant
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®)
Center Director: Groenewold, Gerald
Title: Center for Air Toxic Metals® (CATM®) 2003-2007
Investigators: Pavlish, John H. , Benson, Steven A. , Crocker, Charlene , Galbreath, Kevin C. , Heebink, Loreal V. , Holmes, Michael J. , Laumb, Jason D. , Mibeck, Blaise , Ralston, Nicholas V.C. , Schmidt, Darren D. , Zhuang, Ye
Current Investigators: Pavlish, John H. , Benson, Steven A. , Crocker, Charlene , Galbreath, Kevin C. , Heebink, Loreal V. , Holmes, Michael J. , Laumb, Jason D. , Martin, Christopher L. , Mibeck, Blaise , Ralston, Nicholas V.C. , Schmidt, Darren D. , Zhuang, Ye
Institution: University of North Dakota - Main Campus
EPA Project Officer: Stelz, Bill
Project Period: May 1, 2003 through September 30, 2006 (Extended to September 30, 2007)
Project Period Covered by this Report: May 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005
Project Amount: $3,098,736
RFA: Targeted Research Center (2003)
Research Category: Targeted Research
Description:
Objective:The goal of Center for Air Toxic Metals (CATM) research is to address air toxic trace element emissions, which have become a matter of worldwide concern as well as a regulatory issue in the United States and Canada. The objective of CATM is to develop key information on air toxic metal compounds to support the development and implementation of pollution prevention and control strategies that will effectively reduce air toxic metal emissions and releases to the environment.
Progress Summary:CATM research activities this year addressed several key issues related to air toxics. These research activities and accomplishments are summarized below.
Mercury Transformations in Coal Combustion Flue Gas
CATM continues to seek cost-effective ways to transform elemental mercury to the oxidized form in order to promote mercury capture. This has previously proven most challenging in low-chlorine coals, but recent tests with coal additives have been very successful.
Research has provided additional insights into the mechanisms by which both heterogeneous and homogeneous transformations occur in coal combustion systems to affect mercury, and the role of other flue gas components in these complex reactions is becoming clearer.
Reactions between gaseous mercury and halogen species in a high-temperature flue gas regime are very fast. By adding halogens into the combustion zone, the mercury–flue gas chemistry is quite different from the normal low-rank, halogen-lean coal flue gas. Ongoing mercury kinetics studies have indicated that kinetic effects limiting the transformation of Hg0 at temperatures > 400°C are greatly reduced by the addition of halogens in the combustion zone.
CATM continues to evaluate unburned carbon for its benefits as a mercury sorbent, both with and without additives.
The specific mechanisms by which active sites sorb mercury continue to be studied, but research this year shows that sulfur likely plays a prominent role.
HCl is the critical factor in determining the level of mercury oxidation with and without a selective catalytic reduction (SCR). However, an SCR was seen to improve mercury oxidation with increased HCl. SO2/SO3 was found to have minimal effect, with SO2 slightly reducing mercury and SO3 slightly improving mercury oxidation, but both effects were statistically insignificant.
The Fate of Arsenic in Waste-to-Energy Facilities
A project was begun to evaluate the potential for using chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood in waste-to-energy systems to evaluate the emissions and ash management. Because CCA-treated wood was used extensively for telephone poles, building materials, and other wood products, it is expected that about 1.2 million tons per year could be going into our nation’s landfills. This project will test the viability of using this tremendous amount of wood for production of energy and to prevent arsenic and other trace metals from entering the waste stream.
Testing was conducted using a bench-scale system, to use CCA-treated wood, combust it, and measure the capacity of pollution control equipment to capture the trace metals, specifically arsenic. In addition, bottom ash and fly ash will be analyzed to determine the speciation and quantity of copper, chromium, and arsenic.
Measurement of Halogens
The overall goal of this ongoing project is to use existing methods and develop improved methods for evaluating the effects of halogens on the conversion of Hg0 to inorganic and organic Hg compounds with coal combustion flue gas. Two specific objectives to accomplish this goal, with active research commencing in early 2006, are as follows:
- Perform Hg halogen analyses on coal, fly ash, and Hg sorbent samples and statistically evaluate the results for interelemental correlations.
- Modify and simplify U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 26A for determining the concentrations and speciation of Cl and Br in coal combustion flue gas.
