Occupational Pay and Interarea Pay Comparisons, United States, 1996 _________________________________________________ U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics February 1998 Summary 98-2 This summary report highlights the differential of occupational pay between private industry and State and local governments and among geographic regions. It also provides pay comparisons for occupational groups between areas. A more comprehensive study, Occupational Compensation Survey: National Summary, 1996 (BLS Bulletin 2497), presents estimates of national and regional pay along with interarea pay comparisons for occupational groups in private industry and State and local governments. Occupational Pay Blue-collar pay rates tended to be similar for the private industry and State and local governments. In occupations where comparisons were statistically significant, average pay for general maintenance workers, level I guards, janitors, and light truckdrivers was more that that in the private sector in 1996. Average pay for level II maintenance electronics technicians, however, was higher in private industry. These findings are based on national estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Compensation Survey of 1996, which covered about 64.4 million workers in the continental United States. For white-collar jobs, national estimates show that employers in private industry often paid professional and administrative workers higher salaries than did State and local government employers. In contrast, higher pay for some technical and clerical positions existed in the public sector. Tables 1 and 2 provide national estimates (by industry and geographic region) of straight-time weekly or hourly pay for selected white- and blue-collar occupations common to a variety of employers. Pay Comparisons Pay relatives, which express pay levels for occupations by area as a percent of national pay levels, facilitate pay comparisons for occupational groups. The pay comparison analysis that follows is based on the contiguous United States. Estimates for statewide Alaska, Anchorage, AK, Statewide Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and San Juan-Caguas-Arecibo, PR are also published in the comparison tables, but frequently represent the highest and lowest pay relatives. Thus, they are omitted from the analysis below. The occupational pay relatives are presented on tables 3 and 4. Of the 40 areas where comparisons were available for professional workers, 33 areas had pay relatives between 95 and 104. San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA had the highest pay relative (110), while lowest pay relatives were in Nashville, TN (90) and Kansas City, MO (92). For the administrative occupational group, 28 of the 39 available areas had pay relatives between 95 and 104. The highest relative was 113 in San Francisco; the lowest was 87 in Jackson, MS. Twenty-four of the 26 pay relatives available for the technical workers were concentrated between 95 and 109 of the national average. The highest, San Francisco was 110 and Nashville, the lowest, was 94. Pay varied for employees in the protective service occupational group. Twenty-nine of the 35 areas had pay relatives between 80 and 129. Pay was 32 percent below the national average in Jackson and 51 percent above in Nassau-Suffolk, NY. Clerical occupations provided 43 area pay comparisons. The pay relatives were not as concentrated around the national average as the professional and administrative relatives, but more so than protective service relatives. Clerical pay relatives were between 86 and 120. Of the 40-area pay comparisons for the blue-collar maintenance group, 24 were concentrated between 100 and 109. The highest pay relative was 119 in San Francisco; the lowest was 84 in Tampa, FL and West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL. Of the 19 area pay relatives shown for material movement occupations, 16 were between 95 and 114. Lower outliers were 85 in Dallas, TX and Orlando, FL and 86 in Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. Among the 47 area pay relatives published for janitors, pay levels ranged between 67 in Jackson and 136 in Nassau-Suffolk. On a national