<DOC> [109 Senate Hearings] [From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access] [DOCID: f:27031.wais] S. Hrg. 109-398 VOLATILITY IN THE NATURAL GAS MARKET: THE IMPACT OF HIGH NATURAL GAS PRICES ON AMERICAN CONSUMERS ======================================================================= HEARING before the PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS of the COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __________ FEBRUARY 13, 2006 __________ FIELD HEARING IN ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA __________ Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 27-031 WASHINGTON : 2006 _____________________________________________________________________________ For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; (202) 512ÿ091800 Fax: (202) 512ÿ092250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402ÿ090001 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio CARL LEVIN, Michigan NORM COLEMAN, Minnesota DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii TOM COBURN, Oklahoma THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware LINCOLN D. CHAFEE, Rhode Island MARK DAYTON, Minnesota ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico MARK PRYOR, Arkansas JOHN W. WARNER, Virginia Michael D. Bopp, Staff Director and Chief Counsel Joyce A. Rechtschaffen, Minority Staff Director and Chief Counsel Trina D. Tyrer, Chief Clerk PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS NORM COLEMAN, Minnesota, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska CARL LEVIN, Michigan TOM COBURN, Oklahoma DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii LINCOLN D. CHAFEE, Rhode Island THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah MARK DAYTON, Minnesota PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey JOHN W. WARNER, Virginia MARK PRYOR, Arkansas Raymond V. Shepherd, III, Staff Director and Chief Counsel Leland B. Erickson, Counsel Jay Jennings, Senior Investigator Elise J. Bean, Minority Staff Director and Chief Counsel Mary D. Robertson, Chief Clerk C O N T E N T S ------ Opening statements: Page Senator Coleman.............................................. 1 WITNESSES Monday, February 13, 2006 Lucille Olson, St. Paul, Minnesota............................... 6 Deidre Jackson, St. Paul, Minnesota.............................. 7 LaRaye Osborne, Vice President, Environment, Health and Safety, Cargill, Incorporated.......................................... 8 Kathleen O'Brien, Vice President for University Services, University of Minnesota........................................ 11 LeRoy Koppendrayer, Chairman, Minnesota Public Utilities Commission..................................................... 18 Edward A. Garvey, Deputy Commissioner for Energy and Telecommunications, Minnesota Department of Commerce........... 20 James Wells, Managing Director, Energy Team, Government Accountability Office.......................................... 29 Susan J. Court, Director, Office of Market Oversight and Investigations, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, accompanied by Stephen J. Harvey, Deputy Director, Office of Market Oversight and Investigations, FERC...................... 31 Alphabetical List of Witnesses Court, Susan J.: Testimony.................................................... 31 Prepared statement........................................... 116 Garvey, Edward A. Testimony.................................................... 20 Prepared statement with attachments.......................... 68 Jackson, Deidre: Testimony.................................................... 7 Prepared statement........................................... 44 Koppendrayer, LeRoy: Testimony.................................................... 18 Prepared statement with attachments.......................... 51 O'Brien, Kathleen: Testimony.................................................... 11 Prepared statement........................................... 48 Olson, Lucille: Testimony.................................................... 6 Prepared statement........................................... 43 Osborne, LaRaye: Testimony.................................................... 8 Prepared statement........................................... 45 Wells, James: Testimony.................................................... 29 Prepared statement........................................... 90 EXHIBITS 1. GNatural Gas Costs Around The World.......................... 123 2. GHenry Hub Spot Price Volatility--Natural Gas Prices Have Been Increasing Since 2002..................................... 124 3. GProduction Has Not Responded Strongly to Increased Drilling. 125 4. GEnergy Market Oversight and Enforcement: Accomplishments and Proposal For Enhanced Penalty Authority, prepared by the Staff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy, March 2005............................................. 126 5. GStatement for the Record of Lori Cooper, St. Paul, Minnesota 155 6. GStatement for the Record of The Honorable Nora Brownell, Commissioner, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy...................................................... 156 7. GStatement for the Record of Joseph A. Carrabba, President and Chief Operating Officer, Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc............. 160 8. GLetter from Edward A. Garvey, Deputy Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Commerce, to the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, regarding spot market purchasing practices of Minnesota's regulated natural gas utilities.................... 164 VOLATILITY IN THE NATURAL GAS MARKET: THE IMPACT OF HIGH NATURAL GAS PRICES ON AMERICAN CONSUMERS ---------- MONDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 2006 U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 8:30 a.m., at the James J. Hill Reference Library, 80 West 4th Street, St. Paul, Minnesota, Hon. Norm Coleman, Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senator Coleman. Staff Present: Leland Erickson, Counsel, Andy Burmeister, Luke Friedrich, Bill Huepenbecker, Carl Kuhl, Shain Bestick, David Bowell, Tom Steward, Gary Wertish (Senator Dayton). OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR COLEMAN Senator Coleman. This hearing of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations is called to order. I'm going to welcome everybody here. Mother Nature has provided a nice setting for us today, it's cold outside, and we had a relatively mild winter, but we can't escape it forever and we're seeing it a little bit today and we'll see it later in the week. Let me note that Senator Dayton had intended to be here, in fact I spoke to him last week, he was very much looking forward to being part of this conversation. I believe he got stuck in DC, never made it back, there was a big snowstorm there, so we'll have this hearing today without him. I know his staff member, Gary Wertish, is around. Gary, thank you, and please let Senator Dayton know I appreciate the opportunity to work with him and we will follow up with what comes out of this hearing. Let me thank everybody, by the way, for attending today's hearing. We've all seen the news reports about spiking prices of natural gas over the last few months. These spiking prices have put businesses in jeopardy and burdened families with significantly higher heating bills. The tragedy is that many of the folks who are suffering most in our community are the most vulnerable, and today hopefully we'll put a human face on the impact of high energy costs. Take the story, for instance, of Lori Cooper, who cannot be with us today. She's a working professional, wife and mother of a 21-month-old baby. We were supposed to have the hearing on Friday but because of scheduling conflicts in Washington, we were stuck in Washington on Friday, we had to reschedule and she couldn't make it today, but she told us her story. She lives in St. Paul, struggling to make ends meet. Things got even worse when Mrs. Cooper's husband lost his job and was diagnosed with cancer, had to scrape by on her salary alone. Even though they received an energy assistance grant from the government, paying off the heating expenses has became a great difficulty. For instance, paying last year's winter heating bills took months and months and, according to Mrs. Cooper, ``it took us all summer to pay it off.'' Finally they got caught up on last year's energy bill but then they got hit by this year's heating bill, which was significantly higher, 37 percent higher. And for the Cooper family, a 37 percent hike is a huge problem and it clearly put them in serious financial jeopardy.\1\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Exhibit No. 5 appears in the Appendix on page 155. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unfortunately, stories like the Cooper family are all too common. Again, while Mrs. Cooper could not attend this hearing and detailed her story in written testimony, two other Minnesotans will join us today to share their stories about how price hikes in natural gas have real consequences on our citizens. Deidre Jackson is a single mother, a working professional, a college student, I think she does it all, and has three wonderful kids. Her heating bill was increased over 100 percent this December versus last December. Lucille Olson--Ms. Olson, thank you for being with us. She is a senior trying to live with the high cost of health insurance and prescription drugs and paying a heating bill that represents 30 percent of her monthly income. When we were chatting a little while ago she said, this is not just about seniors, I think she was referencing Mrs. Jackson and others, saying this is about everybody, we're all impacted by this. One of my hopes is to take the testimony of folks like Ms. Jackson and Ms. Olson and bring that back to Washington so my colleagues understand the personal effect and put a human face on this issue. Since November I've asked the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which I Chair, to examine price manipulation in the natural gas market. For decades the price of natural gas ranged from $2.30 to $2.50 per million BTUs, British thermal units. Since 2000, prices of natural gas have generally fluctuated between $2 and $10 per million BTU. Energy market projections estimate record high natural gas prices this winter. We're seeing a bit of that. In December the NYMEX, which regulates natural gas as a commodity, trading, natural gas futures closed above $14 per million BTU. Later on I'll have a chart on which you can see the steady rise in the price, the cost of natural gas. As prices have increased in recent years we have all heard stories and allegations of price manipulation. We've heard concern that suppliers are withholding gas supplies from the market. To be fair, it is clear that the natural gas supply has been limited by other circumstances. For instance, Hurricanes Rita and Katrina caused more than a dozen natural gas processing plants to go off-line and damaged gas pipelines. This is particularly significant because about 20 percent of all the natural gas produced in the United States comes from the Gulf of Mexico. At the same time, oil industry profits have nearly tripled over the 3 years to $87 billion last year. In the first 9 months of 2005, the five largest oil companies made $84 billion in profits. Just last week Exxon Mobile Corp. reported that its 2005 earnings totaled $36 billion, which is the largest annual profit ever for a U.S. company, according to the Washington Post. The company's annual profit was up 43 percent from the year before. So we're seeing rising prices, we're seeing record profits by oil, the oil industry, and I have concern, I know that folks are concerned about paying double what they were paying last year in heating bills. As part of my concerns for market manipulation, I sent Chairman letters to five of the top producers of natural gas asking for information regarding their operations, profits, and capital expenditures to increase domestic supply. In addition, the Subcommittee has had multiple briefings with representatives from each of these companies. At this point it's important to note that some of the market factors that have contributed to high and volatile natural gas prices in recent years, we see them, we see the increase in demand combined with declining supply, and this contributes to rising natural gas prices. Second, the Nation's ability to increase imports has been limited, which has also contributed to high gas prices, and we'll talk about that later in the hearing today. Market manipulation may also be contributing to this problem. As a result of my concern on that issue, I've asked the Subcommittee to look into it. I've also asked the GAO to examine market manipulation, and their results should be available in the spring, so we're not going to get to the bottom of this today, the issue is still out there. It is of concern, and we continue to be involved in reviewing the impact of market manipulation. Bottom line is, given the impact that higher prices are having on Minnesotans and businesses, I will continue to look at this issue. I think the key is to do what we can to ensure that natural gas prices are fair and appropriate. Mrs. Cooper's story and the stories we will hear from Mrs. Jackson and Mrs. Olson show that increased costs take a toll on the American families, businesses and the economy at large. In Minnesota, natural gas is used to heat most homes and, therefore, rising costs have directly affected most families. The Department of Energy found that for 1999, 2000 and 2004, residential heating prices rose an astounding 73 percent. Prices should skyrocket even further, according to Department of Energy forecasts, which projected that residential households are expected to pay 41 percent more on average for natural gas this winter. CenterPoint Energy, the largest provider of natural gas in Minnesota, said that last year's average customer spent $720 to heat their homes during the months of November through March. This year officials at CenterPoint indicated that the same customer could spend $1,070 by the time that winter is over. A quick calculation on my part is it's almost a 50 percent, 40-something percent increase. Again we've so far benefited from a mild winter, but Minnesota winter is subject to change about every 10 minutes, and we're seeing that this week. I am concerned when families have to spend more money on the heating bill and thus have to choose between paying for heat, medicine, food, clothing, and the problem is not limited to families. Natural gas prices paid by Minnesota's manufacturers have increased nearly 150 percent since 1999. It's a serious drag on our economy and hamstrings our businesses trying to compete with countries where energy costs are far less. In fact, the United States pays significantly higher prices for natural gas than anywhere else in the world. Even countries that produce no natural gas, like Japan, have lower natural gas prices than the United States of America. In response to concerns about the effect of high energy costs, I continue to be a supporter of the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, otherwise known as LIHEAP. This program helps families struggling to pay their heating bills. Most recently I cosponsored a motion in November to include $2.92 billion in additional funding for LIHEAP. Unfortunately this increase, this effort did not lead to an increase in funding. As a result, I worked with Senators Snow and Collins and demanded a firm commitment from the Senate leadership to provide $2 billion in additional funding for LIHEAP, but we're actually working on finalizing that right now. We had a bill last week that would have added a billion dollars up front, and we actually tried to what we call hotline that bill; in other words, we've got a bill, it's been approved by leadership, we've moved 2007 money to 2006 so we have the money this year, and we worry about the extra billion for next year but we get the money right away, and I think--I have to turn to staff--but it's about $30 million for increases just for Minnesota, so it's a significant increase, but we need it. It's not really-- it's making sure that we can make ends meet. In light of the home energy crisis that families face, a couple other things we can do. I'm coauthor of the Home Energy Savings Incentive Act of 2005. This is really providing legislation which provides tax breaks for homeowners making energy upgrades. Upgrades may include simple items such as using energy efficient light bulbs and weather stripping, or more substantial items such as purchasing an energy efficient furnace or windows. Residents can receive up to $5,000 in tax credits that will immediate reduce heating bills resulting from energy