GEO 2000 Summary (NSF 00-28)
Contents
Foreword
- The
Context for a Decade of Discovery
- A
Vision for the Decade Ahead
- IdeasThe
Research Agenda
- PeopleThe
Education Agenda
- ToolsThe
Implementation Agenda
- Conclusion
Acknowledgements
About the National Science Foundation
FOREWARD
The geoscience
community is eagerly preparing to enter the 21st Century and looks forward
to the challenging research and educational opportunities that confront
it during the next decade. In recent years, the geosciences have enjoyed
major advances in understanding the Earth systems and the complex interactions
among the various elements: atmosphere, ocean, land surface and biosphere.
These dramatic advances are now providing new and enhanced opportunities
for geosciences, in combination with sister disciplines, to provide important
services to the nation through prediction of potentially harmful or beneficial
events.
To provide
a strategy to advance and integrate scientific knowledge across the broad
range of geosciences and to provide essential services to the country,
the Directorate for Geosciences periodically engages in a long-range planning
activity to evaluate opportunities and requirements for research, education,
and infrastructure. The process involves frequent communications and active
involvement among the scientific research and education communities and
the Geosciences Directorate staff. The Advisory Committee for Geosciences
has taken a key role in the development of the long-range strategy. The
Committee is composed of leading researchers and educators from the geoscience
disciplines and from the academic, government, and private sectors. In
addition, a special Working Group was commissioned to assist in the development
of the strategy and this plan.
The document
resulting from this close collaboration, NSF Geosciences Beyond 2000,
continues the essential geosciences planning process, but it takes a longer-range
perspective in recognition of both the 50th Anniversary of NSF and the
start of a new millenium. This plan for its first decade is based on several
key assumptions. The funding available to the Geosciences Directorate
will likely increase over this period, but pressures will continue to
select and make awards to the most highly rated efforts. The Directorate
will continue to seek partnerships within NSF, with sister agencies, and
with the international community to maximize the impact of its funding.
In particular, the Directorate will increase efforts to expand educational
opportunities for all levels from Kindergarten through graduate school
as well as to provide a scientific foundation for the workforce of the
21st Century.
We are pleased
to be able to share the vision espoused in this plan. We are certain that
the new Assistant Director for Geosciences, Dr. Margaret Leinen, and the
new Advisory Committee Chair, Dr. David Simpson, will strive to expand
the role of the geosciences and will support the community in its efforts
to bring the vision to fruition over the coming years.
Robert W.
Corell
Assistant Director for Geosciences
Susan Avery
Chair, Advisory Committee for Geosciences
I. THE CONTEXT FOR A DECADE OF DISCOVERY
The
Earth is unique in our Solar System. Among the planets, Earth alone has
the capacity to sustain such a vast panoply of evolving life. The Earth
is also ever-changing. Its orbit around the Sun varies; its physical and
chemical structure, climate, weather, and capacity to support life change
on many time scales; ocean currents shift; sea level rises and falls;
continents drift; mountains build and erode; animal and plant species
evolve; and terrestrial and marine ecosystems change. Most of these variations
occur and will continue to occur as the result of persistent natural forces.
Because
the natural variability of Earth has profound effects on society both
economically and in terms of quality of life, geoscientists have sought
to understand the basic processes that account for these changes. This
is the challenge of the geosciences -- the atmospheric, oceanic, and solid
Earth sciences. The geosciences have made enormous progress in the 20th
Century by unlocking some of the most challenging mysteries of the Earth
system and in so doing, have engendered and enhanced our appreciation
of the uniqueness of planet Earth.
Today
we are profoundly aware that society has the ability to alter and/or exploit
the planet's physical, chemical, biological, and geological environments
on all scales -- local, regional, and even global. Human impacts on the
atmospheric composition, the global ocean, the climate system, the water
cycle, the landscape, the solid Earth, and the diversity of life itself
will almost certainly grow in the next century as the global population
increases, economies expand, and technologies emerge. At the same time,
because of our increasingly complex social and technological infrastructure,
we are more vulnerable than ever to natural hazards, biological variations,
and anthropogenic influences. Viewed more positively, because of our more
comprehensive understanding of the planet's environment, we are offered
new and unforeseen opportunities to improve the standards and quality
of life.