level, establishment characteristics, such as size, industry, region and location, influenced pay differentials (see table 4). Pay in metropolitan areas exceeded that in nonmetropolitan areas for all occupational groups where comparisons were possible in 1996. Differences ranged from a low of 6 percent for professional occupations to a high of 38 percent for protective service occupations. When differences by region are considered, they were again slight for professional occupations and considerably larger for protective service, material movement, and janitorial occupations. When broken out by establishment size, the data show higher pay relatives for blue-collar and protective service occupations in the largest establishments, those with 2,500 workers or more. The differences for white-collar occupations were slight. Pay relatives are the result of dividing pay for an occupational group in a particular area for a particular industry by the corresponding national pay level, and multiplying by 100. Pay relatives are calculated for all areas surveyed in 1996 and some areas surveyed in either November 1995, December 1995, January 1997, or February 1997. Areas included from 1995 and 1997 were not surveyed in 1996. See the technical note for additional information about pay relative computation. Table 3 shows area pay relatives, comparing each OCS area to the national estimates; table 4 shows establishment characteristics pay relatives, contrasting national data for establishments with certain characteristics, such as employment level and region, against national data for all establishments. Summary Bulletin Additional pay relative data are available in Occupational Compensation Survey: National Summary, 1996. This publication also presents detailed pay data for individual occupational levels for both the Nation and separate localities. However, it is the last of the occupational compensation national summaries. National Compensation Survey In the future, national wage data will be generated from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). The NCS is designed to provide wage and benefit data by occupation for private sector and State and local government establishments in selected areas, by region, and nationwide. The NCS will encompass the Occupational Compensation Survey, the Employment Cost Index, and the Employee Benefits Survey. The first phase of NCS concentrates on collecting wage data, with benefits measures to follow. The next national summary will have a different look, and contain only wage data the first year. The bulletin will contain chapters on key occupation and establishment characteristics. The published NCS surveys are available on the Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/comhome.htm. Technical Note The data in this report are based on occupational compensation surveys conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Occupational Compensation Surveys (OCS) are locality based and cover establishments employing 50 workers or more in all industries, as classified by The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual excluding agriculture, the Federal Government, private households, and the self-employed. The Bureau conducts these surveys throughout the year. Individual survey area bulletins and summaries provide detailed survey information for most of the areas studied, including industrial coverage and sample size. The OCS locality pay data are used for the estimation of national and regional pay levels. A sample consisting of 89 metropolitan areas and 70 nonmetropolitan counties represents the Nation's 326 metropolitan statistical area (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget) and the remaining portions of the 48 contiguous States. The national and regional estimates in this summary are based on occupational compensation surveys conducted in 1995-1996 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The combined average payroll reference month for all surveys (including those updated) which contributed to the 1996 national estimates is June. Additional information about the area sample and method of estimation is available in the National Summary. Pay relative definition A percentage measure relating