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| NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species |
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Common Name: midas cichlid
Synonyms and Other Names: red devil cichlid, mojarra rayada
Taxonomy: available through 
Identification: Synonyms and other names include Cichlasoma granadense and Heros citrinellus. Distinguishing characteristics were provided by Loiselle (1980a) and Page and Burr (1991). Color photographs appeared in Loiselle (1980a), Konings (1989) and Conkel (1993). Although morphologically very similar to Cichlasoma labiatum, the species is considered distinct (Barlow and Munsey 1976; Villa 1976).
Size: 24 cm.
Native Range: Tropical America. Atlantic Slope drainages in Central America from Great Lakes and crater lakes of Nicaragua to Río Coto in southeastern Costa Rica (Bussing 1987). Distribution maps given in Bussing (1987) and in Conkel (1993).
Nonindigenous Occurrences: First discovered in July 1980, the species is now established in the Black Creek Canal system, Dade County, Florida (Anderson et al. 1984; Loftus and Kushlan 1987). It was taken from the Mowry Canal C-103, Dade County, in July 1992 (Smith-Vaniz, personal communication). There is an unconfirmed report from Bivens Arm Lake in Gainesville, Alachua County, March 1985 (Miller, personal communication); this record is not supported by a voucher specimen and the report is considered somewhat suspect. The species has been collected from the University of Florida campus (Hill and Cichra 2005). The first report from Hawaii was of six specimens found dead, possibly from fungal infections, in Wahiawa Reservoir on Oahu, in February 1991 (Devick 1991a); the species is now documented as being firmly established in Wahiawa Reservoir and it also may be in other localities on Oahu (Yamamoto, personal communication). One fish was taken from Dodgeville Pond in Attleboro, Bristol County, Massachusetts, in July 1990 (Hartel 1992; Cardoza et al. 1993).
Means of Introduction: Introductions into Florida were via aquarium or fish farm releases. In other states, introductions most likely represent aquarium releases.
Status: Established in Florida and Hawaii. Reported from Massachusetts.
Impact of Introduction: Unknown.
Remarks: This species exhibits two basic color morphs, gray and orange. Most Florida fish are the orange morph (Anderson et al. 1984). A small specimen taken in Hillsborough County, Florida, in 1976 was reported as C. labiatum (Courtenay and Stauffer 1990), but was later tentatively reidentified as C. citrinellum (Smith-Vaniz, personal communication).
Voucher specimens: Florida (UF 31651, 77515, 91875, 92165).
Anderson, R. S., R. J. Metzger, and P. L. Shafland. 1984. Establishment of the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum, in Florida. Florida Scientist 47:263-267.
Barlow, G. W., and J. W. Munsey. 1976. The red devil-midas-arrow cichlid species complex in Nicaragua. Pages 359-369 in T. B. Thorson, editor. Investigations of the ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Bussing, W. A. 1987. Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose. 221 pp.
Cardoza, J. E., G. S. Jones, T.W. French, and D. B. Halliwell. 1993. Exotic and translocated vertebrates of Massachusetts, 2nd edition. Fauna of Massachusetts Series 6. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 17223-110-200-11/93-C.R, Westborough, MA.
Conkel, D. 1993. Cichlids of North and Central America. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications, Inc., Neptune City, NJ.
Courtenay, W. R., Jr., and J. R. Stauffer, Jr.. 1990. The introduced fish problem and the aquarium fish industry. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 21(3):145-159.
Devick, W. S. 1991a. Disturbances and fluctuations in the Wahiawa Reservoir ecosystem. Project F-14-R-15, Job 4, Study I. Division of Aquatic Resources, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 21 pp.
Hartel, K. E. 1992. Non-native fishes known from Massachusetts freshwaters. Occasional Reports of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Fish Department, Cambridge, MA. 2. September. pp. 1-9.
Hill, J. E. and C. E. Cichra. 2005. Eradication of a reproducing population of convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Cichlidae), in north-central Florida. Florida Scientist 68: 65-74.
Konings, A. 1989. Cichlids from Central America. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications, Inc., Neptune City, NJ.
Loftus, W. F., and J. A. Kushlan. 1987. Freshwater fishes of southern Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Science 31(4):255.
Miller, J.B. - Division of Ichthyology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL. (currently with Division of Recreation and Parks, Florida Park Service, Hobe Sound, FL)
Smith-Vaniz, W. - Ichthyologist, National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL.
Smith-Vaniz, W. F., J. D. Williams, L. G. Nico, and W. Loftus. Key to the cichlid fishes of Florida. Unpublished mimeograph (in prep).
Villa, J. 1976. Systematic status of the cichlid fishes Cichlasoma dorsatum, C. granadense and C. nigritum Meek. Pages 375-383 in T. B. Thorson, editor. Investigations of the ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Yamamoto, M. - Biologist, Division of Aquatic Resources, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI.
Other Resources:
Author: Leo Nico
Revision Date: 12/6/1999 Citation for this information:
Leo Nico. 2009. Cichlasoma citrinellum. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
<http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=442> Revision Date: 12/6/1999
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