Development of a Laser-Based Mercury Continuous Emission Monitor
This work applied fundamental research toward assembling an apparatus for developing a laser-based method for measuring elemental mercury. A diode laser tuned to 407.784 nm has been used with a mercury lamp at 253.7 nm to induce fluorescence at 546 nm in elemental mercury. Experiments were conducted using two different excitation schemes as well as argon and nitrogen carrier gases. Research will continue toward improving the detection limit of this method.
Methods to Improve Measurement of Mercury and Chlorine in Combustion Flue Gases
The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is striving to improve the mercury measurement results obtained with impinger-based methods, such as ASTM International Method D6784-02 (Ontario Hydro), and continuous mercury monitors (CMM) (e.g., Semtech Hg 2000, PS Analytical [PSA] Sir Galahad, Tekran) by investigating a potential source of analytical bias: the mercury–fly ash interactions that occur on filter medium (i.e., glass fibers) may promote the formation of Hg1+, 2+ and/or particle-associated mercury forms (Hg[p]), thus negatively biasing Hg0 measurements.
A second-generation, small electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was constructed, tested, and successfully showed that it could be used to effectively remove most of the bias that is introduced by the fly ash on accurate measurement of Hg, Cl, and HCl in flue gas.
Development of an Oxidized Mercury-Spiking System
This project focused on design of an oxidized mercury-spiking system based on the catalytic effects gold films can exhibit on mercury and chlorine. Testing of gold thickness, operating temperature, and flow rate, as well as procedures for conditioning and operating such a spiking system were completed.
Development of Control Technologies
Based on health, emissions, and scientific data, EPA and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment determined that the amount of mercury emitted from utility power plants should be reduced. Other rules and regulations continue to be developed for more stringent control of trace metals. Progress was made this year to assist in the control of trace metals.
- Bench-scale tests were performed to evaluate and aid in the development of Hg sorbents and additives.
- The effect of SO3 on sorbents was explored by completing a full factorial matrix of tests with four variables at two levels. The results showed that SO3 in the flue gas mixture can have varying effects on the reactivity and capacity of the activated carbon (AC) sorbents.
- NO2, NO, and O2 are the contributors to mercury oxidation at the carbon surface, while HCl has a small effect on the oxidation rate.
- A novel mercury sorbent enhancement technology has been developed to reduce the amount of AC required for mercury control in coal-fired utilities.
- Particle-size distributions of AC injected into flue gas are not generally dependent on method of injection. However, using a piston/wire brush dry powder dispenser seemed to offer better performance than the standard volumetric screw feeder, which tended to agglomerate the AC.
Modeling Mercury Speciation in Coal Combustion Systems and Interactions on Activated Carbon
A quantum mechanical approach has been employed in the study of mercury interactions with flue gas components on AC surface. Initial results based on free energy and enthalpy data for the elementary reactions on the AC surface seem to indicate that predominantly aromatic compounds will suffer a larger energy penalty in oxidizing elemental mercury at room temperature as compared to aliphatic counterparts. For example, the insertion step of Hg0 on the graphene edge surface is not thermodynamically favorable at 298.15 K. On the other hand, surface activation by acidic flue gas components and the capture of Cl ions by the chemisorbed mercury adducts is feasible and may yield organomercury chlorine compounds, which eventually release the captured Hg as HgCl2 at breakthrough.
Developing SCR Technology Options for Mercury Oxidation in Western Fuels
The project evaluated the ability of SCR catalysts to oxidize mercury. Used SCR catalysts and new SCR catalysts formulated to enhance mercury oxidation, as well as the use of additives to enhance oxidation, were tested. The first catalyst tested was an existing formulation that Haldor Topsoe currently manufactures. A second set of tests was conducted on several new formulations developed in cooperation with Haldor Topsoe. The catalyst was tested in flue gas compositions similar to what is found in plants burning Powder River Basin (PRB) and lignite coals. The use of oxidation additives to promote the formation of oxidized mercury to levels of those seen for eastern coals was a primary emphasis.
The results of the baseline test indicated elemental mercury concentrations in the range of 85 to 100 percent. The testing of three other catalysts resulted in elemental mercury concentrations of 90 to 100 percent, 70 to 100 percent, and 60 to 100 percent.
A catalyst and an additive injected upstream were tested, yielding promising oxidation. However, data were limited, and additional testing is needed.
