Systems Integration Publications

Many National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reports and presentations pertaining to systems integration and wind are available. The most current reports are listed below. For additional NREL reports on this topic (many more are available), visit the NREL Publications Database. You can search by title, subject, and author name within this database to find links to additional NREL publications, many of which are available in PDF format. Some of the following documents are available as Adobe Acrobat PDFs. Download Adobe Reader.

Wind and Transmission

Find current information and links to recent studies and analysis pertaining to transmission expansion planning.

State Transmission Infrastructure Authorities: The Story So Far (Poster) (PDF 439 KB). (June 2008). Porter, K.; Fink, S. Prepared for WindPower 2008, 1-4 June, 2008, Houston, Texas.

An image of the cover of the publication.

State Transmission Infrastructure Authorities: The Story So Far; December 2007 - December 2008 (PDF 1.3 MB). (May 2008). Porter, K.; Fink, S. 55 pp.

Preliminary Analysis and Case Study of Transmission Constraints and Wind Energy in the West: Preprint (PDF 465 KB). (2005). Milligan, M.; Berger, D. P. 17 pp. Presented at Windpower 2005 Conference, 15-18 May, 2005, Denver, Colorado.

Integrating Wind into Transmission Planning: The Rocky Mountain Area Transmission Study (RMATS): Preprint (PDF 870 KB). (2004). Hamilton, R.; Lehr, R.; Olsen, D.; Nielsen, J.; Acker, T.; Milligan, M.; Geller, H. 26 pp.

Transmission Work by Others

A list of transmission publications by others.

Wind Capacity Value

Learn the extent to which wind energy qualifies as a capacity resource.

Determining the Capacity Value of Wind: An Updated Survey of Methods and Implementation; Preprint (PDF 660 KB). (June 2008). Milligan, M.; Porter, K. To be presented at WindPower 2008, 1-4 June 2008, Houston, Texas. 30 pp.

Determining the Capacity Value of Wind: A Survey of Methods and Implementation; Preprint (PDF 375 KB). (2005). Milligan, M.; Porter, K. 30 pp.

Modeling Utility-Scale Wind Power Plants, Part 1: Economics (PDF 566 KB). (2000). Milligan, M. 39 pp.

Strategic Planning in Electric Utilities: Using Wind Technologies as Risk Management Tools. (1996). Hoff, T. E.; Parsons, B. Windpower 1996: Proceedings of the American Wind Energy Association Conference, 23-27 June 1996, Denver, Colorado. pp. 143-151. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Variance Estimates of Wind Plant Capacity Credit (PDF 75 KB). (1996). Milligan, M. R. Windpower 1996: Proceedings of the American Wind Energy Association Conference, 23-27 June 1996, Denver, Colorado. pp. 313-321.

Capacity Value Work by Others

A list of capacity value publications by others.

Wind Energy Characteristics

Access research about modeling output fluctuation and smoothing effects and how this technology can be incorporated into the power generation infrastructure.

Impact of Energy Imbalance Tariff on Wind Energy (PDF 543 KB). (2007). Wan, Y.; Milligan, M.; Kirby, B. 13 pp.

Impact of Wind Energy on Hourly Load Following Requirements: An Hourly and Seasonal Analysis; Preprint (PDF 633 KB). (2005). Krich, A.; Milligan, M. 20 pp.

Primer on Wind Power for Utility Applications (PDF 1.7 MB). (2005). Wan, Y. 45 pp.

Wind Power Plant Behaviors: Analyses of Long-Term Wind Power Data (PDF 1.4 MB). (2004). Wan, Y. H. 66 pp.

Short-Term Power Fluctuations of Large Wind Power Plants: Preprint (PDF 460 KB). (2002). Wan, Y.; Bucaneg, D. 10 pp.

Wind Power for Municipal Utilities. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Brochure (PDF 719 KB). (2002), 6 pp.

Wind Farm Power Fluctuations, Ancillary Services, and System Operating Impact Analysis Activities in the United States: Preprint (PDF 696 KB). (2001). Parsons, B. K.; Wan, Y.; Kirby, B. 9 pp.

Wind Power Plant Monitoring Project Annual Report (PDF 1.1 MB). (2001). Wan, Y. H. 50 pp.

