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2003 Progress Report: Testing the Metals Hypothesis in Spokane
EPA Grant Number: R828678C010Subproject: this is subproject number 010 , established and managed by the Center Director under grant R824834
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC)
Center Director: Beskid, Craig
Title: Testing the Metals Hypothesis in Spokane
Investigators: Claiborn, Candis , Larsen, Timothy , Sheppard, Lianne
Institution: Washington State University , University of Washington
EPA Project Officer: Stacey Katz/Gail Robarge,
Project Period: May 1, 1999 through June 30, 2005
Project Period Covered by this Report: May 1, 2002 through June 30, 2003
RFA: Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC) (1997)
Research Category: Air Quality and Air Toxics , Targeted Research
Description:
Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) toxic metals (Sb, As, Cr, Co, Mn, Hg, Se, Cd and Ni) and transition metals (Ti, V and Fe), and several health endpoints that include emergency department (ED) visits for asthma, hospital admissions for asthma and other respiratory outcomes, and total respiratory mortality. This was to be accomplished using time-series and source apportionment methods on a Spokane, WA daily data set some 7 years long. The investigators analyzed archived daily fine and course particulate samples collected in Spokane over 4 years (1995-1998) via a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grant and added to this 3 years’ worth of samples that were collected during the period of Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC) support. Thus, a total of 7 years’ worth of data were available for analysis. PM metals content—on both archived samples and samples collected during this period of support—was determined via a combination of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). These INAA analyses were conducted via support from the EPA. Susceptible populations that were targeted for study include both elderly and non-elderly age groups and individuals with pre-existing chronic conditions such as asthma. Health outcomes that were examined include:
- Hospital admissions for respiratory or cardiovascular causes only, for both causes, and for specific respiratory cause (e.g., asthma). Both elderly and non-elderly subgroups were monitored.
- Emergency room visits for asthma.
- Respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in elderly and non-elderly.
The study was funded in response to NUATRC RFA 98-02, “Contribution of Metals in Ambient Particles to Particulate Associated Health Effects.” The project period for this study was May 1999-May 2003. A no-cost extension has been granted through March 2004 to complete analyses of the full data set. The study is in compliance with the Institutional Review Board of Washington State University. The project is also in compliance with appropriate quality control and quality assurance procedures as per NUATRC and EPA guidelines. Work accomplished during the period of this report is discussed below:
- 7 1/2 years of daily samples have been collected in Spokane (January 1, 1995 to May 15, 2002). 6 3/4 years worth samples have been analyzed using EDXRF. Approximately 1800 samples have been analyzed with INAA.
- To identify point source impacts from various wind directions, analyses were conducted using Potential Source Contribution Factor. The results agreed with the reported location of the point sources.
- The particulate data were also analyzed for source apportionment using the Chemical Mass Balance version 8 receptor model 8. The data were also analyzed using UNMIX. To date, data from January 1, 1995 to December 13, 1997 have been examined. The entire dataset is being currently analyzed.
- Three time series analyses were constructed to examine associations between ER visits, hospital admits, and mortality in Spokane with particulate exposure data.
- Results from analyses of a partial data set indicated no associations between any size fraction of PM (10, 2.5 or 1) or CO and cardiac hospital admissions or mortality.
- Initial analyses of all ED visits for acute respiratory tract infections showed smaller relative risks at 0-1 day lags, and larger associations at 2-3 day lags for CO. Similar but less pronounced trends of association with PM1 and PM2.5 were observed. When respiratory ED visits were broken down into subcategories, a 1 ppm increase in CO at 3-day lag was associated with a 1.06-fold increase in ED visits for asthma. No association was found between PM or CO and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia. No significant associations were found with CO or any size fraction of PM for hospital admissions with the strongest associations for all respiratory hospital admissions found at 3-day lag for PM1 and PM2.5.
- Initial results from source apportionment studies indicated that biomass burning was the major source PM2.5. Secondary aerosol is pronounced in winter and associated with mobile PM2.5 as well as SO2. Soil impacts on PM2.5 are relatively minor, but are readily detectable. PM sources are not all intercorrelated; chemical constituents are not expected to be, either.
- Analyses of the full data set are currently ongoing; these include source apportionment and time-series analysis in Spokane and health effects analysis.
- The source apportionment studies will incorporate the full data set in positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses and compensate for the change of XRF instruments from EPA to Jordan Valley.
- The INAA analyses will be incorporated in the PMF results to see if additional sources can be distinguished. Simultaneously, UNMIX will be run on the previous portion of data already analyzed.
- The suitability of CO as a marker for combustion sources will be tested. As a control, an element not associated with combustion, like Si, will be included.
- Further health effects analyses will be conducted using larger portions of data sets. Both single and multiple pollutants will be examined as linear terms for exposure.
- Specific metals will be looked at directly based upon literature reports of negative pulmonary system responses from exposure.
- Sources from PMF and CMB analyses will be looked at in health effects analyses.
- A draft Final Report for the project is due March 2004.