Investigation of Mercury and Carbon-Based Sorbent Reaction Mechanisms
Fort Union lignite‑fired power plants have shown a limited ability to control mercury emissions in currently installed ESPs, dry scrubbers, and wet scrubbers. This low level of control can be attributed to the high proportions of elemental mercury present in the flue gas, which occurs in low-acid flue gas environments. The overall goal of the project is to improve the mercury capture efficiency of carbon-based sorbents in flue gases typically resulting from firing lignite and other low-chlorine, low-sulfur fuels through a better understanding of mercury–sorbent reaction mechanisms.
Based on the results of experiments conducted thus far, the carbon surface collects SO2 from the flue gas and forms S(VI). At the same time, the chlorine content at the sorbent surface decreases. This continues until the sorbent capacity is reached.
Mercury Metabolism and Selenium Physiology Studies
Research conducted under this project continued work initiated the previous year. Selenium has long been thought to be a mercury antagonist, but results of these studies support the hypothesis that mercury is a selenium antagonist. This distinction is important to understand since it defines a primary mechanism of mercury toxicity and is of pivotal importance in quantifying the risks associated with environmental mercury exposure. Results demonstrate that rats fed diets that contain deficient levels of dietary selenium were sensitive to mercury exposure. Meanwhile, rats that were fed selenium-rich diets showed little or no adverse effects from consumption of high levels of mercury. Because selenium is an essential nutrient that is particularly important in brain function, the signs and symptoms of mercury toxicity appear to occur as a consequence of mercury-dependent selenium sequestration and the resulting loss of physiological functions normally supported by selenium.
Mercury–Selenium Interactions in Aquatic Ecosystems
CATM research conducted in this project investigated the affinity of selenium for mercury and selenium’s influence on mercury retirement in aquatic ecosystems. The effect appears likely to occur intracellularly, resulting in an insoluble complex which limits the biological availability of both elements. Since selenium-dependent enzyme activities occur in all cells of all animal species, physiological experiments using rapid-growing, short-lived invertebrates were employed. Experiments are under way.
Molecular Interactions of Toxic Metals
This project investigates the molecular interactions between mercury and selenium and explores a potentially novel molecular mechanism involving nickel subsulfide interaction with DNA. These studies compare and contrast direct, indirect, and consequent molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Distinctions between molecular mechanisms of various toxic substances determine how they inflict physiological damage. This provides a new perspective of the molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity, which appears to act through a consequent mechanism, rather than through inducing direct or indirect molecular damage within exposed cells.
Mercury and Air Toxic Element Impacts of Coal Combustion By-Product Disposal and Utilization
The objective of this effort was to provide key information on the stability of mercury and air toxic elements associated with coal combustion byproducts (CCBs) under conditions relevant to typical CCB management practices. Controlled laboratory experiments were used to evaluate a wide variety of fly ash samples and flue gas desulfurization materials. Samples were obtained primarily from full-scale coal-fired power plants under both normal operating conditions and during mercury emission control demonstrations. The following are some preliminary observations:
- Analysis of the carbon forms data revealed that samples with anisotropic or isotropic coke as the dominant carbon form included samples with the higher mercury content. Those samples also generally contained activated carbon from mercury emission control.
- Total mercury content and leachate concentrations of samples generated both with and without mercury emission controls present did not correlate and were independent of the short-term leaching procedures used.
- Results obtained from experiments to evaluate long-term ambient-temperature release of mercury from CCBs ranged from a net release to a net sorption of mercury. Replicate tests frequently yield highly variable results, but the extremely low levels both of sorption and release of mercury indicate that this release mechanism has very low potential to impact the loading of mercury in the atmosphere.
- Mercury is generally released at temperatures greater than 200°C, and in many samples, all the mercury is released when exposed to a temperature of 750°C.
- Organomercury compounds are present in leachates and vapor generated in experiments performed to evaluate mercury release under microbiologically mediated conditions.
Technology Commercialization, Education, and Publication
To facilitate the transfer of technical information produced by CATM, several communication vehicles are used, including participation in both domestic and international conferences, symposia, workshops, and other educational programs; annual meetings and peer review; quarterly reports on topical issues related to mercury through a collaborative project funded by CATM Affiliates, U.S. Department of Energy, and the Canadian Electricity Association; and the publication of a newsletter. In addition, the CATM Director and staff provide input into various public forums during the year to assist in the development of venues of technology transfer that may not be directly funded by CATM.
