2000 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

SIC 262 - Paper Mills

These national industry-specific occupational employment and wage estimates are calculated with data collected from employers of all sizes, in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in every State and the District of Columbia, in SIC Industry Group 262 - Paper Mills.

SIC Industry Group 262 - Paper Mills is part of: SIC Major Group 26 - Paper and Allied Products.

Links to other industry-specific estimates and cross-industry estimates

SOC Major Groups in in SIC 262 - Paper Mills:

SIC 262 - Paper Mills

Click on the SOC code number to view that occupation's definition and national cross-industry estimates.

Industry Total top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
00-0000 Industry Total 133,090 100.00% $18.38 $20.07 $41,740 1.8 %
 
Management Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
11-0000 Management Occupations 6,340 4.76% $40.34 $41.13 $85,560 2.0 %
  11-1011 Chief Executives 150 0.11% (3) $61.40 $127,720 7.7 %
  11-1021 General and Operations Managers 800 0.60% $50.96 $49.58 $103,120 4.6 %
  11-2011 Advertising and Promotions Managers (4) (4) $30.96 $33.92 $70,550 7.9 %
  11-2021 Marketing Managers 250 0.19% $44.14 $45.16 $93,930 7.0 %
  11-2022 Sales Managers 320 0.24% $40.68 $41.37 $86,050 2.8 %
  11-2031 Public Relations Managers 40 0.03% $30.99 $31.54 $65,610 5.1 %
  11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 250 0.19% $41.51 $42.92 $89,280 10.5 %
  11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 320 0.24% $38.19 $38.24 $79,530 3.7 %
  11-3031 Financial Managers 430 0.32% $39.11 $40.37 $83,960 4.1 %
  11-3040 Human Resources Managers 330 0.25% $36.10 $36.88 $76,710 2.5 %
  11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 1,270 0.95% $38.60 $38.55 $80,180 2.1 %
  11-3061 Purchasing Managers 320 0.24% $33.60 $33.60 $69,890 3.4 %
  11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 250 0.19% $30.28 $32.49 $67,590 3.8 %
  11-9041 Engineering Managers 400 0.30% $43.46 $43.08 $89,610 3.5 %
  11-9121 Natural Sciences Managers 70 0.05% $50.63 $50.48 $105,000 4.0 %
 
Business and Financial Operations Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 2,950 2.22% $24.52 $25.32 $52,660 2.0 %
  13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 690 0.52% $22.95 $23.98 $49,870 3.9 %
  13-1041 Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation 60 0.05% $28.90 $31.68 $65,880 6.4 %
  13-1051 Cost Estimators 150 0.11% $24.96 $25.18 $52,380 6.0 %
  13-1071 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists 60 0.05% $22.69 $23.36 $48,600 3.6 %
  13-1072 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 120 0.09% $19.71 $20.87 $43,400 2.4 %
  13-1073 Training and Development Specialists 240 0.18% $26.15 $26.65 $55,440 4.2 %
  13-1111 Management Analysts 120 0.09% $26.82 $26.69 $55,520 2.5 %
  13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 830 0.62% $25.39 $25.92 $53,910 3.0 %
  13-2031 Budget Analysts 60 0.05% $22.96 $23.01 $47,850 4.4 %
  13-2051 Financial Analysts 30 0.02% $24.93 $25.50 $53,050 5.1 %
 
Computer and Mathematical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations 1,960 1.47% $27.00 $28.23 $58,710 3.1 %
  15-1021 Computer Programmers 640 0.48% $26.17 $26.87 $55,890 3.6 %
  15-1031 Computer Software Engineers, Applications 190 0.14% $26.47 $28.20 $58,650 5.1 %
  15-1032 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software 90 0.07% $32.35 $32.00 $66,560 5.1 %
  15-1041 Computer Support Specialists 170 0.13% $20.44 $21.80 $45,350 3.3 %
  15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts 330 0.25% $28.67 $28.97 $60,250 2.0 %
  15-1061 Database Administrators 90 0.07% $27.80 $29.33 $61,000 5.6 %
  15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators 200 0.15% $26.23 $29.10 $60,540 6.5 %
 