In its modern
context, geoscience embraces not only studies of the Earth's components
and their interactions, but specifically includes studies of human influences
and considers the impacts on society. These studies draw upon a broad
range of scientific and technological expertise through both traditional
disciplinary and expanding interdisciplinary investigations. Growing understanding
of the linkages within the Earth system is enabling the development of
comprehensive models that are capable of predicting environmental and
planetary events more accurately than ever before.
Breakthroughs
in observing, modeling, and understanding complex Earth systems are coming
just at the time when society is in critical need of sound scientific
advice on how to mitigate or adapt to changes in the habitability of the
planet. The geosciences stand poised to make tremendous contributions
to improve the quality of life by providing useful information to decision
makers about the key planetary processes, their complex interactions,
and where possible, their future implications. The benefits of comprehensive
geophysical insight are everywhere apparent — the need for advanced research
in the geosciences has never been more urgent — the promise has never
been greater.
II. A VISION FOR THE DECADE AHEAD
Recognizing
the vision of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to enable the Nation's
future through discovery, learning and innovation, the Directorate for
Geosciences (GEO), in cooperation with the geoscience community, has developed
a focused agenda to advance the science frontier through its continuing
support of challenging ideas, creative people, and effective tools.
Building
on the recent advances in geosciences, the goal of the NSF Directorate
for Geosciences for the first decade of the 21st Century is:
- To
benefit the nation by advancing the scientific understanding of the
integrated Earth systems through supporting high quality research, improving
geoscience education and strengthening scientific capacity.
Through
its responsibility for research, education, and service to the nation,
the Directorate for Geosciences is committed to achieving the following
objectives:
- Fostering
discovery and understanding of the factors that define and influence
the Earth's environmental and planetary processes.
- Expanding
understanding and predictability of the complex, interactive processes
that: (i) determine variability in the past, present and future states
of planet Earth; (ii) control the origin and current status of the forms
of life on the planet; and (iii) affect the interdependencies of society
and planetary processes.
- Providing
the resulting scientific information in forms useful to society.
The
Directorate accepts this challenge and will address the goal and these
objectives through merit-reviewed investments in the work of individual
scientists, small groups and centers, and large teams located primarily
in the nation's academic institutions and private research organizations.
GEO will build on its unique relationship with these individuals and institutions.
The Directorate's
strategic long-range plan is offered in the conviction that the time is
right to respond to the challenge of achieving these objectives by providing
support for a comprehensive national research and education enterprise.
Through its support of the U.S. scientific community, GEO is prepared
to engage scientists, governments, industry, and citizens around the world
in the effort to increase our understanding of the nature of planet Earth
and its present condition. GEO-supported research and science will provide
information to decision-makers to secure a sustainable future for our
planet and for humankind.
III. IDEAS — THE RESEARCH AGENDA
1.
The Scientific Agenda
The scientific
agenda of the geosciences is based on a solid intellectual framework which
includes:
- A greatly
enhanced understanding of the various Earth system components largely
achieved through disciplinary basic research;
- Recognition
that understanding the complex interaction among Earth system components
is at the frontier of the key geoscience questions;
- Great
advances in the capability of observing systems, computers, and information
processing;
- Understanding
of the historical variation in the Earth system components and their
interactions to test our models and to provide examples of states of
the system that might reoccur in the future;
- Recognition
that fundamental knowledge of our Earth system has assumed critical
importance since humans are now capable of influencing processes on
a planetary scale as well as being significantly impacted by planetary
variations.
Building
on this framework, the NSF geoscience agenda focuses on enhancing our
base of knowledge in these fundamental areas:
» planetary
structure
» planetary energetics
» planetary ecology
» planetary metabolism.
The
structure of planet Earth is traditionally examined using a disciplinary
viewpoint that includes the atmosphere, ocean, and body of the Earth.
Planetary energetics and dynamics cut across the conventional but somewhat
artificial disciplinary divisions to emphasize their essential linkages.
Adding the elements of planetary ecology allows the realm of living sciences
to be incorporated. The final element addresses the concept of planetary
metabolism in which planet Earth is seen holistically. Each of these elements
provides a number of critical challenges which establish the scientific
agenda to be pursued during the period of this long-range strategic plan.
»Planetary
Structure:
To describe
the spatial and temporal variations of the structure and composition of
all Earth system components, from the inner core to the upper atmosphere,
through improvements in observational, theoretical and modeling capabilities.