Short-Term Output Variations in Wind Farms — Implications for Ancillary Services in the United States: Preprint (PDF 732 KB). (2000). Cadogan, J.; Milligan, M.; Wan, Y.; Kirby, B., 10 pp.

Analysis of Wind Power Ancillary Services Characteristics with German 250-MW Wind Data (PDF 1.4 MB). (1999). Ernst, B. 38 pp.

Short-Term Power Fluctuation of Wind Turbines: Analyzing Data from the German 250-MW Measurement Program from the Ancillary Services Viewpoint (PDF 432 KB). (1999). Ernst, B.; Wan, Y. H.; Kirby, B. 12 pp.

Wind Forecasting Objectives for Utility Schedulers and Energy Traders. (1998). Schwartz, M. N.; Bailey, B. H. 7 pp. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Integration of Climatic Data Sets for Wind Resource Assessment. (1997). Schwartz, M. N.; Elliott, D. L. 7 pp. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Wind Energy Characteristics Work by Others

A list of wind energy characteristics publications by others.

Wind Integration Analysis and Methods

Find out the "lessons learned" and what others are doing to better understand and plan for integration of wind resources into power and transmission systems.

Analysis of Sub-Hourly Ramping Impacts of Wind Energy and Balancing Area Size; Preprint (PDF 1.3 MB). (June 2008). Milligan, M.; Kirby, B. To be presented at WindPower 2008, 1-4 June 2008, Houston, Texas. 19 pp.

Do Wind Forecasts Make Good Generation Schedules?; Preprint (PDF 403 KB). (June 2008). Dragoon, K.; Kirby, B.; Milligan, M. To be presented at WindPower 2008, 1-4 June 2008, Houston, Texas. 13 pp.

Impacts of Large Amounts of Wind Power on Design and Operation of Power Systems; Results of IEA Collaboration (PDF 479 KB). (June 2008). Parsons, B. and Ela, E.; Holttinen, H.; Meibom, P.; Orths, A.; O'Malley, M.; Ummels, B.C.; Tande, J.O.; Estanqueiro, A.; Gomez, E.; Smith, J.C. 11 pp.

Facilitating Wind Development: The Importance of Electric Industry Structure (PDF 934 KB). (May 2008). Kirby, B.; Milligan, M. 26 pp.

Utility Wind Integration and Operating Impact State of the Art (PDF 283 KB). Smith, J.C.; Milligan, M.R.; DeMeo, E.A.; Parsons, B. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems; Vol. 22(3), August 2007; pp. 900-908.

Experience from Wind Integration in Some High Penetration Areas (PDF 641 KB). Söder, L.; Hofmann, L.; Orths, A.; Holttinen, H.; Wan, Y. H. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion; Vol. 22(1), March 2007; pp. 4-12.

Advances in Insights and Methods for Wind Plant Integration (PDF 672 KB). DeMeo, E.A.; Jordan, G.; Kalich, C.; King, J.; Milligan, M.R.; Murley, C.; Oakleaf, B.; Schuerger, M.J. IEEE Power & Energy Magazine; November/December 2007; pp. 59-67.

Regional Transmission Organizations and Wind Energy: A Happy Marriage or Divorce Proceedings?; Preprint (PDF 379 KB). (2002). Parsons, B.; Porter, K. 14 pp.

Enumerative Technique for Modeling Wind Power Variations in Production Costing (PDF 85 KB). (1997). Milligan, M. R.; Graham, M. S. 8 pp.

Integrating Renewable Energy Technologies in the Electric Supply Industry: A Risk Management Approach (PDF 3.6 MB). (1997). Hoff, T. E. 83 pp.

Wind Operational Experience

ERCOT Event on February 26, 2008: Lessons Learned (PDF 363 KB). (July 2008). Ela, E.; Kirby, B. 13 pp.

Methods and Case Studies

Creating the Dataset for the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (PDF 2.6 MB). (May 2008). Potter, C.W.; Lew, D.; McCaa, J.; Cheng, S.; Eichelberger, S.; Grimit, E. Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Large Scale Integration of Wind Power and on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Farms, 26-27 May, 2008, Madrid, Spain. 7 pp.

Impact of Balancing Areas Size, Obligation Sharing, and Ramping Capability on Wind Integration: Preprint (PDF 2.9 MB). (2007). Milligan, M.; Kirby, B. 43 pp.

