TABLE A-2 Downs Data,,,,,,,,
Congestion reducing policies,Effectiveness,,Cost,,Implementation,,Political acceptability,
,Extent,Impact,Direct to commuters,To all society,Required institution,Ease of administration,,
"Supply-side: Coordinating signals, TV monitoring, ramp signals, electronic signs, converting streets to one-way",Narrow,Minor,None,Minor,None,Moderate,Good,
Supply-side: Rapidly removing accidents,Variable,Great,None,Minor,None,Easy,Good,
Supply-side: Improving highway maintenance,Broad,Moderate,None,Moderate,None,Moderate,Moderate,
Supply-side: Upgrading city streets,Variable,Moderate,None,Moderate,None,Easy,Moderate,
"Supply-side: Increasing public transit usage by improving service, amenities",Narrow,Minor,None,Moderate,None,Hard,Moderate,
Supply-side: Building added HOV lanes,Variable,Moderate,None,Great,Cooperative,Hard,Moderate,
Supply-side: Building new and expanding existing off-road transit systems,Narrow,Moderate,Minor,Great,Cooperative,Hard,Poor,
Supply-side: Building new roads without HOV lanes,Variable,Moderate,None,Great,Cooperative,Moderate,Poor,
Demand-side: Adopting local growth limits,Narrow,Minor,None,Minor,None,Easy,Good,
Demand-side: Encouraging people to work at home,Broad,Minor,None,None,None,Moderate,Good,
Demand-side: Changing federal work laws that discourage working at home,Broad,Minor,None,Minor,None,Moderate,Moderate,
Demand-side: Clustering high-density housing near transit station stops,Narrow,Minor,None,Minor,Cooperative,Hard,Moderate,
"Demand-side: Encouraging formation of TMAs, promoting ride sharing",Narrow,Moderate,None,Minor,Cooperative,Hard,Moderate,
Demand-side: Staggered work hours,Variable,Minor,None,None,Cooperative,Moderate,Moderate
Demand-side: Providing income tax deductability for commuting allowances,Variable,Great,None,Minor,None,Easy,Poor
Demand-side: Increasing gasoline taxes,Broad,Moderate,Great,Moderate,None,Easy,Poor
Demand-side: Increasing automobile license fees,Broad,Minor,Moderate,Minor,None,Easy,Poor
Demand-side: Eliminating income tax deductabilitiy of free employee parking,Broad,Great,Great,None,Cooperative,Moderate,Poor
Demand-side: Instituting peak-hour tolls on main roads,Broad,Great,Great,None,Regional,Moderate,Poor
Demand-side: Keeping densities in new growth areas above minimal levels,Broad,Moderate,None,Minor,Regional,Hard,Poor
Demand-side: Improving the job-housing balance,Broad,Minor,None,Moderate,Regional,Hard,Poor
Demand-side: Concentrating jobs in big clusters in areas of new growth,Narrow,Minor,None,Great,Regional,Hard,Poor
Demand-side: Parking tax on peak-hour arrivals,Broad,Great,Great,None,Regional,Hard,Poor
HOV = high-occupancy vehicle,,,,,,,
TMA = transportation management association,,,,,,,