Traditionally,
the structure of our planetary system has been studied from the perspective
of the established disciplines of atmospheric sciences, ocean sciences,
and solid Earth sciences. Through decades of observational, theoretical,
and modeling efforts, we have developed a fairly detailed understanding
of the basic planetary structure that now leads us to new frontiers in
the integration of these sciences. Knowledge of the physical and chemical
structure of the Earth's components has given us important clues, leading
to an ever greater understanding of the planet's past and its evolution
to the present and into the future. Further research remains to describe
the structure and composition of the solid, liquid, and gaseous components
of Earth, particularly in the geologic past. Examples of these challenges
include understanding and monitoring the compositional variation of the
atmosphere, ocean, and solid Earth; determining the role of clouds, aerosols,
and biogeochemical feedbacks in the radiative balance of the atmosphere
and climate; enhancing the resolution of lateral and vertical variations
of fine structure throughout the solid Earth; and understanding the structural
relationships between the mantle, the overlying crust and lithosphere,
and the underlying core.
»Planetary
Energetics and Dynamics:
To understand
the links between physical and chemical processes by focusing on the exchange
of energy within and among the components of the Sun-Earth systems.
The
geosciences have made rapid progress in understanding the dynamics of
the mass and energy fluxes that are driven by energy from two huge reservoirs:
the Sun and the heat produced and stored in the interior of the Earth.
The former drives the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the latter, the
dynamics of the solid Earth from core to crust. During the past 30 years,
our understanding of planetary energetics and dynamics has been transformed
through observational and theoretical studies. Similarly, understanding
of the biogeochemical cycles has been greatly enhanced. We are now poised
to make meaningful predictions about the implications of climate change
on national and regional scales. The challenge is to extend and build
upon these past efforts to reach a more profound and holistic understanding
of the energetics and dynamics of the complete Earth system. Examples
of key challenges are to understand the evolution of the deep Earth and
the interactions between the planetary interior and exterior; the dynamics
of climate and paleoclimate including the effects of atmospheric constituents
and oceanic processes; natural and human-influenced changes in the biogeochemical
and hydrological cycles; the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere including
the energetic and dynamic consequences of Sun-Earth interactions.
»Planetary
Ecology:
To understand
the Earth's marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their evolution, and
the interactions of the biosphere with Earth system processes.
Planetary
ecology and biocomplexity consider the terrestrial and marine biospheres
which consist of diverse ecosystems varying widely in complexity and productivity,
in the extent to which they are managed, and in their value to society.
Ecosystems directly provide food, timber, forage, and fiber, as well as
water cycling, climate regulation, recreational opportunities, and wildlife
habitat. The proper functioning of sustainability of ecosystems may be
threatened by stresses arising from a number of global environmental changes.
The linked climate-terrestrial biome system is a critical case in point.
Climate affects the terrestrial biome over nearly all time scales since
the climate system integrates the shorter-term processes and applies feedbacks
to the terrestrial biome. Future efforts must track the different stresses
on ecosystems; uncover the key relationships between the environment and
individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems; and improve understanding
of the physical and biological controls on carbon cycling and CO2 uptake.
Examples of issues facing planetary ecology include the interactions among
biogeophysical processes and terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems; large-scale
atmosphere-ecosystem exchanges, and how they might be altered in a world
higher in carbon dioxide and temperature; the roles of nutrient and toxic
inputs on ecosystems and their ability to support human activities and
sustain biodiversity; and how potential changes to global biodiversity
and climate could affect global net primary production, trace gas exchange,
and other critical ecosystem functions.
»Planetary
Metabolism:
To understand
the links and feedbacks among the Earth's physical, chemical, geological,
biological, and social systems, how they have evolved, and how they affect
the biocomplexity in the environment of the planet.
The
preceding three research thrusts, dealing with Earth's structure, mass
and energy cycling, and biogeochemical processes, lead us naturally to
address the integrated issues of planetary metabolism and biocomplexity
in the environment. The novel thrust in the 21st Century will be the recognition
that Earth's past history and future course cannot be understood without
an explicit integration of the effects of its biological activity, including
that of humans. Our understanding of the evolution of life on the planet
is still developing, but it is increasingly clear that life arose relatively
early in Earth history and that its effects on atmospheric composition
and on geological formations have been enormous. Our oxygenated atmosphere
is intrinsically unstable over millions of years and can only be maintained
through biological processes. On the early Earth, primitive photosynthetic
life set the stage for higher cellular life forms and ever-more-efficient
metabolic pathways which ultimately led to Homo sapiens. The challenges
for this research element include determining how the biogeochemical cycles
of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are coupled; identifying
what energy transformations control the biosphere and climate systems;
and developing sufficiently sophisticated models to explain the historic
evidence and to predict future changes in planetary metabolism.