Architecture and Engineering Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 6,000 4.51% $27.98 $27.99 $58,220 1.4 %
  17-2041 Chemical Engineers 620 0.47% $31.71 $32.06 $66,680 2.4 %
  17-2051 Civil Engineers 130 0.10% $32.78 $32.05 $66,670 2.4 %
  17-2071 Electrical Engineers 380 0.29% $31.09 $31.05 $64,590 2.0 %
  17-2081 Environmental Engineers 250 0.19% $30.53 $30.64 $63,740 2.3 %
  17-2111 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors 140 0.11% $25.12 $26.46 $55,040 3.6 %
  17-2112 Industrial Engineers 1,280 0.96% $27.93 $28.46 $59,190 2.3 %
  17-2131 Materials Engineers 60 0.05% $25.97 $25.33 $52,680 7.1 %
  17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 920 0.69% $30.94 $30.99 $64,450 1.7 %
  17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 40 0.03% $19.28 $18.88 $39,280 3.8 %
  17-3025 Environmental Engineering Technicians 140 0.11% $18.42 $19.18 $39,900 4.1 %
  17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians 640 0.48% $19.98 $19.99 $41,580 4.8 %
 
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 2,280 1.71% $24.50 $25.96 $54,000 5.7 %
  19-1032 Foresters 300 0.23% $22.40 $23.28 $48,430 3.3 %
  19-2031 Chemists 380 0.29% $30.17 $30.50 $63,430 4.0 %
  19-4031 Chemical Technicians 520 0.39% $17.50 $17.44 $36,280 2.7 %
  19-4091 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health 70 0.05% $16.95 $18.70 $38,900 3.0 %
  23-1011 Lawyers 50 0.04% $64.55 $60.17 $125,160 13.0 %
 
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 150 0.11% $23.87 $25.23 $52,480 4.2 %
  27-1024 Graphic Designers 90 0.07% $23.57 $23.61 $49,110 9.6 %
  27-3031 Public Relations Specialists 40 0.03% $26.75 $29.86 $62,120 6.8 %
 
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 250 0.19% $21.36 $22.41 $46,620 2.4 %
  29-1111 Registered Nurses 130 0.10% $22.13 $22.67 $47,150 2.0 %
  29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics (4) (4) $19.61 $19.51 $40,590 3.7 %
  29-9010 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists and Technicians 40 0.03% $25.47 $26.35 $54,800 5.9 %
 
Protective Service Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 280 0.21% $15.32 $15.26 $31,740 4.4 %
  33-9032 Security Guards 240 0.18% $14.83 $14.54 $30,240 5.1 %
 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 670 0.50% $14.43 $14.03 $29,180 2.6 %
  37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 500 0.38% $14.11 $13.02 $27,070 2.8 %
  37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 110 0.08% $14.86 $14.24 $29,620 5.6 %
 
Sales and Related Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 1,700 1.28% $26.73 $27.86 $57,960 2.8 %
  41-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 40 0.03% $28.17 $28.44 $59,150 6.8 %
  41-4011 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products 140 0.11% $31.37 $31.79 $66,110 4.3 %
  41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 1,380 1.04% $26.96 $28.12 $58,490 3.2 %
  41-9031 Sales Engineers 50 0.04% $26.81 $27.68 $57,570 4.0 %
 