efficient upgrades. I will tell you I went through my house and changed all the light bulbs. My wife is not sure that we get the same amount of light, but I think we do, and it's certainly more efficient. These efficiency upgrades are just one part of the solution to our Nation's problem. Another part of the solution is a necessary commitment to conservation and use of alternative fuels. And I'm proud to represent Minnesota, a State that really leads the Nation in renewable fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, wind, energy derived from livestock waste. Minnesota's work in renewable fuels makes good sense because those homegrown, clean-burning fuels provide cleaner air and water, promote greater energy independence, lower our fuel costs and foster economic development through jobs. The production and use of renewable fuels will always be a top priority of mine, but it's really a top priority of Minnesota, it's what we're good at. And the good news is the President mentioned the need for renewable fuels in the State of the Union, and my colleagues in Washington get it. Now we'll be doing some hearings in the next couple weeks, Senator Domenici, Chairman of the Energy Committee--I just spoke with him last week--is going to be doing hearings on renewables, and so we're going beyond the energy bill. We're going to have, I think, a whole new phase of opportunities for renewables. This morning we're going to focus on the recent price increases of natural gas and the effect they have on American consumers. As I mentioned earlier, we'll have the pleasure of hearing from two Minnesotans, Deidre Jackson and Lucille Olson, who will describe the effects of high prices on their lives. I look forward to hearing their experiences and I want to thank them for attending. In addition, I look forward to hearing from Cargill, headquartered right here in Minnesota, to understand how high natural gas prices affect their business. Similarly the University of Minnesota is going to discuss how the University is dealing with high energy costs and what effects prices have on the school's educational mission. The bottom line is that we either pay as consumers directly or indirectly. We pay directly for our bill; we'll pay indirectly for the significant increases companies like Cargill have and that it impacts us, or the University of Minnesota. I presume there are choices being made between heating a classroom and what you do with tuition or other things, and you've got to heat the classroom, and as a result we get hit one way or another. I look forward to hearing from the Minnesota Department of Commerce and the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission with respect to any recent trends that are affecting residents during this winter heating season, as well as any recommendations that each agency may have. Last, I'm eager to hear from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission with respect to the factors that are driving up today's prices, their oversight in monitoring natural gas prices and what the Commission is doing to ensure that prices are just and reasonable. And, finally, the Government Accountability Office is going to talk about their analysis of the factors affecting prices, including whether price manipulation is contributing to higher prices, as well as what additional steps we can take to ensure that prices are determined in a competitive and informed marketplace. I look forward to hearing from all our panelists this morning. I know that we will learn a great deal today. I should note, one other item, this hearing, as I said before, was originally scheduled on Friday. Because of the Senate's schedule, it votes, Senate had votes that day, we continued it to today, so I do appreciate everyone for their flexibility in adjusting their schedules to be available today. I would like to now welcome our first panel of witnesses to today's hearing. We will hear this morning from Lucille Olson and Deidre Jackson, both residents of St. Paul. Additionally we will hear from LaRaye Osborne, the Vice President of Cargill based here in Minneapolis, as well as Kathleen O'Brien, Vice President of the University Services at the University of Minnesota. I appreciate your attendance at today's hearing and look forward to hearing about the impact higher natural gas prices is having on families and businesses. I would like to note that for the record we had anticipated additional witnesses on this panel but again, because of the rescheduling from last Friday, two of our witnesses were unable to rearrange their schedule. I'm sorry they were not able to make it this morning but I would like to include their statements in the record. I'm including the statement of Lori Cooper, resident of St. Paul,\1\ and Joseph Carrabba, the President and Chief Operating Officer for Cleveland-Cliffs of Cleveland, Ohio.\2\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Ms. Cooper appears as Exhibit 5 in the Appendix on page 155. \2\ The prepared statement of Mr. Carrabba appears as Exhibit 7 in the Appendix on page 160. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Before we begin, pursuant to Rule 6, all witnesses before the Subcommittee are required to be sworn in. At this time I would ask you to please stand and raise your right hand. Do you swear the testimony you're about to give before this Subcommittee is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God? (Witnesses respond to oath affirmatively.) Senator Coleman. Ms. Olson, we'll kind of go from this order. We'll start with you and then we'll go to Ms. Jackson, Ms. Osborne and then finish with Ms. O'Brien. After we've heard all the testimony, I anticipate that I will have questions for the panel, and your full testimony will be entered into the record. I would like you to limit your oral testimony, if you can, to 5 minutes. I don't know if we have a clock here, but someone is going to have to keep track of time. My staff will give me the high sign, and that's what this big gavel is for, so we'll start with Ms. Olson. TESTIMONY OF LUCILLE OLSON\3\ Ms. Olson. Good morning, Senator Coleman. My name is Lucille Olson. At 75 years of age I am like many seniors who are widowed and trying to live on fixed income with high costs for health insurance and prescription drugs. My expenses for the most basic needs are rising far faster than my income, and my heating costs are no exception. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \3\ The prepared statement of Ms. Olson appears in the Appendix on page 43. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- I married my husband, Ken, in 1959. We purchased our home the following year. I have lived there ever since. Our home was built in the early 1920s. Kenny was a Teamster with Murphy Motor Freight Lines, and I worked for White Manufacturing when we married. After our daughter was born I decided to quit my job and care for my family. Several years ago the copper water pipes in our home started leaking and we were told they needed to be replaced. Ken and I took out a $50,000 home equity loan and used the money to replace our water pipes and remodel our home. After that Ken went blind from macular degeneration, and I cared for him. Following a series of other health-related problems Ken passed away last October. When Ken died, I lost his pension and social security income, which had been $1,772 per month. I am now trying to live on my social security, which is $1,022 a month. I have a number of prescriptions that my doctor has prescribed for several health problems I have. If I had no insurance, my prescriptions would cost me $877 a month. My health insurance under Medicare is $104 per month, and I am required to make copays on my prescriptions, which range from $6 to $25. My total copays can run as high as $101 per month, so before I even buy food, make a mortgage payment and my home equity loan, or pay my heating bill, I have already spent about 20 percent of my monthly income on my health needs. Last December my heating bill for the month was $274, and in December it was $366. That is a 34 percent increase and represents over 30 percent of my monthly income. The $366 bill does not include what I would have to pay if I were not receiving energy assistance through Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program. Things have gotten so bad for me financially that I am getting a reverse mortgage on my home so I can pay my bills. I would prefer to leave my home to my daughter but there is not any option for me. If you have any questions, I would be pleased to answer them. Senator Coleman. Ms. Olson, thank you. Thank you for your courage coming today. Ms. Olson. Thank you. Senator Coleman. It's very important and it will have an impact. Ms. Olson. Thank you very much. Senator Coleman. Ms. Jackson. TESTIMONY OF DEIDRE JACKSON\1\ Ms. Jackson. Good morning, Senator Coleman, my name is Deidre Jackson. I'm a single mother and a working professional and also a college student. Each is really a full-time profession and I am trying to juggle all three. I am like so many other single mothers who struggle to raise their children, work and attend school. I am sure you know raising children properly is very expensive, and I am no exception in that I want the best that I can provide for my children. I have three children, ages 14, 8 and 6. I work full-time for the Minnesota Department of Human Services as a health care claims specialist. In my position I'm responsible for processing health care claims for the medical assistance program. I also attend the Metropolitan State University where I'm studying business administration. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Ms. Jackson appears in the Appendix on page 44. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- I bought my home on the east side of St. Paul in February 1998. It is an older home which was built in 1910. In the fall of 1999 the Lead Program came and replaced windows in my home, and also in the fall of 1999 the Weatherization Program came and did some weatherization to my home, which included insulation and weather stripping and some other things they added to the windows and the other areas of my home that were losing heat. Even with the improvements to my home's insulation, my heating bill keeps going up. In December 2004 my heating bill was $309. This December it was $649. My bill has increased over 100 percent in spite of the energy efficient improvements that I have made to my home. I am already receiving energy assistance through the energy assistance program, and my bill would be much higher without the assistance. My December bill does not include over $2,000 that I owe Xcel Energy for past heating bills. I expect that I will have to use most of my income tax refund to pay my heating bill. I would like to do other things with my income tax refund, like pay for my children's education where they attend school and continue my education, which this is having an impact on because I'm deciding if I should continue on in college or if I should get a second job and pay for the costs of keeping my home up, which is mostly the heating bill. Other than replacing my furnace, I do not know what more I can do to try and save money on my heating bill. I have asked EnergyCents to come and do another energy audit of my home, which is scheduled for February 22, I believe. These increasing gas prices are really putting a squeeze on my family, and I would like any help that you can provide to help us with this at this time. Thank you, Mr. Coleman. Senator Coleman. Thank you, Ms. Jackson, and, Ms. Olson, thanks for putting a very personal face on the real impacts of the choices that a mom has to make and the impact it has on families. It's important and very helpful to me and, hopefully, to my colleagues. Ms. Osborne. TESTIMONY OF LaRAYE OSBORNE,\1\ VICE PRESIDENT, ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY, CARGILL, INCORPORATED Ms. Osborne. Chairman Coleman, my name is LaRaye Osborne, and I'm the Vice President of Environment, Health and Safety for Cargill, and we are headquartered in Wayzata, Minnesota. Cargill is an international provider of food, agricultural and risk management products and services. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Ms. Osborne appears in the Appendix on page 45. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- We appreciate the opportunity to offer our thoughts on natural gas prices and the impact they've had on Cargill's operations, and we appreciate the diversity of the panel that you have before us. Thank you. My testimony will focus on three areas: First, our energy requirements; second, our efforts to conserve energy and reduce our reliance on natural gas; and, third, suggestions for additional lines of inquiry that the Subcommittee might want to proceed with. First, allow me to give a picture of Cargill's energy consumption. We consume about 65 million MMBTUs of natural gas globally, approximately 50 percent of which is consumed in our U.S. operations. Of the nearly 60 countries in which we operate, North America is the highest cost gas region in the world, with current prices hovering around $8.50 per MMBTU. For this fiscal year, Cargill budgeted more than $1 billion for energy purchases necessary to run our global operations. Unfortunately, skyrocketing natural gas prices have negatively affected our performance against that budget. In the United States we've seen a 38 percent increase in natural gas costs for the first 6 months of this fiscal year compared to the first 6 months of the last fiscal year, and that amounts to approximately $32 million in additional costs for natural gas for our U.S. operations. Increased natural gas costs have ripple effects throughout our energy portfolio however. Natural gas is used to generate electricity. In fact, the last 15 moderate-to-large-sized electrical power plants built in the United States are gas- fired generators. Consequently, at least in part as a result of increased natural gas costs, our global energy electrical use costs have increased 15 percent for the first 6 months of the fiscal year compared to last year. As more and more natural gas is burned for electricity production we believe that gas prices will continue to increase for all consumers and that electricity prices will follow suit. Now let me describe our strategy for addressing these costs. First, we set very aggressive energy conservation goals for the company. In 2000 we set a goal to improve our energy efficiency by 10 percent by the end of our fiscal year 2005. We achieved that goal and we've set a new goal to improve energy efficiency by yet another 10 percent by 2010. To support these goals, $100 million, in addition to usual business unit capital allocations, was made available for energy projects last fiscal year, and that money was spent very quickly. Achieving these goals is also supported by quarterly reporting of performance against goals and the sharing of best practices across our global operations. In fact, as we faced unprecedented increases in energy costs early this winter season, our chairman and CEO communicated directly with all U.S. based employees about the need and opportunity for energy conservation at work, but also what they could do to assist in managing their energy prices at home. The second aspect of our strategy relates to the use of renewables. Currently 6 percent of our energy needs come from renewable resources, or roughly twice industry average. We established a goal of increasing that percentage to 10 percent by the end of year 2010. In the United States we have several examples of renewable energy resources being substituted for natural gas use. Each of our beef processing plants has placed covers over wastewater treatment lagoons. These covers capture naturally occurring methane. This methane is then conditioned and used in the processing plant boilers, displacing 21 percent of the aggregate natural gas demand for these locations. In addition, several of our oilseeds processing locations have implemented similar projects, but they capture methane from the landfills in the communities in which they operate, methane that would otherwise escape into the atmosphere or be burned in flaring systems that have no energy benefit. Finally, at our operating locations we have developed and permitted the capacity to switch from natural gas to biobased energy sources like soybean oil or the animal fats that we produce. The ability to optimize our energy dollars by switching to animal fat and oils during these periods of peak natural gas pricing saved Cargill more than $1 million in this fiscal year alone, and we're only about 7 months into that fiscal year. The third aspect of our strategy relates to committing significant resources to switch fuels to those that are in more abundant