2.
Service to Society
The enhanced
understanding gained in the four areas outlined in the Research Agenda
will in turn serve society and improve the quality of life. Three principal
areas have been identified: 1) predicting hazardous events, 2) assessing
environmental quality, and 3) predicting longer-term change and variability.
»Predicting
Hazardous Events:
To enable
reliable predictions of significant changes to Earth's current state.
Earthquakes, severe storms, solar storms, and biological invasions represent
threats, but we have the opportunity to mitigate these threats for society.
Predictions of extreme planetary events can help save lives and/or lessen
property damage.
»Assessing
Environmental Quality:
To provide
the basis for assessments of potential natural and anthropogenic changes
to the environment such as air and water quality, coastal pollution and
erosion, and soil degradation.
»Predicting
Longer-Term Change and Variability:
To furnish
information that may be used to mitigate losses, alleviate undesirable
impacts, and take advantage of opportunities arising from climate variation
and change.
The
provision of reliable information on geophysical phenomena, both natural
and human-influenced, that is well targeted to meet societal needs is
a significant product resulting from geoscience research. Losses in the
United States from geophysical disasters have risen rapidly. Single extreme
events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
solar storms, and floods, can cause losses of several billion dollars
and severely disrupt commerce and daily human activity. The cumulative
effects of less dramatic conditions in the environment, such as drought,
erosion, long-term changes in climate, and pollution can be equally devastating.
It should
be recognized that the provision of reliable information also provides
many positive opportunities. Short-term weather forecasts are of inestimable
value in many businesses; projections of El Niño provide opportunities
to well-informed organizations and economic sectors; advanced characterization
of soils and surface conditions provides critical inputs for agricultural
and hydrological interests; and knowing ground conditions permits estimates
of potential earthquake severity which lead to improved construction techniques.
By linking
basic science, engineering, public policy, and economics, it is possible
to develop infrastructures that mitigate the impact of both natural and
anthropogenically induced hazards. Rational policymaking and planning
are critical in reducing risks to an increasingly complex global society.
Fundamental geoscience information is an essential underpinning for developing
rational policies and plans to protect infrastructure in areas at risk.
IV. PEOPLE — THE EDUCATION AGENDA
Over
the next ten years, environmental stresses in society such as those associated
with population growth, pollution, dwindling resources, extreme weather,
climate change, land-use changes, and space weather are expected to become
even more acute and costly. A balanced strategy to respond to these stresses
should include efforts to use the best available scientific data and reduce
scientific uncertainty along with responsible mitigation and adaptation.
The strategy must include an effective educational component to ensure
a competitive workforce for the 21st Century. Thus, the geoscience community
must be prepared with adequate Earth system science knowledge and information
systems, capabilities for prediction and assessment, and an agenda to
develop informed and educated leaders to help make decisions. Geoscience
education at a broad range of levels will be key to ensure the tools and
leadership are in place by 2010. A new, innovative program of Earth system
science training and education at all levels should be initiated and developed
now to ensure an informed citizenship in 2010.
Such readiness
demands a broad range of educational activities with investments at several
levels including: 1) graduate education as training for future research
scientists and educators through research fellowships and training opportunities
to broaden experiences; 2) undergraduate education through new and emerging
instructional technologies and active, hands-on, inquiry-based study;
3) kindergarten to grade12 to feed the insatiable curiosity about the
Earth among young students; 4) public geoscience literacy by taking advantage
of the natural window on the Earth provided by the geosciences; and 5)
an across-the-broad commitment to diversity to increase the participation
of under-represented groups in the field of geosciences. These activities
will all be catalyzed by the development of a vibrant Earth science curriculum
to be developed in concert with other partners both in NSF and other agencies,
universities, professional societies, and the private sector.
Activities
will include:
- Facilitating
a more integrated graduate education agenda that will result in greater
flexibility in training;
- Strengthening
interest in undergraduate education in geosciences;
- Systematizing
and centralizing K-12 efforts;
- Strengthening
the focus on public science literacy and diversity; and
- Expanding
partnerships with the NSF Education and Human Resources Directorate.
V. TOOLS — THE IMPLEMENTATION AGENDA
1.
