Total public direct expenditures on education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: Selected countries, 1985 to 1997

2000 Tables and Figures

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Table 412.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                  |                               |    Primary and secondary      |
                  |      All institutions\1\      |       institutions            |Higher education institutions
     Country      |_______________________________|_______________________________|_______________________________
                  |1985 |1990 |1994 |1995 |1997\2\|1985 |1990 |1994 |1995 |1997\2\|1985 |1990 |1994 |1995 |1997\2\
__________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______
        1         |  2  |  3  |  4  |  5  |   6   |   7 |  8  |  9  | 10  |  11   |  12 | 13  | 14  |  15 |  16
__________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______
Average for year .| 5.3 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 |   5.1 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 |   3.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 |   1.0
Average for coun- |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
  tries reporting |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
  data for all    |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
  years ..........| 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 |   5.2 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 |   3.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |   1.0
                  |_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______
Australia ........| 5.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 |   4.3 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 |   3.3 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |   1.0
Austria ..........| 5.6 | 5.2 | --- | 5.3 |   6.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | --- | 3.8 |   4.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | --- | 0.9 |   1.3
Belgium\3\ .......| 6.3 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 5.0 |   4.8 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.4 |   3.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 |   0.8
Canada ...........| 6.1 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 5.8 |   5.4 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 |   4.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 |   1.2
Czech Republic ...| --- | --- | --- | 4.8 |   4.5 | --- | --- | --- | 3.4 |   3.2 | --- | --- | 0.8 | 0.7 |   0.7
                  |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
Denmark ..........| 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 6.5 |   6.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 |   4.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 |   1.1
Finland ..........| 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.6 |   6.3 | --- | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.2 |   3.8 | --- | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 |   1.7
France ...........| --- | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.8 |   5.8 | --- | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.1 |   4.1 | --- | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |   1.0
Germany\4\ .......| 4.6 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 |   4.5 | 2.8 | --- | 2.9 | 2.9 |   2.9 | 1.0 | --- | 0.9 | 1.0 |   1.0
Greece ...........| --- | --- | 3.1 | 3.7 |   3.5 | --- | --- | 2.4 | 2.8 |   2.5 | --- | --- | 0.7 | 0.8 |   1.0
                  |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
Hungary ..........| --- | 5.0 | 5.7 | 4.9 |   4.5 | --- | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.3 |   2.9 | --- | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 |   0.8
Iceland ..........| --- | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 |   5.1 | --- | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 |   3.9 | --- | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |   0.7
Ireland ..........| 5.6 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 4.7 |   4.5 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.3 |   3.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 |   1.0
Italy ............| 4.7 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 |   4.6 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 3.2 |   3.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 |   0.6
Japan ............| --- | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.6 |   3.6 | --- | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 |   2.8 | --- | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 |   0.5
                  |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
Korea ............| --- | --- | 3.6 | 3.6 |   4.4 | --- | --- | 2.9 | 3.0 |   3.4 | --- | --- | 0.3 | 0.3 |   0.5
Luxembourg .......| --- | --- | --- | 4.3 |   4.2 | --- | --- | --- | 4.2 |   4.1 | --- | --- | --- | 0.1 |   0.1
Mexico ...........| --- | 3.2 | 4.5 | 4.6 |   4.5 | --- | 2.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 |   3.3 | --- | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 |   0.8
Netherlands ......| 6.2 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 4.6 |   4.3 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 |   2.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.1 |   1.1
New Zealand ......| --- | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 |   6.1 | --- | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 |   4.7 | --- | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 |   1.0
                  |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
Norway ...........| 5.1 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 6.8 |   6.6 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 |   4.4 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 |   1.3
Poland ...........| --- | --- | --- | 5.2 |   5.8 | --- | --- | --- | 3.3 |   3.8 | --- | --- | --- | 0.8 |   1.2
Portugal .........| --- | --- | 5.3 | 5.4 |   5.8 | --- | --- | 3.9 | 4.1 |   4.4 | --- | --- | 0.8 | 1.0 |   1.0
Russia ...........| --- | --- | --- | 3.4 |   --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.9 |   --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.7 |   ---
Spain ............| 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 4.8 |   4.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 |   3.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 |   0.9
                  |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
Sweden ...........| --- | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 |   6.8 | --- | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 |   4.7 | --- | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.6 |   1.6
Switzerland ......| 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.5 |   5.4 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 |   4.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 |   1.1
Turkey ...........| --- | 3.2 | 3.3 | 2.2 |   --- | --- | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.4 |   --- | --- | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 |   0.8
United Kingdom ...| 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.6 |   4.6 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 |   3.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 |   0.7
United States ....| 4.7 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 5.0 |   5.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 |   3.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 |   1.4
__________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______|_____|_____|_____|_____|_______

\1\Includes preprimary and other expenditures not classified by level.
\2\Due to the implementation of a new classification system post-1996 data are not comaparable with earlier data.
\3\Flemish Belgium data only.
\4\Data for 1985 refer to West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany before unification).

NOTE: Direct public expenditure on educational services includes both amounts spent directly by governments to hire educational personnel and to procure other resources, and amounts provided by governments to public or private institutions. Figures for 1985 also include transfers and payments to private entities, and thus are not strictly comparable with later figures.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Education Database; Annual National Accounts, vol.1, 1997; and Education at a Glance, 2000. (This table was prepared July 2000.)

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