Conferences and Workshops Held
Air Quality V Conference: Mercury, Trace Elements, SO3, and Particulate Matter, Arlington, VA, September 19–21, 2005.
Air Quality V Conference Preconference Workshops, Arlington, VA, September 18, 2005:
- Mercury in Coal and Speciation in Combustion Flue Gases.
- Mercury Sampling and Measurement.
- Mercury Control—Power Plants Equipped with Particulate Control Only.
- Mercury Control—Power Plants Equipped with Scrubbers with and Without Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx Control.
- Fine Particulate and SO3 Aerosol Control Issues and Approaches.
Mercury in Combustion Flue Gases, Grand Forks, ND, November 15–17, 2005.
Future Activities:Future research will focus on the following:
- Mercury transformation in coal combustion flue gas
- Measurement of halogens
- Sampling and analytical methods
- Development of control technologies
- Molecular interactions of toxic metals
- Mercury–selenium interactions in aquatic ecosystems
- Mercury metabolism and selenium physiology studies
- Mercury’s interactions with selenium
- Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of mercury–selenium interactions
- Investigation of mercury and carbon-based sorbent reaction mechanisms
- Mercury and air toxic element impacts of coal combustion by-product disposal and utilization
Journal Articles: 52 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other center views: | All 347 publications | 110 publications in selected types | All 52 journal articles |
| Type | Citation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Benson S. Air quality conference status of research on mercury. Filtration & Separation 1999;36(6):4. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Benson SA, Erickson TA, Jensen RR, Laumb JD. Transformations model for predicting size and composition of ash during coal combustions. American Chemical Society Fuel Preprints 2002;47(2):796-798. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Benson SA. Air quality III: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):423-424. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Benson SA, Laumb JD, Crocker CR, Pavlish JH. SCR catalyst performance in flue gases derived from subbituminous and lignite coals. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(5):577-613. |
CR830929 (2005) |
|
|
|
Benson SA, Laumb JD, Jensen RR, Eylands KE. Characterization of particulate matter collected with a Burkhard sampler. American Chemical Society Fuel Preprints 2001;46(1):296-299. |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Biswas P, Senior C, Chang R, Vidic R, Laudal D, Brown T. Mercury measurement and its control: What we know, have learned, and need to further investigate. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1999;49(12):1469-1473 |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Boschee P. EPA mercury regime risks apples-to-oranges results. Electric Light & Power 1999;77(2). |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Dronen LC, Moore AE, Kozliak EI, Seames WS. An assessment of acid wash and bioleaching pre-treating options to remove mercury from coal. Fuel 2004;83(2):181-186. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ, Olson ES, Pavlish JH, Toman DL. Evaluating mercury transformation mechanisms in a laboratory - scale combustion system. Science of the Total Environment 2000;261(1-3):149-155. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Mercury transformations in coal combustion flue gas. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:289-310. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Galbreath KC, Toman DL, Zygarlicke CJ, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Wong JL. Nickel speciation of residual oil fly ash and ambient particulate matter using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2000;50(11):1876-1886. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Galbreath KC, Toman DL, Zygarlicke CJ, Pavlish JH. Trace element partitioning and transformations during combustion of bituminous and subbituminous U.S. coals in a 7-kW combustion system. Energy & Fuels 2000;14(6):1265-1279. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Galbreath KC, Crocker CR, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Larson KP. Nickel speciation measurements of urban particulate matter: method evaluation and relevance to risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2003;5(3):56N-61N. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Galbreath KC, Crocker CR, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, et al. Nickel speciation of urban particulate matter from Davie, Florida. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical 2003;48(2):779-781. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):701-726. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ, Tibbetts JE, Schulz RL, Dunham GE. Effects of NOx, α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, and HCl on mercury transformations in a 7-kW coal combustion system. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(4):429-448. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Galbreath KC, Schulz RL, Toman DL, Nyberg CM, Huggins FE, Huffman GP, Zillioux EJ. Nickel and sulfur speciation of residual oil fly ashes from two electric utility steam-generating units. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2005;55(3):309-318. |