GEO Investments in Research Capability
Successfully
addressing the new challenges and opportunities in research and education
will require new investments as well as new modalities. Intensive observing,
computing, and information systems will be needed to support the proposed
research and education efforts in the plan.
Geoscience
research often requires large investments in facilities and instrumentation.
Field projects require significant capital investments in order to study
complex, interdependent processes extending over large areas and long
periods of time. Thus, progress in the science requires a commitment to
improve and extend facilities to collect and analyze data on local, regional,
and global spatial scales and appropriate temporal scales. Investments
are needed to equip laboratories with the necessary tools to conduct comprehensive
studies across the broad range of geosciences.
Real time
information is the hallmark of much of geosciences. For example, field
programs are now using so-called "targeted observations" to maximize the
predictability of geophysical systems; this activity cannot be performed
after the fact. The value of real-time data in geoscience research and
education is well established, and this mode of data gathering must continue
to be supported if the solid Earth, atmosphere, and hydrosphere are truly
to be studied as a coupled system.
As
in all sciences, modern computational facilities are an essential resource
for research, however, the highly data-intensive nature of much of the
Earth sciences creates some unique problems. Massive data archiving and
distribution systems, both hardware and software, are required to provide
access to geodata. Global communications systems, including the Internet,
are increasingly important in collecting data from remote parts of the
planet and distributing them to researchers. The scale and complexity
of models for describing the dynamics of individual Earth systems, let
alone the interactions among them, requires access to the most powerful
of supercomputers. The geosciences play a central role in developing and
using information technology.
Challenges
for the future in infrastructure and technology include:
- Maintaining
and upgrading existing facilities for airborne, shipboard, space-based,
and groundbased instrumentation and platforms;
- Establishing
data collection programs with a commitment to long-term observations;
- Providing
computational infrastructure necessary to support the increasing demands
of modeling, data analysis and archival, and research;
- Stimulating
emerging technologies to build better observational, communications,
and computational tools.
The
Geosciences Directorate remains dedicated to investing, primarily through
the nation's academic institutions, in the proposed research and educational
programs and the essential infrastructure. While principal investigator-based
peer-reviewed grants will continue to be the primary mode for research
investments, it will be necessary to augment traditional grants with new
approaches to address the multidisciplinary and team-oriented projects
that will form a part of the future strategy.
Among the approaches that will be explored are:
- Longer-term
support for multidisciplinary institutes focused on significant research
problems;
- Group
proposals to support teams of researchers to undertake research on specific
geoscience problems that require the application of multiple methodologies;
and
- Cooperative
support mechanisms across several science agencies on geoscience research
problems of mutual interest.
2.
GEO Partnerships
Innovative
partnerships within NSF, across the federal science and mission agencies,
with other U.S. institutions, and international organizations are essential
to achieve a more complete understanding of Earth as a complex system.
GEO will work with and through the NSF coordination mechanisms and will
seek out those new partnerships that are essential to the realization
of the challenges posed by the science agenda. GEO is committed to working
with existing interagency coordinating bodies and individual agencies
to develop the partnerships and programmatic collaborations necessary
to realize the goals laid out in this plan.
It
is clear that many nations and international organizations around the
world increasingly share both the scientific challenges and the goal of
gaining a predictive understanding of Earth systems outlined here. It
is evident that the implementation of science programs flowing from this
science agenda will require expanded and/or new partnerships with other
governments and entities abroad. GEO will continue to work with a variety
of national agencies and international institutions around the world to
develop and implement partnership arrangements to enable the goal and
objectives of this plan to be realized. GEO is committed to playing a
key role in U.S. leadership efforts to support and implement major international
cooperative research programs. Finally, a special effort will be made
to expand collaborations that link U.S. and foreign scientists, particularly
scientists from developing countries.
VI. CONCLUSION
In recent
times civilization has clearly become both an agent and a potential victim
of environmental change. The impacts of human-induced changes on the climate
system, on air and water quality, on land use, and on the diversity of
life will certainly increase in the 21st Century. With an increasing world
population, an expanding global economy, and the development of new technologies,
humans have become powerful agents for environmental change on global,
regional, and local scales. Over the period since the industrial revolution,
scientific evidence has documented environmental changes that are the
result of a complex interplay among a number of natural and human-related
systems.