supply and at lower cost and to cogeneration. I'll provide two examples. Our wet corn milling plant in Blair, Nebraska represents the largest single corporate capital investment in that State. Cargill has invested more than a billion dollars in the plant over the last 13 years and employs more than 460 individuals. The plant produces high fructose corn syrup, ethanol, animal feed and biobased plastics from the corn grown by local farmers. Corn wet milling requires thermal energy to break down the corn supplied by the farmers into its component parts. Our existing boiler operates on natural gas. As those costs continue to rise, the competitiveness of this plant is threatened. Consequently, we recently decided to convert from gas to coal as the primary fuel. The new boiler will utilize the latest emissions control technology and provide us with an affordable and safe source of thermal energy for the long term. We also work hard to maximize cogeneration through the use of combined heat and power systems. These systems at industrial and commercial locations give the most bang for our energy buck, generating both steam and power from the same fuel. On a global basis we cogenerate 7 percent of our total electrical demand, and in some locations we export power back to the grid. While these systems are a proven technology, a majority of such systems operate outside of the United States, and for Cargill, cogeneration applications are some of our greatest opportunities to improve energy efficiency, reduce the environmental impact of our energy use and enrich our communities. I'll finish my testimony by responding to the Subcommittee's request for Cargill's perspectives on addressing the high cost of natural gas, and I'll touch on the supply side issue first. As the Permanent Subcommittee is aware, there are many opportunities under discussion for increasing gas supply, including the development of additional terminals and distribution infrastructure for imported liquefied natural gas and expanded exploration and drilling for natural gas along the Outer Continental Shelf. Each possibility that has been subject to public discussion has pros and cons, and Cargill is focusing on managing its own energy demands optimally and is not taking a position on these difficult issues of public policy. We trust that Congress, which has the broadest national perspective, will appropriately balance all of the issues and interests in determining how to address supply issues. We do, however, encourage Congress to consider means for facilitating use of renewable fuels and cogeneration. The flexibility to use renewable fuels as an alternative gas during peak price periods usually requires changes to air emission permits. These permits are usually issued by individual State or regional authorities under the umbrella of the Federal Clean Air Act. Our experience is that the technology for timely fuel switching exists and its positive impact on air emissions has been demonstrated. Consequently, we would encourage the Federal Government to partner with State and regional environmental authorities to streamline the process by which these flexible permit features are authorized. Cargill also believes that Congress has a role to play in encouraging greater use of cogeneration applications to improve the energy efficiency of the economy overall. Opportunities include creating incentives for public utilities and transmission system operators to purchase and introduce into the grid that excess electrical energy that's generated by these investments. There's also opportunity for accelerated depreciation for cogeneration equipment investments and for equipment converted from natural gas use to other energy alternatives. With that, Senator Coleman, I'll close my remarks, and thank you once again for inviting us to this hearing. Senator Coleman. Thank you, Ms. Osborne, very helpful. Ms. O'Brien. TESTIMONY OF KATHLEEN O'BRIEN,\1\ VICE PRESIDENT FOR UNIVERSITY SERVICES, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Ms. O'Brien. Thank you, Senator Coleman. Good morning and thank you for the opportunity to be present today. I'm Kathleen O'Brien, Vice President for University Services at the University of Minnesota. I'm responsible for the nonacademic campus operations, including utilities, on the Twin Cities campus and four campuses and research centers of the University across the State. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Ms. O'Brien appears in the Appendix on page 48. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- To give you some context, the University of Minnesota has more than 800 buildings, encompassing 28.5 million square feet, more than downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul combined. The Univesity of Minnesota is large, old and complex, with every type of building from classrooms and offices to athletic venues, research labs, clinics, animal barns and greenhouses. The University manages its utility operations to maximize our performance on these three principles; reliability, environmental stewardship, risk and cost control. I would like to briefly address how the University is working on each of these principles and then respond more specifically to the challenges the University faces with the volatility of natural gas prices. Reliability. We are a 365 24/7 operation. We are responsible to make sure the daily teaching continues to our student enrollment of over 60,000, that critical and central research of over $500 million annually is protected and secured, and the life critical care at the University-Fairview Hospital and Clinics is maintained. In short, we cannot fail. To this point we have made significant utility infrastructure investments, are updating our utility master plan, and are at work with our energy provider partners to secure and maintain reliable service. With regard to environmental stewardship, the University achieves environmental stewardship through energy conservation, efficiency in production, and the use of alternative energy sources. The University has conducted ongoing energy conservation programs for many decades. These efforts have ranged from installing high-efficiency fluorescent lighting systems, such as you did in your home, to a campus-wide conservation program aimed at changing behavior patterns, to the installation of direct digital controls that allow equipment to be controlled from a central campus site. The University has made significant investments to utilize more efficient boilers that have reduced the amount of fuel we need in order to heat the campus. In tandem with our energy conservation efforts, since 1994 the University has been able to reduce the number of BTUs per gross square foot required to heat the campus by over 20 percent. The University is working very hard to utilize alternative energy sources to meet utility needs. In the late 1990s, when the University renovated its major steam plant in southeast Minneapolis, it installed a Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler that is capable of burning multiple fuel types. After 4 years of work, this spring we anticipate approval of a major permit amendment that will allow us to burn oat hulls, the residual from Cheerios, a biofuel that is currently priced substantially lower than current natural gas prices. Last spring the University of Minnesota-Morris campus completed a wind turbine that is now producing wind energy. This turbine is reducing the cost to the campus for electricity overall and the amount of fossil fuel-based energy. Also at our Morris campus an initiative is underway to establish a biomass gasification system that will focus on using corn stoves as the primary fuel source to provide up to 75 percent of the heating and cooling loads for the campus from alternative energy. It is intended to reduce the use of natural gas and fuel oil as the campus energy source. As a University system, we have an overall utility budget of $150 million. On the Twin Cities campus for heat and electricity alone we are budgeting nearly $90 million to purchase and deliver these utilities for our next fiscal year. The Twin Cities campus generates its own steam heat through two plants for close to 22 million square feet of building space. Annual steam production is enough to heat and cool 55,000 average homes, or the equivalent of the city of St. Cloud. Your concerns regarding natural gas prices are especially important to the Twin Cities campus, as it is currently required by permit to produce 70 percent of its steam plant BTUs through the burning of natural gas. Therefore, we have been significantly impacted by both the overall increased costs for natural gas and the great volatility in the markets. As recently as June 2003, the University purchased natural gas for $3.12 per million BTUs. Contrast this with projections this winter that went as high as $15 dollars per million BTUs. For the current fiscal year, the Twin Cities plant has spent $12.3 million to purchase natural gas. Because of the great volatility in pricing, it was difficult to project our actual final costs. For a point of reference, if the Twin Cities campus needed to pay $1 more per million BTU for all of its natural gas usage for a complete year, it would cost an additional $2 million. Because of the efforts by the University to conserve energy and buy smarter, we have limited our expected cost increase next fiscal year to $4 million, roughly a 1 percent increase in tuition. How are we buying smarter? The University has developed a team to monitor the energy market and to contract for natural gas purchases in the future in order to lower our expected costs and to increase price certainty for our planning and budgeting purposes. I've spoken this morning about the University's operations and management of our principles; reliability, environmental stewardship and cost controls. The University also has an extensive research initiative sponsored by President Bruininks on renewable energy and the environment, and you might want to hear from those researchers at sometime in the future. Thank you for your interest in this critical issue and its impact on our State, its university and our communities. Senator Coleman. Thank you very much, Ms. O'Brien. To the entire panel, by the way, from the personal touch to Cargill, I think we almost got a primer on various forms of energy and energy opportunities, and listening to you, Ms. O'Brien, I think we're also hearing about the future. If we look at Exhibit 2,\1\ the chart that talks about Henry Hub spot price volatility, really reflects probably what you talked about. Going back, if you look from 1995, look at around 2000, you're looking at around $2 per million BTUs cost of natural gas, and what you see, and there are a couple of spikes, one of them is Katrina--I think you can see that--and a couple of other spikes. But what you notice is even with the spikes in coming down, even coming down it's still rising, so it's not settling to where it was. It spikes up, then drops a little lower, spikes up, then drops down a little lower than before it spikes up, and the concern clearly is, and we're going to hear others talk about rising demand without rising capacity, rising production, and so we can anticipate that. And so to me it's very heartening just to listen to some of the things that are going on in terms of renewables. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Exhibit No. 2 appears in the Appendix on page 124. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Out of curiosity, you talked about the Morris campus producing wind energy, I think a 1.65 MW turbine, is a large turbine. One of the concerns that I have about wind energy is its capacity, can it really make an impact. Can you give me a sense of what wind energy does at the Morris campus, how helpful that is? Ms. O'Brien. The wind turbine at the Morris campus provides about 60 percent of the electricity needed on the Morris campus today, so it has had a very significant impact on that campus. Senator Coleman. And I think sometimes we underestimate the impacts of that. That's a good object lesson to say that in this facility the impact is significant. I would also note, Ms. O'Brien, as we look to the future, as we look to the call from Cargill and others to be looking at renewables--and Congress will be doing that, my colleagues get it--but the University of Minnesota has a unique role to play with, because of where we are with renewables in this State, and I would anticipate that the governor has talked about centers of excellence in terms of dealing with Ford and some of the auto industries looking at renewables, and I take it that the University would be ready, willing, and able to play a major role in that? Ms. O'Brien. Absolutely. Senator Coleman. Ms. Osborne, as I said before, on various forms of energy and energy opportunities, Cargill is almost a primer. You talked about methane and getting energy out of ethanol, you talked about gas to coal, cogeneration, biofuels, etc. It's interesting, I had a chance to visit a dairy operation, Haubenschild operation up in Princeton, Minnesota, and they capture methane gas and use it to produce energy and that's one little operation, but I take it you're looking at that. Ms. Osborne. We've done it at all of our beef processing plants. In addition, we're trying to roll that opportunity out to people in our value chain, our customers, who provide products to our locations globally. It's simple technology. Senator Coleman. What about the cost efficiency, one of the challenges with renewables is in order to use wind production you need the tax credits to really make it economically viable. I'm wondering, as the cost of oil goes to $50, $60, and $70 a barrel, does that have an impact on the cost efficiency of some of these alternative fuels you're looking at? Ms. Osborne. Sure it does. I talked about our ability to switch fuels to, from natural gas to soybean oil when natural gas prices spike up, and in making the decision to make those switches we do look at the economics of the two fuel sources. In a lot of the renewable work that we're doing we have some advantage because the renewable feed stock hitchhikes into our plants with the stuff that we actually process. So we have a soybean or, excuse me, a sunflower plant in the Ukraine, for example, we're burning the hulls while we're processing the seeds. So we have a bit of an economic advantage in that sense, we don't have to transport the stuff in. We don't have to buy it. Senator Coleman. One of the things that I've seen in my travels around the State looking at ethanol operations, we're seeing in southern Minnesota, I think in Albert Lea and some other areas, you have ethanol operations and then you have some of the byproduct of that now used to convert to energy, which again in the past may not have been cost efficient. But if we could, actually one of the other charts, if you could put Exhibit 1\1\ up there--that's what I'm looking for--you also mentioned about the cost in the United States, I think you said the North American market, the costs are the highest in the world. One of the things that we find--and this may not be your expertise--that I find frustrating is in this chart we have costs being $13, almost $14 per BTUs for natural gas in the United States, and places like Japan, which don't have any natural gas production, significantly less than half of that. Do you have any--and I'm not an economist--but as you look at the cost of natural gas in the world, can you give me kind of Cargill's overview of what you see impacting that? --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Exhibit No. 1 appears in the Appendix on page 123. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ms. Osborne. I wish I could, I'm not an economist either. I'm a lawyer who manages environment, health, and safety, so I really am not competent in the financial issue. Senator Coleman. I'm not going to push you, we'll have some others to talk a little bit about that. I'm going to come back perhaps to both Ms. Osborne and Ms. O'Brien--but, first, Ms. Jackson. Ms. Olson, as I said, thanks for being here. I really think it's important. Ms. Olson, as I listened to you talk, I've got one of those homes that was built in the early 1920s, great old homes, but they cost to heat. Ms. Olson. Yes. Senator Coleman. So I listened just to your personal story and I know that's a challenge. As I listened to what you talked, you talked about 20 percent of costs for health, 30 percent heat, so you're talking about 50 percent of your income is gone before you deal with food or anything else? Ms. Olson. Yes, it is. Senator Coleman. You've got 50 percent of your income going to keeping warm and taking care of your health? Ms. Olson. That's right. I try to keep the thermostat down but I just can't, I can't take the cold. So I try to keep it down as much as I can, so I try to save, but it doesn't seem that it makes any difference. Senator Coleman. And, Ms. Jackson, you talked about some choices that you may have to make, which I find, I know it must be difficult. You're a student, you want to advance in the future, and now you're talking about whether you're going to have to give that up in order to just take care of your family. Both of you take advantage of the LIHEAP Program, is that correct? Low Income Heating Assistance Program? Ms. Olson. Yes. Ms. Jackson. Yes. Senator Coleman. Could you tell me how you became aware of that, how you accessed that program? Ms. Olson. Are you talking to me? Senator Coleman. Both--either of you. Ms. Olson first, then Ms. Jackson. Because I would like others who may not, who are in the same position, I would like to get some information to them about how they can, there's help available, and I just want to figure out how you knew there was help available, and how you connected with that help. Ms. Olson. Well, I tried several times, several years ago to try to get some help, because it was large then, but it never was as large as it is now. And my husband then at the time, or both of us, our income was $2,100 a month and--but my health care for myself was $609 a month, because I do take a lot of prescription drugs prescribed by my doctor. But they didn't take that into consideration. They had their guidelines and they didn't take into consideration that my husband was getting $775 a month pension from Central States, he was a truck driver. So you take $775, that was our total premium for U-Care. We were living on approximately $1,300, and it was very hard. Then I got some help from Catherine, and I talked to her and I talked to a reporter. Senator Coleman. Catherine being? Ms. Olson. I don't know what Catherine's last name is. Senator Coleman. Working with what group? Ms. Olson. Oh, through Energy---- Senator Coleman. OK. Ms. Olson [continuing]. Resource. And so then they sent me out an application this year and when I took it in there, and because I didn't know--my husband was in the hospital then and I was still getting his $775 plus his social security, but my income was $400, my social security was $433 a month, and I didn't really know what to do. I called up to see if I could get some help, and they said I had too many assets. And to me, I don't know where the assets come, but I did have a policy on my husband, a life insurance policy, and when he passed away that was an asset. I had a few thousand dollars left of that. But I did take my forms down, had them filled out, and they helped me a lot, and then I had people that I talked to, and I don't know what I would do without the help of Energy Resource, because what the bills are now, I couldn't afford it. I would have to give up something. But I did get on it, and I was hoping that more people, elderly people, they don't know that there's help out there. Most of the time they're turned down at first, but a squeaking door gets attention. Senator Coleman. You've got to stay at it. Ms. Jackson, who did you connect with to get some help? Ms. Jackson. I'm from Minnesota, so I'm very aware of the help that Minnesota offers. So I knew where to go, I knew that there was an energy assistance program for people that needed assistance. I just knew, but it's very informal. They're on the Internet, I know the energy assistance is, and they also sent me an application this year because I was an applicant last year. Senator Coleman. I'm trying to get--is it Catherine Fair? Ms. Jackson. Yes. Senator Coleman. That's what I wanted to make sure, it's Catherine. Ramsey Action, Ramsey Community Action Program is for those--I just wanted to make sure this is RAP. When I was mayor I worked with these folks a lot and they're very good. My point being is that there are programs out there. Ms. Jackson. Yes. Senator Coleman. Ramsey County, through the county themself, or the Ramsey County Action Program, and they were the ones who helped you kind of work through the process, figure out to get what you're entitled to, and I take it you found that help to be positive? Ms. Olson. Wonderful. Senator Coleman. Ms. Jackson. Ms. Jackson. Yes. Ms. Fair from the RAP program, she also has called Xcel Energy for myself to explain to them my situation so that they would not cut me off. She did this around the end of September because the Cold Weather Rule was not in effect at that time. So she has been very helpful. Senator Coleman. Catherine, by the way I see her in the audience. Catherine, you're with Ramsey County Action Program? So if folks have questions afterwards, they can talk to her. As I understand the community action program, they administer the LIHEAP program throughout the State. So we get the Federal money, we get it to the State, but then it's administered at the local level. Thank you. If I can just come back to Ms. O'Brien and Ms. Osborne, just a little bit about where we go in the future with renewables and what some of the opportunities are. Ms. Osborne, you talked about a concern about a permitting process. Could you amplify that a little bit? Ms. Osborne. Yes, I can. Several years ago when natural gas prices started to spike we decided it made some sense to look at some of our locations that produce soybean oil or produce animal tallow as a byproduct to see if those were suitable substitutes for natural gas burning, and we worked with local authorities to determine permitting requirements. We completed the necessary air emission tests, and we were able to get permits to introduce those fuels on a flexible basis when the economics of natural gas dictated it. Perhaps we were lucky in that the States that we were working with at the time were ready for that kind of innovative thinking, but we're not seeing that occurring consistently across the Nation, and we think that this is an opportunity for the Federal Government to take some initiative and examine the Federal Clean Air Act and introduce more flexible measures that will encourage State and regional authorities to step up and be courageous on these sorts of opportunities. Senator Coleman. And what I'm hearing you saying is if we can do those things to prevent less barriers to moving into renewables it would be helpful. Ms. Osborne. Yes, very much. Senator Coleman. Ms. O'Brien, I know you're not a scientist, but could you talk a little bit about where you see us going with renewables, what type of things that the U is looking at? Where is the cutting edge of technology and what can Minnesota add to it? Ms. O'Brien. Senator Coleman, I would like to start out by reinforcing the point that Ms. Osborne just made. It took us 3 years to secure the permit we expect in the next month for oat hulls. Right now the PCA will grant a permit for wood and allow us to burn many different kinds of wood, but for biofuels, we need to seek a permit for an individual type of biofuel. That's a lengthy process, and one that makes us less competitive in the marketplace in other States or other nations in terms of the use of biofuels, so I believe that this is a point that is a very germane point to address. Senator Coleman. I appreciate that, and I appreciate your reiterating that, and particularly the way you phrase it, a lengthy permitting process making us less competitive. It's not just educational institutions, but for businesses, and for America itself, so I appreciate that point and I will certainly--I am very sensitive to it. Please continue. Ms. O'Brien. With regard to, and I'll just speak briefly to the President's initiative on renewable energy and the environment. In the College of Biological Sciences, the Institute of Technology, scientists are working together with the private sector to really determine what fuel sources, biofuel sources we have in Minnesota and how we might utilize them, whether it's wind or biofuels in western Minnesota and how we might actually transport those to the large population centers. And as Ms. Osborne said, she wasn't a lawyer (sic), I'm not a scientist, so I won't go any further than that. I'm a historian. Senator Coleman. Well, folks, historians in 20 years will look back on the cutting edge. I just think there's great opportunity. I've worked with the U, I worked with President Bruininks on these issues, and Minnesota is in a unique place. I think now we have the largest number of farmer-owned ethanol coops in the nation. We're on the cutting edge of soybean biodiesel technology, we're on the cutting edge now of coal gasification, one of the first States looking at the creation of a new coal gasification operation in northern Minnesota, which will cut down on emissions and generate greater energy out of a resource which we have in this Nation, I think a 250- year supply. Wind energy, I think we pride ourself of being the Saudi Arabia of wind in southwest Minnesota. So I think there's great opportunity, and I know the U is really positioned to help us take advantage of that, and I simply want to express my thanks to you for that. This panel has been very helpful. Again for the personal stories I want to say thanks. For others out there, if you're listening, check out the Community Action Programs, in Ramsey County it's Ramsey Action. I think there are 38 such programs like that around the State, they're very important. And to all the panelists I want to say thank you. With that we will now have our second panel. It's my pleasure to welcome Leroy Koppendrayer, Chairman of the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission, and Edward Garvey, Deputy Commissioner of Energy and Telecommunications, Minnesota Department of Commerce. Gentlemen, I appreciate your attendance at today's hearing and look forward to hearing your testimony, and particularly interested to hear about any recent trends or issues that may negatively affect Minnesotans during this winter's heating season. I would also like to explore your recommendations and solutions you may have with respect to the energy crisis and the administration of the LIHEAP program. As you're aware, witnesses before this Subcommittee are required to be sworn. I would ask you to please stand and raise your right hand. Do you swear the testimony you're about to give before this Subcommittee is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God? (Witnesses respond to oath affirmatively.) Senator Coleman. Thank you, gentlemen. Mr. Koppendrayer, we'll have you go first, followed by Mr. Garvey. After the testimony we'll turn to questions. Your written testimony will be presented into the record in its entirety. I would like you to limit your oral testimony to 5 minutes, and with that you may begin. TESTIMONY OF LeROY KOPPENDRAYER,\1\ CHAIRMAN, MINNESOTA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION Mr. Koppendrayer. Thank you, Senator Coleman. On behalf of the other four Public Utilities Commissioners, also on their behalf, I want to thank you for holding this hearing. And we, as the commission, put together, as you've said, a statement that's in the record. I'll go through and just pick some highlights from that to probably discuss orally and stimulate some questions, if you have those, perhaps. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Mr. Koppendrayer with attachments appears in the Appendix on page 51. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- One of the issues that has already been talked about, the use of natural gas for electric energy, is one of the main concerns that concerns us as a commission, and I know that it also concerns commissioners across the country because it's being talked about at regional and national meetings such as NARUC. I've noted that natural gas will soon pass nuclear energy as a base load energy. I personally think that's regrettable to see natural gas as a, which is used for all the other uses that we've just heard stated in the previous panel, to be--surpass nuclear energy as a base load. And I appreciate, Senator Coleman, your efforts in the Senate to help us resolve the nuclear waste issue so that form of energy can go forward. We appreciate that. The Public Utilities Commission, one of the primary tools that we use for ensuring all natural gas rate payers are paying a fair price is an annual review of local distribution companies, gas purchasing practices known as the Annual Automatic Adjustment process, and in that we require a monthly summary of the rate mechanism used to recover fuel costs, a reconciliation of monthly rate mechanisms with the actual cost of gas purchased, a report on fuel procurement policies, including a summary of actions taken to minimize costs, and an annual auditor's report and an annual estimate of future fuel costs. Included in that, the purchasing practices of the fuel companies which we audit, are the tools that they have is the spot market, buying on the spot market, withdrawal of gas put into storage during the summer, index price supplies and fixed price markets. We also have in the recent years encouraged hedging. Of course, hedging is trying to bet against the weather and the market and do a better job than buying all fixed costs or spot price gas. While we encourage companies to do that, and that can levelize some of those peaks that you show on that graph, and mitigate some of the peak prices to the consumer, it also-- hedging has a cost. If you bet wrong and you have a warm January, you're going to see that there's cost to the hedging. And on the Commission we've been cognizant of that and want to allow companies to pass those costs through as well; otherwise, you can't have the good side and not pay some price for when it doesn't go your way. Another important tool that the Commission uses to protect the consumer is the Minnesota's Cold Weather Rule. The Cold Weather Rule is what you were alluding to earlier, and that is no one can be disconnected between October 15 and April 15. If a customer is subject to disconnect, the utility must provide the customer with a Cold Weather Rule packet explaining protections available and the sources of financial weatherization assistance. If the utility and the consumer reach a mutual agreement on a payment plan, the process is over; if not, the utility customer can appeal to the Public Utilities Commission, and during the appeal the customer is provided heat until a decision is made. All household income requirements are based on total household income and all persons residing in the household, excluding amounts received from energy assistance. The total household income must be less than 50 percent of the State median income. And you asked earlier about who informs people. One of the things that the Public Utilities Commission requires is that utilities are required to send the Cold Weather Rule applications to each residential customer at the onset of the heating season, which would be in late summer, early fall. They're required to put in their billing a flyer telling folks about the Cold Weather Rule. And you alluded in your questions to CenterPoint Energy being one of the largest providers of heating fuel. CenterPoint Energy, as you are aware, we had, last winter, over a thousand customers that were not reconnected as of December 15. CenterPoint Energy has since revised their system of notifying customers. It has this past fall and this winter, we believe, according to the reports that we've gotten and the lack of complaints that we've gotten, has done a far better job in notifying customers what their rights are under the Cold Weather Rule. Part of the problem that we became aware of was that customers obviously are responsible for their heating bill, but they were not responsible to pay their entire heating bill before they were reconnected. What they were responsible for was to be, enter into a payment plan with the utility, and that payment plan, it's important to note, also in Minnesota, that payment plan cannot exceed 10 percent of their income. So even if there's an amount owed in arrears, when they enter into a payment plan for this coming heating season, and the heating season that we're in, that payment plan doesn't exceed 10 percent of their income. We also, in the Public Utilities Commission, encourage conservation, which is handled through Mr. Garvey's, Commissioner Garvey's department, and we have entered into agreements with all of the companies on distributed generation connection, so that if they're using other types of generation, biofuels, wind, etc., we have agreements with the companies as to how those people using alternative renewable fuels would be treated in their interconnection policy, how the metering will be handled, and we just finished the last hearing this week, as a matter of fact, on the last company to enter into an agreement for distributed generation, so we encourage conservation and renewable energy use. I would note that if you get the handout that we put together, Minnesota is first in its commitment to new wind. Minnesota is first in its biggest commitment to new biomass. We have the strongest commitment to renewables outside of electric restructuring, and Minnesota ranks first. We were second in renewable, in the renewable markets. We have the second largest wind farm in the United States, and the most renewables as a share of total electric sales were third only to Massachusetts and Connecticut, and with that I'll conclude my comments. Senator Coleman. Thank you, Mr. Koppendrayer. Mr. Garvey. TESTIMONY OF EDWARD A. GARVEY,\1\ DEPUTY COMMISSIONER FOR ENERGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Mr. Garvey. Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee, I appreciate the opportunity to discuss with you the issues surrounding the recent volatility and historic highs in natural gas prices and their effects on Minnesota consumers. I want to extend my sincere thanks on behalf of Governor Pawlenty and Commissioner Wilson to you, Senator Coleman, for your aggressive and continuing leadership in these kinds of issues, especially securing additional LIHEAP funding. That kind of funding is very important to Minnesota. It provides direct help to those who are adversely affected by the high heating costs that we are confronted with today. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Mr. Garvey with attachments appears in the Appendix on page 68. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Department of Commerce serves four primary roles that are of interest to the Subcommittee today. First, we're the State's chief policy developer and advocate. We provide also regulatory oversight and staffing for the Public Utilities Commission, we are the State's energy office, which implements the Weatherization Program, and we are the administrator of the LIHEAP program. Walking very quickly through some of those issues, Mr. Chairman. The Department of Commerce closely monitors natural gas prices and supply because of its roll as an advocate for all natural gas consumers and the broad public interest in matters before the Public Utilities Commission. After the devastating events of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, many consumers were aptly concerned with how much natural gas would cost them and if there would be enough gas available to get through the winter. In November 2005, Minnesota customers were paying an average of $12.02 per Mcf. Based on this increase in price, the Department projected that the average heating bills would be 70 percent higher than last winter. Luckily Mother Nature has been kind to us this winter. Last month was the warmest January since 1846 in the Twin Cities and the warmest on record for International Falls and Duluth. As a result of the lower demand and the recovering delivery capacity in Louisiana, February natural gas prices in Minnesota are on average $9.38 per Mcf, or $3 less. Based on price predictions last fall, this appears to be very good news for Minnesota consumers. However, it is important to keep in mind that the heating season is not over, as you've already noticed, and as this week's weather will indicate. Even with mild weather to date and $9.38 gas, average heating bills in January are still expected to be 30 percent higher than they were last year. Responding to the historically high natural gas prices, last November Governor Pawlenty announced his Heating Security Initiative aimed as assisting customers most impacted by the high natural gas prices. There are three components to this initiative. First was to expand the Cold Weather Rule in order to basically assure that no low income customer would be shut off this winter by their utility. Six major utilities in this State have joined in this agreement. The second portion of the initiative was to provide greater heating financial assistance to those in need. Governor Pawlenty has infused the LIHEAP program with $13 million of State funds. This is the largest contribution of State money to the program in our history. That additional funding will allow the Department of Commerce to serve an additional 26,789 households. In addition, because of the higher energy costs, the Department of Commerce has increased the average assistance amount households receive by 25 percent over last winter, so that, on average, each household receives at least $500. That's above an average of $400 last year. The third component rounding out the Governor's Heating Security Initiative is lowering utility bills through energy conservation. Through the State's Energy Conservation Improvement Program--CIP, as we refer it to--the Department of Commerce has approved natural gas utility proposals to spend an additional $2.1 million this year on energy conservation on top of the $14 million that they are already expending. This, of course, is an effort that I think you, Senator Coleman, pays a lot of attention to, to your credit, through your Home Energy Savings Incentive Act of 2005. The fourth component, of course, of the Governor's Heating Security Initiative is to lead by example, and through an executive order he has ordered a 10 percent reduction of energy consumption at the State's buildings. The Department of Commerce reviews the regulated natural gas utilities' charges to assure that they charge their customers the same price that the utilities pay to gas producers for the gas that they buy. Utilities only make profit on the cost of operating their business. Normally these business operations costs account for approximately 10 percent of a customer's bill, which means the natural gas cost is 90 percent of that bill. Since the price of natural gas itself is such a large portion of the customer's bill, we, working with the Public Utilities Commission, are constantly reviewing natural gas prices charged to Minnesota consumers by the State- regulated natural gas utilities. The Department's analysis is geared towards ensuring that the utility is charging reasonable prices to its consumers. If the Department finds an exception, it provides its analysis to the Public Utilities Commission and recommends that the Commission uses statutory authority, as Chairman Koppendrayer has already indicated, to prevent unreasonable or imprudent costs from being charged to customers. Let me turn very quickly to the administration of the LIHEAP program and Weatherization. To date, total State and Federal LIHEAP funds available in Minnesota equal $101 million. These funds are used to direct heating assistance, additional funds in crisis situations, and furnace repair or replacement for low income households. With this funding, it is projected that the Department will serve 145,800 Minnesota households with primary heating assistance. That's significantly up from last year when we served 117,689 households. The Weatherization Program provides assistance and informs, as you've already heard from Deidre Jackson, the ability of a household to come in and provide energy conservation steps. Last year the total budget of that program, including State and Federal funds, was $14 million, with $13 million of it spent directly for homes, and we were able to provide assistance to 4,000 homes that were weatherized at an average cost of slightly over $3,000. To conclude, Mr. Chairman, high natural gas prices appear to be here to stay, at least for the foreseeable future. We at the Department of Commerce, working with the Public Utilities Commission, and with you and with the natural gas utilities, are diligent in using the tools at their disposal to provide consumers with reasonable priced natural gas service. Congress has already taken some steps on this issue with the passage of the Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005. Also the President's recent State of the Union address called for further energy efficiency and innovation. We applaud these actions and are ready to help achieve our common goals. Let me make a couple recommendations that I have before I conclude. First and foremost, the importance of a hearing like this and the showing of Federal vigilance and congressional vigilance and the Subcommittee's vigilance and, most importantly, your vigilance, Mr. Chairman, to protect consumers from market manipulation is very important. It is a national issue, gas prices are set at a national level, and without your oversight we at the States level are handcuffed. Assuring adequate LIHEAP funding, you have been aggressively working with that. We are very pleased to be helping you do that, and very proud of your work on that. Third, promoting aggressive energy conservation acts, you've already taken a leadership role in that area. I think continuing that and working with your colleagues in any way that you can to increase those efforts is important. And I think the fourth component, and you've already heard testimony on that, is promoting the development and use of renewable energies, particularly ethanol and biodiesel, and perhaps some of those fuel switching options that you've heard is very important because natural gas is priced shadowing petroleum and a fuel switching for petroleum. So, Mr. Chairman, those are the final thoughts that I have. I hope I did that in the time to allow you enough time for questions. Senator Coleman. Thank you very much, Mr. Garvey. Mr. Garvey, looking at the data that you've provided us, if you're looking from the year 2000 through 2005, in 2000 there were 110,000 households served by LIHEAP, 2004-05, 117,000. All of a sudden this year it's 145,000. That's one of the largest increases in quite a while. Do you have any explanation for why there is such a significant increase in the number of households needing LIHEAP this year? Mr. Garvey. Mr. Chairman, the number of households who are eligible for the Low Income Heating Assistance Program roughly stays approximately the same at about 400,000 households. The reason those numbers, as you've indicated, move is our ability to provide assistance to them, which is directly related to the amount of funding available. The reason we are able to fund and provide assistance this year more than we've done in past years is because of the funding that you've been able to secure to fund the LIHEAP program, as well as the infusion of Governor Pawlenty's $13 million. Senator Coleman. So the needs are out there, it's really just a question of whether the dollars can match the needs? Mr. Garvey. Correct. Senator Coleman. Mr. Koppendrayer, I think good news by the way, you mentioned earlier in your testimony, you talked about using natural gas for electricity, natural gas surpassing nuclear in terms of providing for energy. I believe this year for the first time, as of a couple weeks ago there were at least five new permits nationally that have been applied for for nuclear, and I think that number may even have doubled by now, so I think one of the things that you're seeing is, and we saw, certainly the last couple years, operations, including Excel right in St. Paul, going from coal to natural gas, but what I think the good news is--and that was all done since environmental reasons certainly hit at the center of that--but I think a lot of that was done before we saw these huge spikes in prices, but the good news is is that there are, for the first time, I believe, a number of new nuclear operations. We still have the waste issue which is out there, but in addition to that there's also some folks looking at some new technology down the road that will limit that. Can you comment at all on that issue? Mr. Koppendrayer. Well, I think the short answer is we know what to do with the waste, we know where to put the waste, we just have to get the votes eventually to get the job done. The new nuclear technology, of course, it includes recycling the fuels that we have. It should not be considered a waste and put in a geological repository and then blown up and left there. It's a resource. And finally now we are starting to recognize that's a resource. And in the recycling processes that are being worked on now, the actinides are going to be left with the uranium so that you don't get a pure plutonium, weapons- grade plutonium. So the proliferation of nuclear weapons is not a concern under the new process. And under the new process the hundred-million-year half life could be brought down to 500 years, and of course it needs a whole lot less storage space for the waste that's left over. Senator Coleman. I know we're looking a little bit into the future here, but that future is very real. Even my colleagues get it. Can you give an estimate about how far down the road? Are we talking 20 years, 30 years, or 15 years before we can move to a situation where, in fact, that what is seen now as waste really becomes a recyclable material that could produce more energy? Mr. Koppendrayer. The latest that I've seen in the trade journals and meetings I've been at is it's 15 years that we're looking at, probably 15 years. Senator Coleman. And having a 16-year-old daughter, that 16 years is---- Mr. Koppendrayer. Went quick. Senator Coleman. A blink of the eye, I can tell you. Mr. Koppendrayer. But in other technology that we shouldn't fail to mention that you've been a huge part of in Minnesota that's coming, and the Public Utilities Commission approved $10 million towards the IGCC, the integrated combined cycle coal gasification. You know that coal is the largest energy resource that the United States has, and the key will be to using it in an environmental friendly way as we can, and that is the huge next step that we're going to be taking. Senator Coleman. What's interesting about that is that a few years when we forwarded the Minnesota project and we had a loan guarantee in the energy bill, I think that was the only coal gasification of the next generation. I believe in last year's energy bill there were at least five coal gasification projects nationwide and even more, so there are a number of folks seeing what we've seen, but the good news is that I believe we've been out in front in Minnesota on that technology and are moving forward. Let me ask you another question about spot markets. You talked about buying in the spot market. Isn't that one of the problems that we're facing, that consumers face, that when folks buy on the spot market they're subject to these spikes in prices? Mr. Koppendrayer. Sure it is, but there's a phrase that I like to use. When you're trying to contract for enough gas and you're trying to hit the market right, and you're trying to do that based on the weather, you use what we've come to call random variables. You take all of these variables, you pick from them and choose from them, and then you try to forecast next year what's the weather going to be, and based on that weather forecast how much fuel am I going to need, and a forecast, well, you and I have both watched weather forecasts. They're better every year but never perfect, and you can never anticipate a year ahead, 6 months ahead, 3 months ahead where that next spike is going to be in cold weather, and that's what hits us really hard when you don't have enough on fixed contract and you have to buy on the spot market. Senator Coleman. But most of Minnesota's natural gas is bought on the spot market, is that correct? It's not? Mr. Koppendrayer. No, not most of it. Most of it is through contracts. Senator Coleman. OK. Mr. Koppendrayer. And spot market is kept as minimal as possible. But if you overcontract you're going to end up with gas purchases that you don't need and you're going to pay the price for that. Senator Coleman. Mr. Garvey, what do you say to Minnesotans who say that the folks out there are ripping us off, the cold weather and prices are being gouged, they're going through the roof, how do you respond to that? Mr. Garvey. Mr. Chairman, thank you for that question. The Minnesota utilities pass through to retail customers the wholesale price that they pay. We at the Department of Commerce make sure that they do that, that they don't make a penny more on the retail cost than their wholesale charge. Working with the Public Utilities Commission, we're very confident that is exactly how that works. The question then becomes the fairness and appropriateness of that wholesale market price, and that's where Subcommittee hearings like this and your vigilance and examination of the wholesale marketplace is so important. We look at it. While we don't see manipulation from our perspective, we have a very narrow State perspective. We don't see the national marketplace. What I now can say to that person, because of Subcommittee hearings like this and because of examinations that are going on by Members of Congress and our Federal agencies, that they will make sure that those kinds of things are not happening. Senator