Cost-Causation-Based Tariffs for Wind Ancillary Service Impacts: Preprint (PDF 747 KB). (2006). Kirby, B.; Milligan, M.; Wan, Y. 26 pp.

Method and Case Study for Estimating the Ramping Capability of a Control Area or Balancing Authority and Implications for Moderate or High Wind Penetration: Preprint (PDF 591 KB). (2005). Kirby, B.; Milligan, M. 19 pp.

Assessing Wind Integration Costs with Dispatch Models: A Case Study of PacifiCorp; Preprint (PDF 659 KB). (2003). Dragoon, K.; Milligan, M. 15 pp.

Modeling Utility-Scale Wind Power Plants, Part 1: Economics (PDF 566 KB). (2000). Milligan, M. R. 39 pp.

Enumerated Probabilistic Simulation Technique and Case Study: Integrating Wind Power into Utility Production Cost Models (PDF 143 KB). (1996). Milligan, M. R.; Graham, M. S. 19 pp.

Estimating the Economic Value of Wind Forecasting to Utilities (PDF 78 KB). (1995). Milligan, M. R.; Miller, A. H.; Chapman, F. 12 pp.

California RPS Integration Studies

Multi-Year Analysis of Renewable Energy Impacts in California: Results from the Renewable Portfolio Standards Integration Cost Analysis; Preprint (PDF 973 KB). (2006). Milligan, M.; Shiu, H.; Kirby, B.; Jackson, K. 40 pp.

California RPS Integration Study: Phase I Summary and Results; Preprint (PDF 1.3 MB). (2004). Milligan, M.; Kirby, B.; Jackson, K.; Shiu, H.; Makarov, Y.; Hawkins, D. 32 pp.

Summaries and Presentations

Best Practices in Grid Integration of Variable Wind Power: Summary of Recent US Case Study Results and Mitigation Measures. (2007). Smith, J. Charles (UWIG); Parsons, B.; (NREL), Acker, T.; (NAU), Milligan, M.; (NREL), Zavadil, R. (Enernex). Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Utility Wind Integration and Operating Impact — State of the Art. (2007). Smith, J. C.; Milligan, M. R.; DeMeo, E. A.; Parsons, B. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. Vol. 22(3), August 2007. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Grid Impacts of Wind Power Variability: Recent Assessments from a Variety of Utilities in the United States; Preprint (PDF 1.8 MB) (2006). Parsons, B.; Milligan, M.; Smith, J. C.; DeMeo, E.; Oakleaf, B.; Wolf, K.; Schuerger, M.; Zavadil, R.; Ahlstrom, M.; Nakafuji, D. Y. 16 pp.

Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date; Preprint (PDF 332 KB). (2004). Smith, J. C.; DeMeo, E. A.; Parsons, B.; Milligan, M. 13 pp.

Grid Impacts of Wind Power: A Summary of Recent Studies in the United States; Preprint (PDF 717 KB). (2003). Parsons, B.; Milligan, M.; Zavadil, B.; Brooks, D.; Kirby, B.; Dragoon, K.; Caldwell, J. 28 pp.

Integration Analysis Work by Others

A list of integration analysis publications by others.

Voltage Issues and Wind Turbine Modeling

Learn about the newest research into voltage issues with operating wind plants and how new modeling approaches are contributing to better informed use of wind energy technology.

Method of Equivalencing for a Large Wind Power Plant with Multiple Turbine Representation: Preprint (PDF 546 KB). (July 2008). Muljadi, E; Pasupulati, S.; Ellis, A.; Kosterov, D. Presented at the 2008 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 20-24 July, 2008, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 12 pp.

Fault Analysis at a Wind Power Plant for One Year of Observation (PDF 598 KB). (July 2008). Muljadi, E.; Mills, Z.; Foster, R.; Conto, J.; Ellis, A. Presented at the 2008 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 20-24 July, 2008, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 10 pp.

Validation of Wind Power Plant Dynamic Models: Preprint (PDF 606 KB). (July 2008). Muljadi, E.; Ellis, A. Presented at the 2008 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 20-24 July, 2008, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 9 pp.

Characteristics of Wind Turbines Under Normal and Fault Conditions: Preprint (PDF 689 KB). (2007). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P.; Parsons, B.; Ellis, A. 10 pp.