CR830929 (2005) |
|
|
|
Hassett DJ, Eylands KE. Mercury capture on coal combustion fly ash. Fuel 1999;78(2):243-248. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Potential for mercury vapor release from coal combustion by-products. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):613-620. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Heebink LV, Hassett DJ. Release of mercury vapor from coal combustion ash. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2002;52(8):927-930. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Jensen RR, Karki S, Salehfar H. Artificial neural network-based estimation of mercury speciation in combustion flue gases. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):451-462. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Gupta H, Benson SA, Fan L-S, Laumb JD, Olson ES, Crocker CR, Sharma RK, Knutson RZ, Rokanuzzaman ASM, Tibbetts JE. Pilot-scale studies of NOx reduction by activated high-sodium lignite chars: a demonstration of the CARBONOX process. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2004;43(18):5820-5827. |
CR830929 (2005) |
|
|
|
Laudal DL, Brown TD, Nott BR. Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:157-165. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Laudal DL, Pavlish JH, Graves J, Stockdill D. Mercury mass balances: a case study of two North Dakota power plants. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2000;50(10):1798-1804. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Laudal DL, Thompson JS, Pavlish JH, Brickett LA, Chu P. Use of continuous mercury monitors at coal-fired utilities. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):501-511. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Laudal DL, Thompson JS, Pavlish JH, Brickett L, Chu P, Srivastava RK, Lee CW, Kilgroe J. Mercury speciation at power plants using SCR and SNCR control technologies. Environmental Manager. 2003;(February):16-22. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Laumb JD, Benson SA, Olson EA. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of mercury sorbent surface chemistry. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):577-585. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2002) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Mann MD. Mercury emissions. FGD and DeNOx Newsletter, May 1999, No. 253, pp. 5-6. |
R827649 (2000) |
not available |
|
|
Miller SJ, Dunham GE, Olson ES, Brown TD. Flue gas effects on a carbon-based mercury sorbent. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:343-363. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Olson ES, Miller SJ, Sharma RK, Dunham GE, Benson SA. Catalytic effects of carbon sorbents for mercury capture. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2000;74(1-2):61-79. |
R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Olson ES, Sharma RK, Pavlish JH. On the analysis of mercuric nitrate in flue gas by GC-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2002;374(6):1045-1049. |
R827649 (2002) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Olson ES, Laumb JD, Benson SA, Dunham GE, Sharma RK, Mibeck BA, Miller SJ, Holmes MJ, Pavlish JH. Chemical mechanisms in mercury emission control technologies. Journal of Physique IV 2003;107(4):979-982. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Olson ES, Laumb JD, Benson SA, Dunham GE, et al. The multiple site model for flue gas-mercury interactions on activated carbons: the basic site. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical 2003;48(1):30-31. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Olson ES, Crocker CR, Benson SA, Pavlish JH, Holmes MJ. Surface compositions of carbon sorbents exposed to simulated low-rank coal flue gases. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2005;55(6):747-754. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Pavlish JH. Status of particulate matter research and development. Filtration & Separation 1999;36(2):11. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Pavlish JH, Sondreal EA, Mann MD, Olson ES, Galbreath KC, Laudal DL, Benson SA. State review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology 2003; 82(2-3):89-165. |
R827649 (2002) |
not available |
|
|
Pavlish JH, Sondreal EA, Mann MD, Olson ES, Galbreath KC, Laudal DL, Benson SA. Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology 2003;82(2-3):89-165. |
R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Pavlish JH, Holmes MJ, Benson SA, Crocker CR, Galbreath KC. Application of sorbents for mercury control for utilities burning lignite coal. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):563-576. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Pflughoeft-Hassett DF, Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Buckley TD. The current state of the science related to the re-release of mercury from coal combustion products. Ash at Work 2006;1:26-27. |
CR830929 (2006) |
not available |
|
|
