References and Notes
1. International Life Sciences Institute. Similarities and Differences between Children and Adults: Implications for Risk Assessment. Washington, DC:ILSI Press, 1992.
2. National Research Council. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 1993.
3. National Research Council. Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 1993.
4. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Intellectual impairment in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls in utero. N Engl J Med 335:783-789 (1996).
5. Whitney KD, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: cellular mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134:53-62 (1995).
6. Chanda SM, Pope CN. Neurochemical and neurobehavioral effects of repeated gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos in maternal and developing rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:771-776 (1996).
7. Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Public Law 104-170, 1996.
8. International Life Sciences Institute. Workshop on Aggregate Exposure Assessment. Washington, DC:ILSI Press, 1998.
9. International Life Sciences Institute. A Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment. Washington, DC:ILSI Press, 1999.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of
Pesticide Programs. Organophosphate Pesticides:
Documents for Chlorpyrifos. Available: http://
www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/chlorpyrifos.htm [cited 10 January 2000].
11. U.S. EPA. 1996 Food Quality Protection Act Implementation Plan. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, 1997.
12. Mileson BE, Chambers JE, Chen WL, Dettbarn W, Ehrich M, Eldefrawi AT, Gaylor DW, Hamernik K, Hodgson E, Karczmar AG, et al. Common mechanisms of toxicity: a case study of organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicol Sci 41:8-20 (1998).
13. Gallo MA, Lawryk NJ. Organic Phosphorus Pesticides. In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. New York:Academic Press, 1991;917-1123.
14. Fenske RA, Lu C, Simcox NJ, Loewenherz C, Touchstone J, Moate TF, Allen EH, Kissel JC. Strategies for assessing children's organophosporus pesticide exposures in agricultural communities. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol (in press).
15. Loewenherz C, Fenske RA, Simcox NJ, Bellamy G, Kalman D. Biological monitoring of organophosphorus pesticide exposure among children of agricultural workers. Environ Health Perspect 105:1344-1353 (1997).
16. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man: A Report Prepared by a Task Group of Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Oxford, NY:Pergamon Press, 1975.
17. Meites S, ed. Pediatric Clinical Chemistry: A Survey of Reference (Normal) Values, Methods, and Instrumentation, With Commentary. 3rd ed. Washington, DC:The American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 1988.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure Factors Handbook, Vol. 1. Washington, DC:National Center for Environmental Assessment, 1997.
19. U.S. EPA. Guidelines for exposure assessment. Fed Reg 57:22888-22938 (1992).
20. Simcox NJ, Fenske RA, Wolz SA, Lee I-C, Kalman D. Pesticides in housedust and soil: exposure pathways for children of agricultural families. Environ Health Perspect 103:1126-1134 (1995).
21. Office of Pesticide Programs. Reference Dose Tracking Report. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.
22. Lu F. A review of acceptable daily intakes of pesticides assessed by WHO. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 21:352-364 (1995).
23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. Organophosphate Pesticides: Documents for Phosmet. Available: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/
op/phosmet.htm [cited 10 January 2000].
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. Organophosphate Pesticides: Documents for Azinphos-Methyl. Available: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/azm.htm [cited 10 January 2000].
25. U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. Hazard Assessment of the Organophosphates. Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.
26. Franklin CA, Muir NI, Moody RP. The use of biological monitoring in the estimation of exposure during the application of pesticides. Toxicol Lett 33:127-136 (1986).
27. Chester G, Hart TB. Biological monitoring of a herbicide applied through backpack and vehicle sprayers. Toxicol Lett 33:137-149 (1986).
28. Curry PB, Iyengar S, Maloney PA, Maroni M, eds. Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment. New York:Plenum Press, 1995.
29. ACGIH. 1999 TLVs and BEIs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents: Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1999.
30. Sata F, Araki S, Yokoyama K, Murata K. Adjustment of creatinine-adjusted values in urine to urinary flow rate: a study of eleven heavy metals and organic substances. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68:64-68 (1995).
31. Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption of some pesticides and herbicides in man. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 28:126-132 (1974).
32. Moate T, Lu C, Fenske RA, Hahne R, Kalman DA. Improved cleanup and determination of dialkyl phosphates in the urine of children exposed to organophosphorus insecticides. J Anal Toxicol 23:230-236 (1999).
33. U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.
34. WHO. Environmental Health Criteria 170: Assessing Human Health Risks of Chemicals: Derivation of Guidance Values for Health-Based Exposure Limits. Geneva:World Health Organization, 1994.
35. Schilter B, Renwick AG, Huggett. Limits for pesticide residues in infant foods: a safety-based proposal. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 24:126-140 (1996).
36. Hill RH, Head SL, Baker S, Gregg M, Shealy DB, Bailey SL, Williams CC, Sampson EJ, Needham LL. Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: reference range concentrations. Environ Res 71:99-108 (1995).
37. Teutsch SM. A framework for assessing the effectiveness of disease and injury prevention. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41(RR-3):1-12 (1992).
38. National Research Council. Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 1991.
Last Updated: April 20, 2000