average pay levels for an occupational group to national pay for the same levels SUM U.S. workers j * Comparison mean j) * 100 ___________________________________ SUM U.S. workers j * U.S. mean j * ECI factor) where j = published occupations in comparison (area or characteristic) The following procedure, which reduces the effect of differing occupational composition as a factor in pay levels, is the method of pay relative construction: Numerator computation (comparison base). Multiplying average pay ("comparison mean") for each publishable occupational level in a comparison area or characteristic, such as industry, with the corresponding national employment ("U.S. workers"), results in aggregate pay levels. The sum of these products for each occupation ("j") included in the occupational group equals the comparison base (numerator) for that occupational group. Denominator computation (national base). National average pay ("U.S. mean") for comparable occupational levels multiplied by the corresponding national employment ("U.S. workers") results in aggregate pay levels. Summing the products of these jobs produces a national base (denominator) for each occupational group. The national estimates represent the aggregation of data from a statistically representative area sample, and reflect an average payroll reference month of June 1996. Reference month adjustment. Because data collection for OCS localities occurred throughout 1996, average payroll reference months differ among localities. The use of appropriate Employment Cost Index components ("ECI factor") may be necessary to adjust the national base to match the reference month of the locality being compared in an area comparison. Pay relative computation. Dividing the comparison base by the corresponding national base and multiplying the result by 100 yields the area pay relative. The national pay relative corresponds to 100. If, for example, an area pay relative is 90, this indicates that the area's average pay for an occupational group is 90 percent of the nationwide pay level, or 10 percent below the national average. These tables show pay relatives only if the national employment which corresponds to the comparison's published occupations equals at least 70 percent of the national total employment of the entire occupational group. Unless otherwise indicated, all occupational pay level comparisons made in this summary have been examined and found to be statistically significant at a 1.6 standard error level or better. Material in this summary is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone: (800) 326 2577. Note: The charts cannot be viewed in the .txt version of this summary, please see the charts in the .pdf version. Table 1. Average weekly pay,(1) white-collar occupations, United States, June 1996 Industry Region(2) State Occupation and level and All Priv- local Nort- South Midw- West ate gove- heast est rn- ment Professional occupations Accountants Level I........... $523 $520 $535 $539 $504 $510 $573 Level II.......... 626 627 621 639 600 624 659 Level III......... 811 819 774 815 792 794 848 Level IV.......... 1041 1055 968 1067 1027 1024 1053 Level V........... 1375 1396 1183 1418 1374 1362 1349 Level VI.......... 1734 1763 - 1679 1764 1819 1624 Accountants, Public Level I........... $594 $594 - - $585 - - Level II.......... 641 641 - - 643 - - Level III......... 747 747 - $768 759 - - Level IV.......... 977 977 - - 946 - - Attorneys Level I........... 700 841 $679 721 636 $704 $778 Level II.......... 952 1103 879 975 868 942 1070 Level III......... 1260 1411 1138 1304 1161 1252 1345 Level IV.......... 1647 1775 1464 1731 1672 1613 1595 Level V........... 1994 2190 1645 2196 2027 2108 1844 Level VI.......... 2415 2713 - - - - 2128 Engineers Level I........... $675 $677 $658 $671 $649 $691 $702 Level II.......... 805 808 785 794 793 808 826 Level III......... 959 960 957 960 940 952 995 Level IV.......... 1167 1173 1107 1161 1162 1160 1183 Level V........... 1411 1420 1276 1387 1408 1410 1434 Level VI.......... 1659 1676 1367 1635 1686 1609 1676 Level VII......... 1962 1970 - 1963 1873 1967 2020 Level VIII........ 2343 2346 - 2253 - - 2303 Administrative occupations Budget Analysts Level I........... $585 $534 - - $521 - - Level II.......... 667 656 $680 $679 626 $706 $682 Level III......... $858 $839 $871 $861 $805 $880 $897 Level IV.......... 964 943 1005 1000 941 990 967 Buyers/Contracting Specialists Level I........... 522 526 $501 $543 498 524 555 Level II.......... 662 664 645 687 640 653 682 Level III......... 889 896 818 886 858 911 903 Level IV.......... 1085 1090 1019 1081 1072 1111 1082 Computer Programmers Level I........... $543 $548 $509 $549 $553 $534 $525 Level II.......... 639 644 608 657 626 637 656 Level III......... 788 793 760 832 769 770 812 Level IV.......... 945 945 940 939 944 918 1000 Level V........... 1095 1096 - - - - - Computer Systems Analysts Level I........... $779 $784 $755 $773 $732 $799 $806 Level II.......... 940 945 921 954 906 948 962 Level III......... 1111 1120 1026 1115 1080 1119 1143 Level IV.......... 1321 1325 - 1329 1303 1325 1340 Level V........... 1527 1527 - - - - - Computer Systems Analyst Supervisors/Managers Level I........... 1202 1218 1137 1239 1172 1195 1208 Level II.......... 1408 1421 1283 1446 1378 1389 1417 Level III......... 1665 1669 - 1640 1618 1741 1699 Personnel Specialists Level I........... $515 $510 $530 $535 $497 $510 $588 Level II.......... 611 608 630 631 592 611 631 Level III......... 804 801 819 815 775 794 845 Level IV.......... 1045 1052 1003 1071 1015 1039 1072 Level V........... 1362 1378 1183 1384 1299 1382 1389 Level VI.......... 1784 1787 - - - 1822 - Personnel Supervisors/Managers Level I........... 1160 1180 1058 1185 1127 1201 1161 Level II.......... 1460 1490 1248 1485 1435 1480 1463 Level III......... 1788 1842 1330 1888 1806 1806 1717 Level IV.......... 2253 2253 - - - - - Tax Collectors Level I........... $513 - $513 - - - - Level II.......... 588 - 588 - $510 - - Level III......... 771 - 771 - - - - Technical occupations Computer Operators Level I........... 357 $352 381 $358 342 $375 $364 Level II.......... 448 445 462 471 428 441 478 Level III......... 576 575 578 601 549 566 598 Level IV.......... 689 690 684 728 649 684 688 Level V........... $820 $806 - - - - - Drafters Level I........... 408 409 $380 $409 $408 $404 $419 Level II.......... 504 501 534 564 479 492 544 Level III......... 640 636 693 634 626 618 706 Level IV.......... 816 814 878 832 796 817 823 Engineering Technicians Level I........... 390 398 - - 344 403 444 Level II.......... 518 519 - 526 498 524 532 Level III......... 650 649 665 671 629 653 644 Level IV.......... 781 781 834 762 775 797 783 Level V........... 898 895 - 875 907 880 930 Level VI.......... 1070 1070 - - - - 1096 Engineering Technicians, Civil Level I........... $356 $319 $379 - $331 $378 $451 Level II.......... 489 455 499 $511 430 504 576 Level III......... 593 606 590 584 525 616 690 Level IV.......... 730 759 723 731 631 743 833 Level V........... 865 941 836 981 707 858 951 Level VI.......... 1081 - - - - - - Protective service occupations Corrections Officers.. $529 - 547 682 400 527 694 Firefighters.......... 690 - 691 771 558 679 848 Police Officers Level I........... 700 571 701 792 570 678 827 Level II.......... 930 - 931 - - - - Clerical occupations Clerks, Accounting Level I........... 320 318 324 323 323 315 319 Level II.......... 379 374 404 403 361 365 406 Level III......... 464 458 480 484 436 450 489 Level IV.......... 549 553 541 575 525 539 561 Clerks, General Level I........... 289 274 313 323 266 314 284 Level II.......... 342 326 361 362 324 339 373 Level III......... 429 423 433 439 383 422 459 Level IV.......... 493 515 481 495 428 492 529 Clerks, Order Level I........... 345 345 - 395 335 330 332 Level II.......... 477 477 - 483 438 469 517 Key Entry Operators Level I........... 353 333 - 370 315 327 417 Level II.......... 414 410 428 446 383 416 429 Personnel Assistants Level I........... $332 $319 $382 - $305 $339 $420 Level II.......... 409 397 461 $433 385 397 459 Level III......... 508 490 554 528 466 487 567 Level IV.......... 596 575 631 564 570 592 618 Secretaries Level I........... 385 395 371 416 371 399 389 Level II.......... 476 487 459 500 440 471 529 Level III......... 557 564 536 584 522 555 580 Level IV.......... 665 674 631 691 621 643 680 Level V........... 809 815 751 825 754 821 812 Switchboard Operator-Receptionists $355 $354 $361 $390 $332 $344 $369 Word Processors Level I........... 389 384 395 415 344 387 423 Level II.......... 496 493 498 523 431 505 509 Level III......... 610 640 532 606 552 636 636 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Also excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or year-end bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. Pay increases, but not bonuses, under cost-of-living clauses, and incentive payments, however, are included. 