Analysis of Renewable-Energy Systems Using RPM-Sim Simulator. (2006). Bialasiewicz, J. T.; Muljadi. E. IEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. Vol. 53(4), August 2006; pp. 1137-1143. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Comparing Single and Multiple Turbine Representations in a Wind Farm Simulation: Preprint (PDF 720 KB). (2006). Muljadi, E.; Parsons, B. 13 pp.

Model Validation at the 204 MW New Mexico Wind Energy Center: Preprint (PDF 714 KB). (2006). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P.; Ellis, A.; Mechenbier, J.; Hochheimer, J.; Young, R.; Miller, N.; Delmerico, R.; Zavadil, R.; Smith, J. C. 14 pp.

ERCOT's Dynamic Model of Wind Turbine Generators (Presentation). (2005). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P.; Conto, J.; Donohoo, K. Windpower 2005 (Windpower 05) Conference and Exhibition (CD-ROM), 15-18 May 2005, Denver, Colorado. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association; Content Management Corp. 8 pp. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Ride-Through Capability Predictions for Wind Power Plants in the ERCOT Network: Preprint (PDF 509 KB). (2005). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P.; Conto, J.; Donohoo, K. 11 pp. 2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 12-16 June 2005, San Francisco, California. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Vol. 1: pp. 72-79;

Self Excitation and Harmonics in Wind Power Generation. AAIA-2005-0396. (2005). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P.; Romanowitz, H.; Yinger, R. Collection of the 2005 ASME Wind Energy Symposium Technical Papers at the 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10-13 January 2005, Reno, Nevada. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. (AIAA) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) pp. 101-110. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Dynamic Model for Wind Farm Power System. (2004). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P. Global Windpower 2004 Conference Proceedings (CD-ROM), 28-31 March 2004, Chicago, Illinois. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association; Omni Press 9 pp. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Power System Modules for Simulating Induction Generator Wind Turbines. (2004). Zinger, D.; Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, S. Global Windpower 2004 Conference Proceedings (CD-ROM), 28-31 March 2004, Chicago, Illinois. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association; Omni Press 10 pp. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Wind Farm Power System Model Development: Preprint (PDF 456 KB). (2004). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P. 8 pp.

Dynamic Simulation of a Wind Farm with Variable Speed Wind Turbines. (2003). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P. Collection of the 2003 ASME Wind Energy Symposium Technical Papers at the 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 6-9 January 2003, Reno, Nevada. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. (AIAA) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) pp. 367-376. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Dynamic Simulation of a Wind Farm with Variable Speed Wind Turbines. (2003). Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. Vol. 125, November 2003; pp. 410-417. Contact Bruce Green for a hard copy.

Voltage Issues and Turbine Modeling Work by Others

A list of voltage and turbine modeling publications by others.

Staff Presentations

View presentations made by the Systems Integration staff.

Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Update (PDF 2.7 MB). Lew, D. Presented at the Utility Wind Integration Group Spring Workshop. April 17, 2008.

Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (PDF 475 KB). Parsons, B. and Lew, D. April 2008.

Wind Integration Issues for the Western Grid (PDF 455 KB). Parsons, B. Presented at the WIEB/WIRAB/CREPC Workshop, San Diego, CA. April 3, 2008.

Ten Frequently Asked Questions and Answers about Wind Energy Grid Integration (PDF 2.8 MB). Milligan, M. Presented to the Kansas State Legislature. February 7, 2008.

Western Wind and Solar Integration Study and Virtual Control Area Study (PDF 308 KB). Lew, D. February 6, 2008.

Status of Regional Wind Integration Studies (PDF 852 KB). Lew, D. Presented at the Western Interstate Energy Board's Board Meeting. November 5, 2007.

New Approaches to Deliver Wind Energy (PDF 3.8 MB). Lew, D. and Milligan, M. Presented at the Conference on Transmission Expansion in the Western U.S. May 21, 2007.

Wind Integration Impacts: What Have We Learned? (PDF 5.2 MB) Milligan, M. and Lew, D. Presented at the Western Electricity Coordinating Council Webinar. April 11, 2007.

Grid Impacts of Wind Power Variability: Recent Assessments from a Variety of Utilities in the United States (PDF 631 KB). Parsons, B. Presented at the European Wind Energy Conference, 27 February 27 - 2 March 2006, Athens, Greece. 24 pp.

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