Our
past successes in geosciences have helped us understand the causes and
impacts of the Earth's natural variations in the atmosphere, oceans, and
the planet's interior and surface. This knowledge, in turn, has led to
a better understanding of how those variations can affect our lives and
has begun to illuminate how our current actions can cause future change.
This plan
for the Directorate for Geosciences is an integral part of the overall
National Science Foundation strategic plan for achieving national and
international goals. It is built on the knowledge base that has emerged
from our past accomplishments in research and responds to the challenges
posed by the interactions between the environment and human activities.
The plan outlines the scientific directions needed to continue the expansion
of our base of knowledge of Earth systems through thoughtful investments
in ideas, people, and tools necessary to accomplish our goals.
Our increased
understanding, combined with the powerful observing and monitoring capabilities
described in this plan, can create skillful predictions of future variations
in our planetary systems. With this capability comes a responsibility
to provide relevant information to society in a timely and comprehensible
manner, and to help educate our citizens and leaders so that they can
make informed decisions responding to environmental changes.
This plan
is a key element in setting the future course for the nation. We may long
for the simpler times in which nature functioned beautifully and mysteriously,
and we did not pose a threat to it. However, we have knowledge that we
do pose potentially serious threats to the environment and consequently
we are challenge to act responsibly. With that challenge comes the exciting
vision -- that we can shape and determine a course that will allow both
our society and our unique planet to have a healthy and prosperous future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This
summary version and the associated full plan, Geosciences Beyond 2000,
were prepared with the active participation of many individuals. The overall
project was conducted under the auspices of the Advisory Committee for
Geosciences, chaired by Dr. Susan Avery. A select Working Group was invited
to develop materials and review draft versions. Representatives of many
of the NSF divisions and programs provided valuable input. The plan was
vetted widely in the geoscience community through numerous discussions
and town meetings. The assistance of all parties is gratefully acknowledged.
Particular recognition should go to Dr. Robert Corell for his vision and
enthusiasm for the project, to Dr. Richard Greenfield who led the effort
during the critical drafting stages, and to Dr. Thomas Spence who saw
the project through to conclusion.
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCES DURING THE PROJECT |
Dr.
Susan Avery, Former Chair |
University
of Colorado |
|
Dr.
David Simpson, Chair |
Incorporated
Research Institiutions for Seismology |
|
Dr.
Eric Barron |
Pennsylvania
State University |
|
Dr.
Otis Brown |
University
of Miami |
|
Dr.
Inez Fung |
University of California, Berkeley |
|
Dr.
Robert Gagosian |
Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution |
|
Dr.
George Hornberger |
University
of Virginia |
|
Dr.
Emi Ito |
University
of Minnesota |
|
Dr.
James Knox |
University
of Wisconsin, Madison |
|
Dr.
Charles Kolb |
Aerodyne
Research, Inc. |
|
Dr.
Margaret Leinen |
University
of Rhode Island (now at NSF) |
|
Dr.
Marcia McNutt |
Monterey
Bay Acquarium Research Institution |
|
Dr.
Alexandra Navrotsky |
University of California, Davis |
|
Dr.
John Orcutt |
Scripps
Institution of Oceanography |
|
Dr.
Joseph Pandolfo |
|
|
Dr.
Judith Parrish |
University
of Arizona |
|
Dr.
David Schimel |
National
Center for Atmospheric Research |
|
Dr.
Sharon Smith |
University
of Miami |
|
Dr.
Denise Stephenson-Hawk |
Spelman
College |
|
Dr.
Lynne Talley |
Scripps
Institution of Oceanography |
|
Dr.
Robert White |
National
Academy of Engineering |
MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP |
Dr.
William Bishop |
Desert
Research Institute |
|
Dr.
Kelvin Droegemeier |
University
of Oklahoma |
|
Dr.
Peter Eisenberger |
Columbia
University |
|
Dr.
Jack Fellows |
University
Corporation for Atmospheric Research |
|
Dr. Rana Fine |
University of Miami |
|
Dr.
Vijay Gupta |
University
of Colorado |
|
Dr.
Bradley Hager |
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology |
|
Dr.
Frank Harris |
University
of Tennessee |
|
Dr.
Thomas Jordan |
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology |
|
Dr.
Timothy Killeen |
University
of Michigan |
|
Dr.
William Merrell |
Heinz
Center |
|
Dr.
Berrien Moore |
University
of New Hampshire |
|
Dr.
Nicklas Pisias |
Oregon
State University |
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