Office and Administrative Support Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 12,320 9.26% $15.09 $16.07 $33,430 3.0 %
  43-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers 560 0.42% $24.68 $26.26 $54,610 8.3 %
  43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 110 0.08% $10.42 $11.27 $23,450 5.3 %
  43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 180 0.14% $13.25 $13.48 $28,030 2.6 %
  43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 980 0.74% $14.13 $14.44 $30,040 2.5 %
  43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 190 0.14% $14.93 $15.04 $31,280 1.9 %
  43-3061 Procurement Clerks 200 0.15% $14.62 $15.83 $32,930 4.6 %
  43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1,250 0.94% $15.01 $15.75 $32,770 4.0 %
  43-4071 File Clerks (4) (4) $12.48 $12.58 $26,170 5.8 %
  43-4151 Order Clerks 130 0.10% $13.50 $13.67 $28,430 3.5 %
  43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 210 0.16% $15.91 $16.74 $34,820 4.8 %
  43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 100 0.08% $11.60 $12.01 $24,980 2.9 %
  43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 820 0.62% $19.68 $20.77 $43,210 5.0 %
  43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 1,490 1.12% $14.79 $14.89 $30,960 2.7 %
  43-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 2,210 1.66% $15.40 $16.50 $34,330 9.8 %
  43-5111 Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping 280 0.21% $15.43 $15.14 $31,490 3.7 %
  43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 1,000 0.75% $15.98 $16.80 $34,940 2.5 %
  43-6014 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 720 0.54% $14.22 $14.00 $29,130 2.6 %
  43-9011 Computer Operators 140 0.11% $16.04 $16.20 $33,700 2.9 %
  43-9022 Word Processors and Typists 40 0.03% $13.97 $13.37 $27,810 5.7 %
  43-9051 Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service 90 0.07% $10.68 $11.40 $23,700 6.4 %
  43-9061 Office Clerks, General 1,270 0.95% $14.04 $14.12 $29,370 4.3 %
 
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 590 0.44% $16.61 $17.57 $36,550 7.4 %
  45-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers 90 0.07% $25.94 $24.62 $51,210 14.3 %
  45-4022 Logging Equipment Operators 120 0.09% $16.04 $16.06 $33,400 5.6 %
  45-4023 Log Graders and Scalers 70 0.05% $18.03 $17.57 $36,540 4.4 %
 
Construction and Extraction Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 4,780 3.59% $21.36 $21.05 $43,790 1.9 %
  47-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 90 0.07% $27.31 $28.19 $58,640 5.7 %
  47-2011 Boilermakers 120 0.09% $20.39 $20.38 $42,390 3.1 %
  47-2031 Carpenters 90 0.07% $18.93 $18.52 $38,510 6.0 %
  47-2073 Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators 160 0.12% $17.28 $16.82 $34,980 4.7 %
  47-2111 Electricians 2,410 1.81% $21.66 $21.21 $44,120 2.3 %
  47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 100 0.08% $17.97 $18.28 $38,030 3.3 %
  47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 1,600 1.20% $22.12 $21.39 $44,490 2.5 %
  47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 90 0.07% $18.41 $17.88 $37,200 3.3 %
 
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 16,740 12.58% $22.08 $21.67 $45,070 1.3 %
  49-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 1,890 1.42% $30.20 $29.37 $61,090 1.8 %
  49-2092 Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers 370 0.28% $23.17 $21.60 $44,940 3.7 %
  49-2094 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment 430 0.32% $19.11 $19.13 $39,790 2.3 %
  49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 80 0.06% $19.66 $19.92 $41,430 3.3 %
  49-3031 Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists 100 0.08% $20.39 $19.25 $40,050 5.8 %
  49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 40 0.03% $22.96 $22.31 $46,410 8.5 %
  49-9012 Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door 420 0.32% $24.13 $22.64 $47,100 4.9 %
  49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 80 0.06% $21.60 $18.80 $39,110 8.4 %
  49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 2,690 2.02% $22.56 $21.77 $45,280 2.7 %
  49-9042 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 4,800 3.61% $21.35 $20.49 $42,630 2.6 %
  49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 1,030 0.77% $16.49 $16.97 $35,300 2.7 %
  49-9044 Millwrights 3,180 2.39% $21.11 $20.85 $43,360 2.2 %
  49-9098 Helpers—Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 190 0.14% $17.92 $17.10 $35,570 4.7 %
 