Coleman. And we'll hear, right after you, FERC and the GAO will talk a little bit about that. One of the things you mentioned in your testimony, you talked about natural gas prices kind of shadow some of the oil prices, and this whole discussion of renewables says that if we can lessen dependence on oil, Middle East oil, oil generally, that will have a beneficial impact, even though natural gas is mostly domestically produced. You see, though, the headlines scream out about gas companies making huge, huge, huge profits, and some of that profit, I presume, is generated from things that happen in local gas stations right here in our community. Could you respond, kind of shifting a little away from natural gas to just the overall cost of the gas, has the Department looked at the issue of price gouging when it comes to other energy products, gasoline particularly? Mr. Garvey. Mr. Chairman, thank you for that question. The three energy sources: (1) Electricity, the Department of Commerce and the Public Utilities Commission has extensive regulatory review and authority over. (2) Natural gas energy providers we have extensive regulatory review over. We have little authority over the wholesale market of natural gas. (3) When you move to petroleum, we have no regulatory oversight of either the retail or the wholesale marketplace. Having said that, the retail and the wholesale marketplace for petroleum is aggressively examined by our States' attorney generals and those folks. And, the other thing you need to know, sir, in Minnesota we always have, as a rule, some of the cheapest gasoline prices in the country. I mean you drive around today, it's $2.07. And the reason for that is that we have a very competitive retail marketplace. We get most of our petroleum from Canada, we have several very important local refiners, we have low gas taxes, and we have ethanol and biodiesel mandates. When you put those components together, gasoline is still expensive, but it's relatively cheaper here than it is across the country. Senator Coleman. We talked about--let me shift gears a little bit--dealing with the Cold Weather Rule. There was an action, and you made some references, Mr. Koppendrayer, I think it was CenterPoint Energy. I believe that there was a concern about willful and repeated violations of the Cold Weather Rule. Is it your testimony today that those concerns have been taken care of? Mr. Koppendrayer. Mr. Chairman, as I mentioned, that was last winter, and the complaints this winter are at a bear minimum. Senator Coleman. Can you tell us what happened and why it happened? Mr. Koppendrayer. Well, that's as varied as the people that were affected, and there were a lot of people affected, as to what they were told and what they weren't told. As I mentioned earlier, everybody gets a flyer and everybody gets the rules as to what apply to them. The difference comes in when they call the company, for example, and say, I can't pay my bill and I want to be reconnected, what transponds between, as far as an oral conversation, and for the most part what came to the surface was the main part of the problem was that the company's representatives were telling the consumer that you have to pay, you are responsible for your full bill, and that was true, they were responsible for the entire bill. However, what didn't immediately follow, or was not picked up by the consumer, is in a payment plan you don't have to pay more than 10 percent of your income, so here is a payment plan, and that wasn't clearly explained to the consumers and there was a lot of confusion and a lot of people weren't hooked up because they thought they had to pay their entire bill before they could enter into that agreement, which wasn't true. And I understand that the Attorney General's Office, who pursued this, and to enforce the rules that we have, entered into a settlement with CenterPoint Energy for last year's issues. But I have to say again, that hasn't been repeated this year. And the other companies, we've all learned from that and we've clarified the rules and we've clarified when it's supposed to be sent, and other companies have learned from that. We've clarified it for all the companies. Senator Coleman. To both gentlemen--what's the single biggest complaint that Commerce gets, Mr. Garvey, and what the PUC gets from consumers regarding energy and energy costs? What are folks worried about right now? Mr. Koppendrayer. I got an e-mail from a former school superintendent just the other day and what he said was, look, in 2000 I paid this, in 2001 I paid this, and now in 2005 I'm 90 percent higher than in 2000. And it's not, the consumer out there doesn't understand, or hasn't had the opportunity to completely be informed of what Commissioner Garvey just said, the companies here are passing, the distribution company is passing through the wholesale cost of gas and not profiting from that cost of gas, they're only profiting from the distribution end of it. That's not understood. As a matter of fact, I've never seen before this morning a map like that. I'm going to get a copy of that, if I might, and ask a lot of questions about why the United States is $13 and Japan is $5, and Japan doesn't have natural gas and we do. Senator Coleman. That's a question that a lot of my colleagues asked and the next panel will touch on it, I hope. Mr. Garvey, what about you, what are people complaining about? Mr. Garvey. Mr. Chairman, the biggest complaints sort of fall under the general rubric of the cost of their bills. And if I may, Mr. Chairman, even though much of the winter season is behind us--Punxsutawney Phil saw his shadow, so we're supposed to still have 6 to 8 more weeks. More LIHEAP funding will allow for us to provide greater assistance to a larger number of families. Even the assistance that we can give, even the increase of $500, is still significantly less than 50 percent of their total bill. We would be allowed to not only serve more families but raise that amount. We would be able to provide additional assistance to those homes, those homeowners whose furnace blows out and has a crisis. We could provide greater weatherization. I want to just make sure we enforce what I think you already know. Just because we're into mid-February, don't let folks say we don't need to and let this issue go by, because it's still very important. And just because spring is around the corner, those bills will still be due. You've heard testimony that they roll through the summer into next fall. Senator Coleman. And I can assure you that we will be moving very aggressively. And winter is not over. We're seeing that this week, we'll see it next week, and coming from Minnesota, winter may not be over in March, going into April. I think even when we talk about mild winters, people forget that it's, so if it's a mild winter, instead of being minus 10, it's 15 or 20 degrees. Well, you've still got to get another 45 degrees of heat into your house at prices that are a 100 percent higher than they were 5 years ago, double what they were a year ago, 40 percent, whatever it is. For folks on fixed and limited income, that's a big jump. I mean that's a big hurdle to overcome. So I think even when we talk mild winter, we forget the impact here. You've still got to get up to 60 or 65 degrees or you're not going to be healthy. So I am very hopeful that when we get back we'll at least fill some of the needs for this year, and there should be hopefully another billion dollars that we'll be getting through the Committee. I want to thank you for your testimony, and please tell that to the Governor, too. Mr. Garvey, you laid out, in a way it's a pretty simple but pretty basic formula; you've got to do oversight, you've got to provide funding for LIHEAP. We forget conservation. For folks who are listening, conservation, conversation, conservation. Whether you're Cargill or U of M or a single mom, there are things we can do in conservation, or State offices. It makes a difference. And then renewables, which the good news is that we will have another energy bill, and my colleagues are getting that renewable is going be a big part of it. I tout the story of Brazil, fifth largest country in the world, half the population of Latin America. At the end of 2005, I think they were not dependent on any foreign oil. Sixty percent of the new cars in Brazil run on flex fuel engines, they can run on 100 percent ethanol or gasoline, and the technology--is it expensive? The largest car manufacturer in Brazil this year I think is General Motors. So it's technology we have that can go a long way, so I think we're moving forward in the right direction. I appreciate your testimony. Mr. Koppendrayer. Mr. Koppendrayer. If I might, Commissioner Brownell from FERC was here on Friday and left her testimony with me and then I gave it to your aide. I don't know if there is somebody from FERC here this morning, but her testimony is here. Senator Coleman. I appreciate that, and we're going to-- clearly, FERC, for those who are listening, they play a role in the wholesale level, and so they have to do their job, their role is absolutely critical, and so we'll hear a little bit of that today. I think it's important for folks who are local to understand here that the companies are really, they're passing through, they make a certain set profit but they're not making massive windfall profits that, I think, are people looking at their own bills and they see these huge profits and they wonder, am I getting ripped off and what are we doing about it. We'll talk a little bit about the wholesale prices with the next panel. Gentlemen, thank you very much for your testimony. I would like to welcome our final witnesses to today's hearings: James Wells, Managing Director of the Energy Team of the Government Accountability Office in Washington, DC, and Susan J. Court, the Director of the Office of Market Oversight Investigations at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, FERC, who will be accompanied by Steven J. Harvey, the Deputy Director of FERC's Office of Market Oversight and Investigations. So again we are thrilled to have you here. As Commissioner Koppendrayer noted, we anticipated having FERC Commissioner Nora Mead Brownell testify, but because of the last minute rescheduling of the hearing Ms. Brownell was unable to arrange her schedule. I'm sorry that she won't be with us but we'll include her full testimony in the record as Exhibit No. 6.\1\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Exhibit No. 6 appears in the Appendix on page 156. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- But certainly, representatives from FERC are here. I appreciate your presence. I look forward to looking at this issue of monitoring any evidence of price manipulation as well as explore some long-term solutions to the energy crisis. As you've seen, witnesses before this Subcommittee, pursuant to Rule 6, have to be sworn. I would ask you to please stand and raise your right hand. Do you swear the testimony you're about to give before this Subcommittee is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God. (Witnesses respond to oath affirmatively.) Senator Coleman. Mr. Wells, we'll have you go first followed by Ms. Court. Then after we have the testimony we'll open it up to questions, and your written testimony will be presented into the record in its entirety, so if we can stay within the 5-minute rule, that would be very helpful. TESTIMONY OF JAMES WELLS,\1\ MANAGING DIRECTOR, ENERGY TEAM, GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE Mr. Wells. Thank you, Senator Coleman. We are pleased to be here today to discuss natural gas prices. Accompanying me today is my colleague, Jon Ludwigson, he's our GAO energy expert, and hopefully he'll take all of the hard questions for me. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Mr. Wells appears in the Appendix on page 90. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- As you know, in early December 2005 wholesale gas prices topped $15, more than double the prices seen last summer, and seven times the prices common throughout the 1990s. I want to refer to the chart.\2\ You see 20 years worth of natural gas prices. Look at it in terms of the first decade, 10 years, the most recent 10 years, and then we're going to talk, when we get to our conclusions, about what the next 10 years is going to look like. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \2\ The chart referred appears in the Appendix on page 98. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the 2006 winter heating season, the residential household heating with natural gas will pay at least $260, 35 percent more on average this winter than last winter. Mr. Chairman, consumers in your Midwest here are expected to witness even greater increases, paying 41 percent more than last winter. You have the distinction of being the one part of the country, the highest part in the entire Nation. You've asked GAO to discuss three questions: Why natural gas prices are so high, the impact on the consumers, and what is the Federal Government's role. Demand has clearly expanded faster than supply. Since 1999 wholesale gas prices have clearly trended steadily upward, as you referred to earlier. They bounce up, they rocket up in price and float back down like a feather, but they're still higher than where they started. You can see the peaks in late 2005 here, there's two twin peaks there as two hurricanes smashed into the Gulf Coast where we have major gas production facilities. 90 percent of that production that you see there in the Gulf Coast was taken off-line. Mr. Chairman, it's still not totally recovered, and daily production levels will still not be back to normal before the hurricane until sometime this summer, so we today are still feeling the impact of the two hurricanes. On the supply side, our U.S. gas industry has been producing at near capacity, and our ability to increase imports has reached its limit currently, given available infrastructure. There's no more magic bullet to bring more gas in because we don't have anywhere to bring it in. Tight supplies have set the stage for extreme price spikes. Clearly I will tell you today that everyone will say the easy answer is it's all about supply and demand, but clearly there are many other factors that you've heard about today that will continue to affect wholesale prices such as market manipulation. Although you gave us an investigation charge and we're continuing with that, we have not found any market manipulation to date. We continue to look at the futures trading in natural gas and for signs of market manipulation, and we plan to report to you and your Subcommittee the results of that work later this summer. For the individual consumer sitting behind me here in this room, how much their gas bill will rise today will depend on large measure on how much of their supply is purchased, as you've heard, from the wholesale spot markets. By buying in the spot market when prices are rising, it clearly is expensive. Some of the largest natural gas utilities in at least three States expect to buy at least 70 percent of their gas this winter at spot market prices. Mr. Chairman, we'll continue our investigation, but we understand that Minnesota does buy a tremendous amount on the spot market. The utility clearly has and will continue to pass these prices on to their customers. For others, gas utilities and consumers that use a process call hedging, that's buying gas at fixed prices in long-term contracts, or storing the gas that they purchased when prices are relatively low to be used during times when prices are high, may this winter be able to see their price rise at a little less degree than if they were buying on the spot market. While hedging may not guarantee the lowest price, it clearly does allow consumers to have greater price stability. Our preliminary work shows that natural gas utilities in more than half of the States have hedged at least 50 percent of their supplies for this winter. Mr. Chairman, we did analyze the market back in 2002, and our results at that time indicated that the marketplace was hedging about 20 percent across the country, so the trend is upwards. I think you have to ask questions of the public utilities that are administering their programs how conservative they've been and whether they're using some of the newer, sophisticated techniques to help ensure that the consumers have the best price advantage of natural gas. As we've clearly heard today, unfortunately the impact of these high gas prices have clearly meant hardships. The lower income residents may not be able to absorb the price increases, and they are clearly having difficulty paying their bills, as we've heard today. Mr. Chairman, I hope we get a chance to have questions talking about LIHEAP where we can talk