Raymond LJ, Ralston NVC. Mercury: selenium interactions and health implications. Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal 2004;7(1):72-77. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Pavlish JH. Status of research on air quality: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:5-19. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Hurley JP, Mann MD, Pavlish JH, Swanson ML, Weber GF, Zygarlicke CJ. Review of advances in combustion technology and biomass cofiring. Fuel Processing Technology. 2001;71(1-3):7-38. |
R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Sondreal EA, Jones ML, Groenewold GH. Tides and trends in the world’s electric power industry. The Electricity Journal 2001;14(1):61-79. |
R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Sondreal EA, Benson SA, Pavlish JH, Ralston NV. An overview of air quality III: mercury, trace elements, and particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):425-440. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Thompson JS, Pavlish JH. Cryogenic trapping of oxidized mercury species from combustion flue gas. Fuel Processing Technology 2000;65:167-175. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Timpe RC, Mann MD, Pavlish JH. Organic sulfur and hap removal from coal using hydrothermal treatment. Fuel Processing Technology 2001;73(2):127-141. |
R827649 (2000) R827649 (2001) R827649C001 (2001) R827649C001 (Final) |
not available |
|
|
Xin M, Gustin MS, Ladwig K, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Air-substrate mercury exchange associated with landfill disposal of coal combustion products. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(8):1167-1176. |
CR830929 (2006) |
|
|
|
Zhao Y, Mann MD, Pavlish JH, Mibeck BAF, Dunham GE, Olson ES. Application of gold catalyst for mercury oxidation by chlorine. Environmental Science & Technology 2006;40(5):1603-1608. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) CR830929 (2006) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Zhao Y, Mann MD, Olson ES, Pavlish JH, Dunham GE. Effects of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide on mercury oxidation and reduction under homogeneous conditions. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(5):628-635. |
CR830929 (2004) CR830929 (2005) CR830929 (2006) |
|
|
|
Zhuang Y, Thompson JS, Zygarlicke CJ, Pavlish JH. Development of a mercury transformation model in coal combustion flue gas. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(21):5803-5808. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Zhuang Y, Zygarlicke CJ, Galbreath KC, Thompson JS, Holmes MJ, Pavlish JH. Kinetic transformation of mercury in coal combustion flue gas in a bench-scale entrained-flow reactor. Fuel Processing Technology 2004;85(6-7):463-472. |
CR830929 (2004) R827649 (2003) R827649 (Final) |
|
|
|
Zygarlicke CJ, Zhuang Y, Galbreath KC, Thompson JS, Holmes MJ, Tibbetts JE, Schulz RL, Dunham GE. Experimental investigation of mercury transformations in pilot-scale combustion systems and a bench-scale entrained flow reactor. Fuel Processing Technology. |
R827649 (2002) |
not available |
activated carbon, air toxic, air quality, chlorine, coal, control, modeling, emissions, environment, flue gas, hazardous, measurement, mercury, metals, pollutants, pollution, sampling, selenium sorbents, species, toxic, transformations,
,
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Air, Scientific Discipline, Risk Assessment, Health Risk Assessment, Ecological Risk Assessment, air toxics, Atmospheric Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, exposure assessment, mercury emissions, emission control strategies, aerosol particles, air sampling, airborne metals, metals, air quality standards
Relevant Websites:
http://www.undeerc.org
http://www.undeerc.org/catm/index.html
Progress and Final Reports:
2004 Progress Report
Original Abstract
2006 Progress Report
Subprojects under this Center:
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R827649C001 Development And Demonstration Of Trace Metals Database
R827649C002 Nickel Speciation Of Residual Oil Ash
R827649C003 Atmospheric Deposition: Air Toxics At Lake Superior
R827649C004 Novel Approaches For Prevention And Control For Trace Metals
R827649C005 Wet Scrubber System
R827649C006 Technology Commercialization And Education
R827649C007 Development Of Speciation And Sampling Tools For Mercury In Flue Gas
R827649C008 Process Impacts On Trace Element Speciation
R827649C009 Mercury Transformations in Coal Combustion Flue Gas
R827649C010 Nickel, Chromium, and Arsenic Speciation of Ambient Particulate Matter in the Vicinity of an Oil-Fired Utility Boiler
R827649C011 Transition Metal Speciation of Fossil Fuel Combustion Flue Gases
R827649C012 Fundamental Study of the Impact of SCR on Mercury Speciation
R827649C013 Development of Mercury Sampling and Analytical Techniques
R827649C014 Longer-Term Testing of Continuous Mercury Monitors
R827649C015 Long-Term Mercury Monitoring at North Dakota Power Plants
R827649C016 Development of a Laser Absorption Continuous Mercury Monitor
R827649C017 Development of Mercury Control Technologies
R827649C018 Developing SCR Technology Options for Mercury Oxidation in Western Fuels
R827649C019 Modeling Mercury Speciation in Coal Combustion Systems
R827649C020 Stability of Mercury in Coal Combustion By-Products and Sorbents
R827649C021 Mercury in Alternative Fuels
R827649C022 Studies of Mercury Metabolism and Selenium Physiology