TABLE 1 Performance Measures,,,,,
Study,Measure(s) of,,,,Strategies
,Effectiveness,Cost,Implementation,Acceptability,
Wagner and Gilbert (1978),7 applications + 2 impacts,2 (capital + operating),,,13 TSM strategies
Misch and Margolin (1981),2 (effect + compatibility),1 (cost per VMT or VHT reduced),1 (feasibility or prospects),1 (feasibility or prospects),20 TSM actions
Schonfeld and Chadda (1985),4 effects + 1 application,2 (user + general),1 (problems and requirements),1 (problems and requirements),50 travel reduction options
Levinson et al. (1987),17 (goals or impacts),,,,10 TSM strategies
Bhatt and Higgins (1989),1 (results),,,,25 TSM programs
ITE (1989),1 (impacts),1 (costs),1 (implementation),,55 congestion management tools
Ferguson (1991),0 (implied),,,1 (public),4 TDM strategy groups
Downs (1992),2 (extent + impact),2 (commuter + social) ,2 (institution + administration),1 (political),23 congestion-reducing policies
Zupan (1992),1 application + 4 impacts,3 (employee + employer + public),1 (index),4 (employee + employer + municipal + public),22 TDM solutions
Arnold (1993),1 (scalar),1 (scalar),1 (scalar),1 (number of agencies),53 congestion-reducing measures
Comsis (1993),1 (vehicle trip reduction),,,,22 TDM programs
OECD (1994),8 applications + 8 impacts,,,,35 congestion control strategies
McBryan et al. (1996),2 applications + 2 impacts,2 (incremental cost + who pays),4 (enabling + implementing authority + time + difficulties),,33 TDM strategies
ITE (1997),1 (benefits/costs),1 (benefits/costs),1 (implementation),,82 mobility enhancement tools
Dueker et al. (1998),3 applications + 2 impacts,,1 (administration),1 (political feasibility),10 parking management strategies
Booz-Allen & Hamilton (2000),9 direct + 12 indirect effects,,1 (practical feasibility),1 (political),32 TDM strategies
Totals,91,15,14,11,489
TDM = travel demand management,,,,,
TSM = transportation system management,,,,,
VHT = vehicle hours of travel,,,,,
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled,,,,,