2 The regions are defined as follows: Northeast-Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South-Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest-Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West-Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 2. Average hourly pay,(1) blue-collar occupations, United States, June 1996 Industry Region(2) State Occupation and level and All Priv- local Nort- South Midw- West ate gove- heast est rn- ment General Maintenance Workers............... 10.48 10.06 11.65 12.65 $8.98 10.35 10.71 Maintenance Electricians.......... 18.74 18.79 18.44 19.01 16.63 19.84 19.36 Maintenance Electronics Technicians Level I........... 11.89 11.86 12.09 12.27 11.15 12.59 12.77 Level II.......... 18.14 18.24 16.98 18.58 18.27 17.52 18.36 Level III......... 20.56 20.62 20.21 21.78 19.46 19.68 21.30 Maintenance Machinists 17.10 16.93 21.17 17.44 15.57 18.19 18.43 Maintenance Mechanics, Machinery............. 16.70 16.71 16.13 16.58 14.91 18.03 18.17 Maintenance Mechanics, Motor Vehicle.............. 15.91 16.07 15.60 16.61 14.14 16.26 17.72 Maintenance Pipefitters........... 20.52 20.60 19.27 19.97 19.82 21.16 19.38 Tool and Die Makers... 19.05 19.04 - 19.15 17.26 19.82 19.35 Forklift Operators.... 11.49 11.49 - 12.57 10.40 12.11 11.16 Guards Level I........... $7.11 $6.99 10.02 $7.79 $6.78 $6.99 $6.99 Level II.......... 12.14 12.04 12.67 13.73 11.67 11.54 12.44 Janitors.............. $7.97 $7.30 $9.65 $9.88 $6.43 $8.25 $8.03 Material Handling Laborers.............. 8.85 8.85 8.65 10.22 7.52 10.81 7.67 Shipping/Receiving Clerks................ 10.48 10.47 10.85 10.81 9.82 10.95 10.72 Truckdrivers Light Truck......... $8.53 $8.44 $9.89 10.66 7.92 $8.82 $7.86 Medium Truck........ 14.81 14.93 12.15 15.75 13.36 15.72 14.77 Heavy Truck......... 13.38 13.29 13.74 15.36 10.78 13.55 14.30 Tractor Trailer..... 14.24 14.22 16.84 15.54 12.28 15.07 15.16 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Also excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or year-end bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. Pay increases, but not bonuses, under cost-of-living clauses, and incentive payments, however, are included. 2 The regions are defined as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 3. Pay relatives for occupational groups, selected areas, 1996 Occupational group Janit- State and area(1) Profe- Admin- Prote- Mater- ors ssion- istra- Techn- ctive Cleri- Maint- ial al tive ical servi- cal enance movem- ce ent Alabama Huntsville........ - 94 99 73 92 103 - 73 Alaska Statewide Alaska.. 119 119 - 156 122 136 - 136 Anchorage......... 120 116 - 164 - - - 109 Arizona Phoenix........... 98 97 - - 87 96 - 81 California Los Angeles-Long Beach............ 103 106 108 137 113 - - 98 Sacramento-Yolo CMSA............. 98 102 106 126 110 107 100 112 San Diego......... 95 101 - 123 101 102 - 105 San Francisco- Oakland- San Jose CMSA.... 110 113 110 143 120 119 - - Colorado Denver-Boulder- Greeley CMSA..... 103 102 97 107 101 100 - 97 Connecticut Hartford.......... 102 - 99 110 106 107 - - New London- Norwich.......... - - - - - - - 117 District of Columbia Washington........ 102 100 102 105 108 109 - 96 Florida Miami-Ft. Lauderdale CMSA.. 105 99 - 114 96 89 - 87 Orlando........... 102 91 - - 89 - 85 94 Tampa-St. Petersburg- Clearwater.. .... 96 98 - - 88 84 86 78 West Palm Beach- Boca Raton........ - - - 105 95 84 - 89 Georgia Atlanta........... 96 97 97 75 101 100 102 83 Decatur County.... - - - - - - - 76 Hawaii Statewide Hawaii.. 88 87 - 94 104 97 - 100 Honolulu.......... 87 87 - 96 103 - - 96 Illinois Chicago-Gary-Kenosha CMSA(2).......... 103 103 103 117 105 108 111 115 Indiana Indianapolis...... 