more about it because I think it is an extremely important program. Industrial consumers, like Cargill Company that you've heard today, the chemical, the fertilizer manufacturers, are not able to compete with foreign companies that have access to gas at lower prices, a dollar and 60 cents out of Trinidad, and therefore may reduce operations or close U.S. plants. We are clearly moving some of our industry and jobs overseas. I want to turn a minute to the Federal Government's role. Clearly two Federal agencies, Susan here on my right from FERC, and Commodities Futures Trading Corporation, they do play key roles in trying to keep the level playing field with competitive prices in an informed marketplace. FERC is responsible for ensuring that prices are determined competitively at the wholesale level. We need to hold FERC accountable, and clearly they've been doing a lot of aggressive things that they have not necessarily done in the past. One example, one company agreed to pay a settlement of over $1.6 billion in California relating to some of the heating season in 2002. Clearly the industry is being put on notice that they can't perform badly in the marketplace that has the impact that we saw in California in 2002. Similarly, the CFTC is responsible for ensuring that fraud, manipulation and abusive practices do not occur. They have prosecuted 46 energy companies or individuals and have assessed penalties over $300 million. They're not alone. There is still the Securities Exchange Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice, these are all the Federal regulatory agencies that are supposed to be looking out for wrongdoings, and I think hearings like this are another example where we can hold these Federal regulatory agencies responsible. Mr. Chairman, I'm going to stop here and just say there's no doubt that we can't live without natural gas. In the near term there may be relatively little that folks can do to avoid the pain, although there are things that they can do, and I do hope to address some of those in the questions. The stage is set for the future price spikes. We haven't changed the fundamentals of the marketplace; future price spikes will continue, people will still have trouble affording natural gas tomorrow and in the future. The key industries may be lost, along with jobs they bring, particularly here in Minnesota relating to some of the fertilizer industries. Meeting the future demand for this energy source, changing this less-than-desirable scenario will be a challenge for the consumers, for the utilities, and the U.S. Congress. Holding this hearing is another step in keeping informed and seeking the best possible solutions. Mr. Chairman, I thank you and welcome your questions. Senator Coleman. Thank you for your testimony, Mr. Wells. Ms. Court. TESTIMONY OF SUSAN J. COURT DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF MARKET OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS, FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION Ms. Court. Good morning, Mr. Chairman. My name is Susan Court, and I am the Director of the Office of Market Oversight and Enforcement Investigations at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. I am accompanied this morning by my deputy, Steven Harvey. We appear today as Commission staff witnesses speaking with the approval of the Chairman of the Commission. The views we express are our own and not necessarily those of the Commission or any individual commissioner. We thank you very much for this invitation to discuss the natural gas market and recent price trends. The Commission takes very seriously the high natural gas prices, and I hope that we will be able to answer your questions regarding what has driven current prices and what the Commission is doing to monitor them to ensure that they are not the result of manipulation or the abuse of market power. My written testimony covers the six issues that were identified in your letter of invitation, so I'm just going to highlight some points at this time. First, you asked what factors have contributed to high and volatile natural gas prices in recent years. There are three factors in particular. First, the balance between supply and demand for natural gas in North America has been tightening throughout the decade. Production has slightly increased or even declined while the economy has increased demand. The gas bubble prevalent in the late 1980s and early 1990s started to shrink at the end of the last century. Second, the summer of 2005 was abnormally hot, the hottest on record according to the National Climatic Data Center. With the addition of natural gas-fired generation to the electric system over the past decade, increased electric demand drove increases in natural gas demand. Generation from natural gas, for example, increased by 20 percent for June and July of last year compared to the year before. Third, the price of oil rose 21 percent from $9.40 an MMBTU in early April to over $11.40 just before the hurricane struck. Although the relationship between oil products and gas prices differs across the country depending on how easily fuels can be switched, oil and gas prices have been loosely related for many years. As a result, increasing oil prices last summer put upward pressure on gas prices above and beyond the effects of the increased electric demand. You've also asked what effect the hurricanes have had. As you and other witnesses have pointed out, the hurricanes had and still have significant effects on the entire natural gas industry in the Gulf Coast, which accounts for about 20 percent of the United States supply. Overall, about 10 Bcf of production from the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana was shut in, representing almost one-fifth of the U.S. average daily production. That number is fortunately now down to about 2.5 Bcf. Since the hurricanes, prices have risen and fallen based on weather. Given the strains on U.S. domestic natural gas supplies represented by the hurricanes, as others have pointed out, including yourself, Senator, we have been very fortunate to have experienced a milder-than-normal winter. Nonetheless, the longer term tightness between supply and demand exacerbated by increased electric demand is likely to reassert itself with more normal weather. As a result, current futures prices for natural gas suggest that prices are likely to rise from current levels into the summer, though they are likely to remain below the crisis levels seen after the hurricanes. Next you asked what is FERC doing to respond to high natural gas prices, especially with respect to its enforcement responsibilities. As an initial matter, as you may know, and I need to point out here, the commission has very limited jurisdiction over gas as a commodity, over wholesale sales of natural gas, due to the Natural Gas Decontrol Act of 1989. That said, starting in the fall of last year we have encouraged conservation, as did other Federal and State agencies. For our part we made a concerted effort to distribute information on the State of the natural gas market. We have, for example, on our web page a feature called ``Gas Basics,'' and we brought copies of the latest edition with us. We did this to help consumers understand what is happening so that they can make informed decisions. More to the point, the Commission is committed to assuring that the high natural gas prices caused by the loss of supply from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita do not go higher still because of market manipulation. We have done this in several ways. The Commission actively monitors natural gas markets to determine whether price movements are the result of market manipulation or market fundamentals. Our market oversight and enforcement staff is continually reviewing market activity for any possible manipulation that might also affect prices. In close coordination with enforcement staff, market oversight staff performs a detailed review of natural gas prices and market activity on a daily basis with the intent of identifying areas of possible manipulation. If we identify price anomalies that are not explained by market fundamentals, my office is authorized by the Commission, to begin an investigation. Furthermore, to assist our monitoring effort, the Commission has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the CFC to assure the smooth flow of information between the two agencies. The Commission also acted quickly to exercise the new anti-manipulation authorities in the Energy Policy Act. On January 19, the Commission issued rules to prevent market manipulation by any entity, not just companies traditionally subject to Commission jurisdiction, with respect to jurisdictional natural gas and electric sales and transportation. The new rules, in conjunction with the new civil penalty authority in the Energy Policy Act, will provide a strong deterrent to market manipulation. Under our new civil penalty authority, the Commission can impose a penalty up to $1 million per day for a violation of the Commission's anti- manipulation rules. You've also asked finally whether or not there is any extra authority we would need. The Commission at this time has not articulated any additional authorities that we need. We have many new responsibilities under EPAct of 2005, but we would surely welcome the opportunity to be asked again once we have a better understanding of how our new responsibilities are playing out. Thank you very much. Senator Coleman. Thank you very much, Ms. Court. Some of my colleagues question whether we're doing enough to vigorously monitor market manipulation. Your testimony today is that you're involved in a continuous review of market manipulation and that it is quite vigorous; is that a fair representation of what you've just stated? Ms. Court. Yes, sir, it is. Senator Coleman. Let me back up. First, that chart over there,\1\ we're looking at cost of natural gas in the United States; natural gas being something that we have domestic production, and you have places like Japan that don't have domestic production and it's less than half, Trinidad a dollar sixty. Can someone explain that chart to me? Why is there a wide gap, why does the United States have the highest natural gas prices in the world? --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Exhibit No. 1 appears in the Appendix on page 123. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ms. Court. I would like to just note to start with, the chart is dated October 26, and the United States is listed at $13.90. Of course, that was right at the time of the hurricane. Currently they're running between $8 and $9, so I think that's probably a fairer statement of natural gas prices vis-a-vis the world natural gas prices, because of the date of this particular chart. That said--and I'll let others comment on this as well as perhaps the situation with Japan. Japan, of course, relies on LNG as it doesn't have any domestic production. It is my understanding that Japan has their LNG committed under long-term contracts so that they were able to lock in a price at an earlier time. A couple weeks ago, Senator, I was able to participate in a conference in Paris sponsored by the International Energy Agency and the International Gas Union. The concern for all of the nations represented, and there were at least 30 nations represented at that conference, was the higher natural gas prices. Those countries were especially concerned because so much of their natural gas comes from countries like Russia, gas from other countries where there's production but where the production is owned by the governments themselves. So I think it is a fair statement, Senator, that every country is concerned, industrialized countries in particular, about higher natural gas prices. We are now in a global market for natural gas, there's no question about it. Currently 84 percent of our natural gas consumption comes from domestic supplies, but we anticipate that is going to change in the near future. As a consequence, the Commission, with the support of Congress, with EPAct, has now some very important responsibilities and authority to ensure that we can site LNG terminals throughout our country in order to take advantage of supplies from other countries as our domestic supplies decrease. And we've stated in our testimony, for example, some of the steps that FERC has taken, again with some support of EPAct and Congress, with respect to LNG supplies. We lost, by the way, several LNG shipments this winter to Europe. Spain will pay whatever price they need to pay in order to get the gas coming in to Spain. Likewise, in the UK, there is an LNG facility downstream from London at the Grain Island, and the UK also took LNG shipments away from the United States this past winter because they were willing to pay a price higher than Henry Hub. Basically it's Henry Hub plus a dollar that they were willing to pay to get those LNG. Now I think that things are probably going to balance out more as we get more LNG facilities in the United States and the liquefaction facilities elsewhere in the world improve. Right now the ratio is a little bit off. There is fewer liquefaction facilities than there are gasification facilities, and as that balances out I think the United States is going to be fairly well-poised to be able to receive LNG shipments. Senator Coleman. And I understand Japan, by the way, but I'm now looking at a place like China that has an insatiable appetite for energy, and still the price is lower. Ms. Court, perhaps you could give a primer to folks in the--I studied this stuff a little bit, and it's still hard for me to kind of understand the layout, why, even if it's $8 to $10, still double, a hundred percent, a hundred and fifty percent, some other areas that have, again I use China now as an example. Can you give me a one, two, three? Mr. Wells, do you want to weigh in as to why in this country prices are still so high? The other observation is this: Natural gas, though it may be a global market--petroleum is a global market. We're impacted by what happens with Middle East oil, Venezuelan oil, etc. Natural gas is still principally domestic. I mean we have, as you say, 85 percent, and I'm going to touch upon the LNG, because I think Mr. Wells made the comment about supply, ``we can't bring it in,'' I want to talk about that. But can you give me one more shot, one more time to explain to the folks sitting back there who aren't experts in this and don't work for FERC, why prices in the United States are significantly higher, U.S. and Canada, than just about anywhere else in the world? Mr. Harvey. Senator, if I could give it a shot---- Senator Coleman. Mr. Harvey. Mr. Harvey [continuing]. I would be glad to. Part of it is what we've seen is not just high prices this last winter in the United States, but a lot of volatility in prices. That's not surprising. We've seen a lot of volatility in weather after the hurricanes took out a great deal of productive capacity. We had abnormally warm Novembers and Januaries. And these prices have come down significantly from the levels that are on this particular map at this point, and actually in the last week or two, down into the mid $7 range at Henry Hub. That's likely, and that is, in fact, likely to be characteristic of natural gas markets in the United States at this point, given the dependencies and the relative tightness of supply and demand. These different markets behave in different ways, and as Ms. Court pointed out, during the course of the winter, the winter was extremely cold in northern Europe, and as a result prices went very high in northern Europe. Now the markets don't function exactly the same way that ours do necessarily, and so these prices for, in effect, spot gas, function a little bit differently. The spot market dominates the United States, and we talked about that a little bit, and the volatility that exposes our customers to. Spot markets don't dominate in many of these countries. They are longer-term contracts. Many of these contracts were written up in times that we can see in this graph that were earlier in that process. So, for example, the United Kingdom has a much larger, and really all of Europe has a much larger, long-term relationship. Much of their LNG then is also purchased by large State companies who tend to buy based on oil prices as opposed to any particular spot market within their country. We buy only based on the spot market in our country for spot purchases. As a consequence, January was the lowest LNG delivery month in the United States since, I believe, April 2003, and that's fine. We've got plenty of gas right now because of the warm January. It was a reasonable economic response. As I look at a couple of other places, though, within the last month we know, or a month and a half, I guess, we know