Journal Articles on this Report: 6 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other subproject views: | All 13 publications | 7 publications in selected types | All 7 journal articles |
| Other center views: | All 122 publications | 54 publications in selected types | All 46 journal articles |
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Claiborn CS, Larson T, Sheppard L. Testing the metals hypothesis in Spokane, Washington. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002;110(Suppl 4):547-552. |
R828678C010 (2002) R828678C010 (2003) R828678C010 (2004) R828678C010 (2005) R828678C010 (2006) R828678C010 (2007) R827355 (2001) R827355 (Final) R827355C008 (2002) R827355C008 (Final) |
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Finn D, Rumburg B, Claiborn C, Bamesberger L, Siems WF, Koenig J, Larson T, Norris G. Sampling artifacts from the use of denuder tubes with glycerol based coatings in the measurement of atmospheric particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology 2001;35(1):40-44. |
R828678C010 (2001) R828678C010 (2003) R828678C010 (2004) R828678C010 (2005) R828678C010 (2006) R828678C010 (2007) |
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Kim E, Larson TV, Hopke PK, Slaughter C, Sheppard LE, Claiborn C. Source identification of PM2.5 in an arid Northwest U.S. City by positive matrix factorization. Atmospheric Research 2003;66(4):291-305. |
R828678C010 (2003) R828678C010 (2004) R828678C010 (2005) R828678C010 (2006) R828678C010 (2007) R827354 (Final) R827354C001 (Final) R827355 (2004) R827355 (Final) R827355C008 (2002) R827355C008 (Final) R827355C009 (2003) |
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Rumburg B, Alldredge R, Claiborn C. Statistical distributions of particulate matter and the error associated with sampling frequency. Atmospheric Environment 2001;35(16):2907-2920. |
R828678C010 (2001) R828678C010 (2003) R828678C010 (2004) R828678C010 (2005) R828678C010 (2006) R828678C010 (2007) |
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Slaughter JC, Kim E, Sheppard L, Sullivan JH, Larson TV, Claiborn C. Association between particulate matter and emergency room visits, hospital admissions and mortality in Spokane, Washington. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 2005;15(2):153-159. |
R828678C010 (2003) R828678C010 (2004) R828678C010 (2005) R828678C010 (2006) R828678C010 (2007) |
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Vaughan JK, Claiborn C, Finn D. April 1998 Asian dust event over the Columbia Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001;106(D16):18381-18402. |
R828678C010 (2001) R828678C010 (2003) R828678C010 (2004) R828678C010 (2005) R828678C010 (2006) R828678C010 (2007) |
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POLLUTANTS/TOXICS, Air, Geographic Area, Scientific Discipline, Health, RFA, Engineering, Chemistry, & Physics, Risk Assessments, Health Risk Assessment, Epidemiology, Air Pollution Effects, air toxics, Chemicals, Biochemistry, particulate matter, Air Pollution, Environmental Monitoring, State, heavy metals, airborne urban contaminants, air sampling pump, cardiovascular disease, health effects, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Washington (WA), urban air, environmental contaminants, chemical detection techniques, lung inflamation, chemical composition, aerosol particles, air sampling, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, human health risk, air pollutants, human health effects, atmospheric particles, urban air quality, urban air pollution, human health, biomarker, human exposure, particulate exposure
Relevant Websites:
http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/mleland/
Progress and Final Reports:
2001 Progress Report
2002 Progress Report
Original Abstract
2004 Progress Report
2005 Progress Report
2006 Progress Report
2007 Progress Report
Main Center Abstract and Reports:
R824834 Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC)
Subprojects under this Center:
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R824834C001 Air Toxics Exposures Among Teenagers in New York City and Los Angeles - A Columbia-Harvard Study (TEACH)
R824834C002 Cardiopulmonary Response to Particulate Exposure
R824834C003 VOC Exposure in an Industry Impacted Community
R824834C004 A Study of Personal Exposure to Air Toxics Among a Subset of the Residential U.S. Population (VOC Project)
R824834C005 Methods Development Project for a Study of Personal Exposures to Toxic Air Pollutants
R824834C006 Relationship Between Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA)
R824834C007 Development of the "Leland Legacy" Air Sampling Pump
R824834C008 Source Apportionment of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Residences
R824834C009 Development of a Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS)
R824834C010 Testing the Metals Hypothesis in Spokane
R828678C001 Air Toxics Exposures Among Teenagers in New York City and Los Angeles—A Columbia-Harvard Study (TEACH)
R828678C002 Cardiopulmonary Effects of Metal-Containing Particulate Exposure
R828678C003 VOC Exposure in an Industry Impacted Community
R828678C004 A Study of Personal Exposure to Air Toxics Among a Subset of the Residential U.S. Population (VOC Project)
R828678C005 Oxygenated Urban Air Toxics and Asthma Variability in Middle School Children: A Panel Study (ATAC–Air Toxics and Asthma in Children)
R828678C006 Relationship between Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA). Part II: Analyses of Concentrations of Particulate Matter Species
R828678C007 Development of the “Leland Legacy” Air Sampling Pump
R828678C008 Source Apportionment of Indoor PAHs in Urban Residences 98-03B
R828678C009 Development of a Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS)
R828678C010 Testing the Metals Hypothesis in Spokane
R828678C011 A Pilot Geospatial Analysis of Exposure to Air Pollutants (with Special Attention to Air Toxics) and Hospital Admissions in Harris County, Texas
R828678C012 Impact of Exposure to Urban Air Toxics on Asthma Utilization for the Pediatric Medicaid Population in Dearborn, Michigan
R828678C013 Field Validation of the Sioutas Sampler and Leland Legacy Pump – Joint Project with EPA’s Environmental Technology Validation Program (ETV)
R828678C014 Performance Evaluation of the 3M Charcoal Vapor Monitor for Monitor Low Ambient Concentrations of VOCs
R828678C015 RIOPA Database Development
R828678C016 Contributions of Outdoor PM Sources to Indoor and Personal Exposures: Analysis of PM Species Concentrations” Focused on the PM Speciation and Apportioning of Sources
R828678C017 The Short and Long-Term Respiratory Effects of Exposure to PAHs from Traffic in a Cohort of Asthmatic Children