95 96 - 87 93 106 - 100 Massachusetts Boston-Worcester- Lawrence CMSA(2). 101 101 105 - 107 104 - 114 Springfield....... - - - - - - - 122 Michigan Detroit........... 104 105 108 106 107 113 - 117 Minnesota Minneapolis- St. Paul......... 99 100 - - 103 106 - 106 Mississippi Jackson........... 94 87 - 68 89 - - 67 Missouri Kansas City....... 92 99 98 85 94 96 98 96 St. Louis......... - - 96 89 95 105 112 85 Nebraska Omaha............. 100 98 - 97 94 - - 96 New York Nassau-Suffolk.... 99 108 - 151 111 112 - 136 North Dakota Ward County....... - - - - - - - 94 Ohio Cincinnati........ 98 104 98 96 97 103 - 96 Cincinnati-Hamilton CMSA(2).......... 99 106 98 95 96 100 101 97 Cleveland......... 95 97 - 96 99 104 106 91 Cleveland-Akron CMSA(2).......... 95 96 95 96 98 102 110 96 Columbus.......... 101 99 - 103 101 94 - 104 Dayton- Springfield...... 97 98 97 101 94 105 - 107 Oregon Portland-Salem CMSA(2).......... 99 98 - 117 98 99 - 99 Pennsylvania Philadelphia...... 102 101 103 109 102 100 105 115 Philadelphia- Wilmington- Atlantic City CMSA(2)......... 102 101 105 108 103 102 102 112 Pittsburgh........ 95 95 99 105 95 94 113 100 Reading........... 95 - - - 99 99 - 124 Scranton-Wilkes- Barre-Hazleton... 95 - - - 86 85 97 102 Puerto Rico San Juan-Caguas- Arecibo CMSA..... 78 75 - - 69 62 60 62 Tennessee Nashville......... 90 92 94 - 90 86 102 84 Texas Dallas-Ft. Worth CMSA............. 100 98 95 89 96 90 85 - Houston........... 107 109 109 87 105 101 - 68 Houston-Galveston- Brazoria CMSA(2). 107 109 108 86 103 102 - 68 Virginia Richmond- Petersburg....... 99 98 - - - 103 96 81 Washington Seattle-Tacoma- Bremerton CMSA... - 97 - 120 103 114 - 114 Wisconsin Juneau County..... - - - - - - - 107 Milwaukee......... 97 100 100 103 100 106 112 103 Milwaukee-Racine CMSA(2).......... 97 100 99 103 100 105 112 104 Wyoming Lincoln County.... - - - - - - - 118 1 Areas are Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSA), or Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSA) as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, and nometropolitan counties. 2 These areas had a change in area definition in 1996 and are not comparable to similar areas presented in the 1995 National Summary. Table 4. Pay relatives for occupational groups, establishment characteristics, 1996 Occupational group Establishment Janit- characteristic Profe- Admin- Prote- Mater- ors ssion- istra- Techn- ctive Cleri- Maint- ial al tive ical servi- cal enance movem- ce ent Industry All industries..... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Private industry.. 101 100 100 - 100 100 100 92 Goods producing.. 102 102 99 - 103 99 97 131 Manufacturing... 101 102 99 - 103 99 98 131 Durable goods.. 101 101 99 - 104 101 97 143 Nondurable goods 103 103 102 - 101 94 101 110 Service producing 101 100 102 - 99 103 101 87 Transportation and utilities...... 104 105 111 - 107 112 105 134 Wholesale trade. - 102 - - 99 - 93 112 Retail trade.... - - - - 95 - 93 92 Finance, insurance, and real estate - 99 - - 98 - - 118 Services........ 99 99 100 - 97 95 84 85 State and local government....... 94 96 105 101 100 100 103 121 Region(1) Northeast........ 100 102 102 117 105 104 110 124 South............ 99 97 97 80 93 91 88 81 Midwest.......... 99 100 99 98 98 103 106 104 West............. 102 103 103 123 106 105 101 101 Area classification(2) Metropolitan..... 100 100 101 106 101 103 102 101 Nonmetropolitan.. 94 - - 77 90 85 85 91 Establishments employing Fewer than 500 workers......... 99 99 97 80 98 92 93 87 500-999 workers.. 100 99 98 97 98 98 103 103 1,000-2,499 workers 103 103 102 - 102 105 116 109 2,500 workers or more......... 100 100 106 112 103 115 131 124 1 The regions are defined as follows: Northeast-Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South-Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest-Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West-Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 2 Metropolitan includes Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSA), and Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSA), as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Nonmetropolitan includes separate nonmetropolitan counties that do no contribute to MSA's, PMSA's, or CMSA's.