that the relationship of Russian supplies of natural gas heading into Europe have changed and, in fact, the Ukrainian gas price became a very material international political issue when the Russians began to change that price based on contractual issues between those countries that I won't pretend to understand, but that price has come up significantly and is likely to come up significantly again, mainly based again on oil prices, which tend to be the benchmark there. Many of the other countries referred to there are producing areas, Trinidad. Trinidad, in fact, was the source of much of the LNG that was delivered in January in the United States. Many of the Middle Eastern countries. China is interesting, it's a strongly emerging economy, many, many energy demands, but China, unlike the United States, has focused very strongly on their growth in electricity on coal, and this begins to raise various climate issues, given the aggressive coal plans that they have, and not a lot of clarity about exactly what environmental controls will be there. So I don't know if that helps, but it gives you a sense that these are very different markets in very different positions across the world. Having said that, obviously it's important for us to figure out how to get the most cost- effective energy we can to remain competitive. Senator Coleman. One of the comments Ms. Court made that's been referenced here a number of times is the relationship between oil and gas, and that as prices rise in one there's somewhat of a mirror. What I'm trying to understand there is the kind of market forces to me seem so different between oil and gas, again one being clearly international, the other not. Where oil prices are skyrocketing for a range of reasons and we see this mirroring, is there a potential there for market manipulation and how do you oversee that? How do you stop that from happening? Mr. Harvey. What we've seen historically is sort of a loose relationship with oil, and it differs again locationally, as was in Ms. Court's testimony. The one thing, for example in New York, where we have a lot of oil product prices, we can see it fairly clearly. The lower grade of oil tends to be a floor on prices for natural gas delivered into New York. And at this point actually today, when we have extraordinarily high levels of natural gas storage inventories in place today, the spot price is still in a $7 to $8 kind of range mainly, I think, because of that oil price, because of oil prices now in the low $60s after some drops last week. The amount of fuel switching capability differs radically across the country. In New York there actually is a fair amount of fuel switching capability in some heating applications and in some electric generation applications. It's still not very large, and we are entering again, in the very short term, a period where we're going to have and where we do have a lot of gas compared to the demand. January was an extraordinary month in terms of history, where it looked more like an April than it looked like a January typically, and it has put us in a very different position in terms of supply and demand balances. But that price has not moved down through the oil level yet. It's not completely clear. We don't have great statistics on how much fuel switching capability is there, but one of the things we will be watching is, to the extent gas inventories remain high or get higher, at some point that relationship needs to break, because it just doesn't make sense. There's just not enough oil demand to kind of keep it from there, and that's one of the kinds of things that we do look for and we look at in our daily oversight activities within the Commission is when those relationships seem to need to change, they need to change. Now because of the activity of different participants in the market, it's not just immediate supply and demand; it's people's worries about the future, it's their considerations of other things that get folded in there. So there isn't an exact time or place. But, again, it's the kind of thing that you can look for that trend, you can kind of examine that. If things don't happen the way we would expect them at some point we can begin to investigate in more detail. That is an example of one of those cases where we are watching for that. Senator Coleman. I am one of those who have difficulty understanding the relationship between oil, it just doesn't seem to be that logical, and the concern I have, and I know Mr. Wells said it's something the GAO is continuing to look at. We talked about market manipulation and gas as a commodity. At what point where do you draw the line between the legitimate impact of people's fears versus using those fears to gouge, price gouge? That's the average citizen, that's what they look at. They say we've had a hurricane--gas is, using gasoline, all of a sudden it's $5 a gallon in Georgia. At what point, when is fear a legitimate factor and when is fear used as a market manipulation, price-gouging factor? Where is the line drawn and how do you, who identifies that? Who deals with that? Ms. Court. Ms. Court. Well, Senator, as far as natural gas is concerned, it is the responsibility of the FERC to monitor the market drivers to see whether or not, in fact, particular high prices are understandable from market basics, or whether or not they might be reflecting some type of manipulation or behavior on the part of market participants. And so with respect to natural gas prices, that is our responsibility, that is FERC's responsibility. Of course, oil prices are deregulated, have been since 1981, and so there are other Federal agencies that may be looking at that, or State agencies, perhaps under antitrust laws, for example. The U.S. Department of Justice and the FTC are charged with that type of responsibility. And then in natural gas futures, as you mentioned, Mr. Wells mentioned, the CFC is responsible for that. So there are a lot of watch dogs out there, both at the Federal level, including, of course, the U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, and also on the State level, to watch for that type of bad behavior in the marketplace. Senator Coleman. Mr. Wells, thank you for your response-- but you made the comment about tight supply and ``we can't bring it in.'' Can you talk about why we can't and what recommendations you have to change that? Mr. Wells. OK. We currently are operating with approximately four port facilities that have the capability to handle the LNG tanker imports of which we are bringing in, 3 percent of our usage right now is LNG. These facilities are basically operating in excess of 90 percent capacity. I know there's a permitting process, an application process underway. The record is showing at least 14 applications for the future in terms of development, but these facilities are not built yet. There's a lot of NIMBY activity in terms of not in my backyard. There's concern about the safety of LNG that needs to be factually assessed and make determinations, but right now, even when we talk about proposals to bring natural gas out of the North Slope, we're talking about issues, even if we brought it here, where would it go. Infrastructure needs are a high priority that needs to be assessed in terms of its capability to bring it on line fairly quickly. This stuff doesn't come on line in less than a year, so the verdict is still out. I do want to mention just quickly, there is clearly a fear premium that exists in the oil marketplace. I think if you look at the last 10 years of natural gas, the price volatility that exists lends itself to believe that there's no reason to think there's not a fear premium that exists in the marketplace in natural gas. I think clearly the Federal Government in the last five or 6 years is just now beginning to realize that they need to gear up to look at market oversight and monitoring, and we hope that the regulatory agencies are putting the necessary resources in place to determine whether or not the marketplace is operating fairly. Unfortunately as an auditor, as an investigator, the verdict is still out because we haven't seen any results yet. I know there's restrictions in terms of discussion about what is ongoing, but until some of this information becomes public, we don't know for sure yet whether, in fact, we do have due diligence in watching the marketplace. Senator Coleman. Let me just follow up. You mentioned the gas reserves in the North Slope. There was an article in the New York Times recently that talked about that. I think there are some lawsuits going on, competing proposals, one building a pipeline from the North Slope to Alberta to Chicago, another is to expand current LNG facilities, and my staff has looked into that, we've talked to the oil company folks. Has GAO at all looked at this issue? Mr. Wells. Senator Coleman, we work for the Congress, we have not been asked to look at this. We know there is an antitrust lawsuit that has been filed. So we don't have anything to report on the status of that. Senator Coleman. You mentioned, you touched upon, and you said maybe we can pursue the question about what can folks do to limit the pain. Can you respond to that? Can you provide some advise, some direction? Mr. Wells. Absolutely. I want to touch a minute on the consumers and the utilities and even the Federal Government. The consumer can do things, like we've heard today. They have consumer choice in many States where they can actually seek a different supplier of natural gas. In a competitive marketplace they can look for a supplier that's doing a better job of delivering gas at a lower price. Individual consumers can work with the utilities on budget plans to spread out their payments as opposed to getting the big spikes in the winter. Clearly, take action, lower thermostats. There are things that, I know Ms. Jackson mentioned it today, she is one of the smart consumers that asked for an energy audit. Surprisingly, many consumers don't even realize that for free they can have someone come into their home and assist them in identifying where they can identify the most advantageous expenditure of a resource to save energy. Clearly education in terms of LIHEAP. You touched on it. How did these people, how did the consumers even realize that they were eligible. There's a lot of things that can be done for the consumer once they become informed, and I think the Federal Government also has the responsibility to keep the consumers informed about what's out there. I think to the utilities GAO would say we need to look at their storage practices, maybe their storage policy. They need to look at the fixed price contract buying that they're doing, derivatives, hedging, how do you manage risk. There's a lot of sophistication in today's marketplace. Unfortunately, we see a lot of utilities and State commissions that haven't necessarily come up to speed on some of the sophistication techniques that may exist in the marketplace to assist the consumers, so we would encourage them to work on that. Even at the Federal Government level, clearly we need to make some decisions and we need to take action. It's been said many times, but we need to diversify. We've talked a little bit about fuel switching, it's beginning to occur. We've heard even some of the electric generation from natural gas, using natural gas and switching over to coal in the future. We need to diversify. Unfortunately, we need it all. We need to modernize, technology, R&D. I think we need a better partnership between the Federal Government and the utilities and the States and the industry. We need to get everybody in the room and start talking about solutions. Leadership, and I think that's where the Federal Government can provide some leadership to send the right signals so that we can move forward into the 21st Century and meet our energy demands. Senator Coleman. That's very helpful, Mr. Wells, thank you. Ms. Court, can I turn to you and from your vantage point-- you're dealing with the wholesale, the big picture stuff. Ms. Court. Right. Senator Coleman. Where else do you think we have to go to give consumers a better sense of confidence that their concerns about market manipulation are being addressed? Ms. Court. Well, I think that it will, it behooves us to keep them informed, to make sure that as we go through the investigations and, of course, as Mr. Wells indicated, an ongoing investigation by its very nature has to be kept nonpublic, but I think it helps the consumer to know that the people that they are counting on, the Federal Government, and also the State government, are on top of the matter, and that we should publicize the results of these investigations on a regular basis. We have done that, by the way, Senator. Last March, for example, the FERC submitted a report to Congress even before we had our EPAct authority which has expanded our authority so much where we listed all the various investigations and the results of those investigations and the nature of those investigations, and the dollar penalties or disgorgement of profits that we were able to get on behalf of the consumers. So I think that will help. I think that that will be an assistance to the consumer and to the customers, natural gas customers. Senator Coleman. That's very helpful. I would hope that, one, you continue to remain committed to vigorous oversight, it's critically important, and I would like for the purposes of this record for you to submit to us any documentation or other things you have that will help us get out the message that this is what's being done and this is how we're doing it. Ms. Court. We would be more than happy to do that, Senator. Senator Coleman. That would be very helpful. I want to thank everyone for their participation. I'm going to keep the record open for 7 days, there may be some follow-up, additional questions. I hope this has been helpful from the personal perspective of how individuals are affected. We didn't get into details, Mr. Wells, you talked about fertilizer. But, for an agriculture-focused State, this is important to Minnesota. The cost of the fertilizer has gone through the roof and it has a direct impact on farmers' abilities to take care of themselves and families, and some of the competitive challenges of losing those operations, so there are a lot of questions that are still out there, but we need vigorous oversight. We're going to continue to work with GAO and waiting for, I think, the discussion about market manipulation and trading futures and things like that, which will come out in two thousand and---- Mr. Wells. Early this summer. Senator Coleman. Oh, this summer. Mr. Wells. And also I want to say that I'm actually flying to Japan next week, we're doing some work related to terrorist activity and security of LNG, and that will be high on my list to ask questions about how they can sell gas at---- Senator Coleman. Let me ask you one last question before we finish. We did make changes this year in the energy bill that dealt with the ``not in my backyard'' with respect to LNG. Have you had a chance to look at those, Mr. Wells? Are they sufficient or are there additional things we need to do? Mr. Ludwigson. My understanding is that those provisions are still being phased in the FERC oversight of the licensing process. Ms. Court. Actually, Senator, the tools that Congress gave us in EPAct I think will go a long way. We're pretty confident that they're going to help us a lot. For example, the EPAct made FERC the lead agency for all of the Federal authorizations that are required. You've also given us exclusive jurisdiction, for example, over LNG. That was a major issue, for example, with some of the coastal States and, in fact, one large lawsuit was dropped right after EPAct was enacted. So I think we've pretty much put everything in place. We have rules now implementing every one of the EPAct responsibilities that Congress gave us to facilitate the siting of LNG facilities, and also some of those provisions go to our infrastructure generally, not just with LNG, but with our interstate grid. One of the things with respect to the interstate grid, one of the advantages that we have vis-a-vis other countries is that we have the most sophisticated interstate natural gas grid in the world, and so that even though other countries right now may have a lower wellhead price, or they may even be able to get some LNG shipments, one of the advantages that we have is that once the gas gets to our country, we do have a grid that will be able to disperse it throughout the country. Senator Coleman. Well, let's make sure we keep that grid safe. I want to thank you all. The hearing will be kept open for 7 days. With that, this hearing is now adjourned. (Whereupon, at 10:48 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.) 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