Production Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
51-0000 Production Occupations 61,390 46.13% $16.98 $17.70 $36,820 1.8 %
  51-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers 4,090 3.07% $27.48 $28.00 $58,230 2.3 %
  51-2092 Team Assemblers 750 0.56% $13.21 $13.46 $27,990 7.5 %
  51-4041 Machinists 2,300 1.73% $20.40 $19.96 $41,520 5.4 %
  51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 600 0.45% $18.06 $17.93 $37,290 5.7 %
  51-4194 Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners 40 0.03% $16.62 $17.53 $36,450 6.6 %
  51-5011 Bindery Workers (4) (4) $9.18 $9.66 $20,090 2.5 %
  51-5022 Prepress Technicians and Workers 80 0.06% $18.63 $18.83 $39,160 4.5 %
  51-5023 Printing Machine Operators 800 0.60% $17.88 $18.39 $38,250 7.9 %
  51-7041 Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood (4) (4) $16.37 $16.47 $34,260 9.8 %
  51-7042 Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing 110 0.08% $22.31 $20.18 $41,960 10.2 %
  51-8012 Power Distributors and Dispatchers 610 0.46% $21.92 $24.01 $49,940 5.3 %
  51-8013 Power Plant Operators 250 0.19% $22.48 $21.78 $45,290 2.5 %
  51-8021 Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators 2,530 1.90% $19.53 $19.65 $40,860 1.7 %
  51-8031 Water and Liquid Waste Treatment Plant and System Operators 700 0.53% $18.83 $19.26 $40,050 2.9 %
  51-8091 Chemical Plant and System Operators 620 0.47% $22.00 $20.94 $43,550 4.8 %
  51-9011 Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders 2,060 1.55% $18.18 $18.02 $37,480 2.5 %
  51-9012 Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,490 1.12% $17.29 $18.23 $37,920 6.2 %
  51-9021 Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,020 0.77% $16.49 $16.28 $33,870 3.1 %
  51-9023 Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,640 1.23% $17.13 $17.04 $35,440 3.1 %
  51-9032 Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,710 1.28% $15.74 $15.08 $31,360 5.1 %
  51-9041 Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 1,490 1.12% $18.66 $18.16 $37,770 4.3 %
  51-9051 Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders 920 0.69% $17.29 $17.73 $36,880 3.0 %
  51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 2,220 1.67% $16.53 $16.74 $34,820 2.9 %
  51-9111 Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders 1,400 1.05% $14.89 $14.30 $29,740 4.3 %
  51-9121 Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 2,060 1.55% $16.22 $16.26 $33,830 4.9 %
  51-9191 Cementing and Gluing Machine Operators and Tenders 240 0.18% $17.73 $16.60 $34,530 6.0 %
  51-9192 Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders 250 0.19% $16.62 $16.37 $34,050 7.4 %
  51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 17,850 13.41% $15.92 $16.66 $34,640 3.0 %
  51-9198 Helpers—Production Workers 3,780 2.84% $13.90 $13.51 $28,090 2.3 %
 
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (1) Mean RSE
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 14,550 10.93% $14.77 $15.10 $31,400 3.1 %
  53-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 220 0.17% $22.56 $22.26 $46,290 6.5 %
  53-1031 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 240 0.18% $22.81 $24.88 $51,750 6.4 %
  53-3032 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 930 0.70% $16.80 $17.37 $36,130 6.1 %
  53-3033 Truck Drivers, Light Or Delivery Services 210 0.16% $15.20 $14.32 $29,790 4.5 %
  53-7011 Conveyor Operators and Tenders 370 0.28% $17.39 $16.30 $33,900 4.9 %
  53-7021 Crane and Tower Operators 740 0.56% $18.21 $17.82 $37,070 3.1 %
  53-7032 Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators 120 0.09% $18.76 $18.43 $38,330 3.4 %
  53-7051 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators 3,290 2.47% $15.52 $15.40 $32,020 2.5 %
  53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 4,240 3.19% $12.56 $12.61 $26,230 3.6 %
  53-7063 Machine Feeders and Offbearers 1,270 0.95% $12.39 $12.88 $26,790 3.8 %
  53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand 2,060 1.55% $15.45 $16.74 $34,810 12.1 %
  53-7121 Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders 50 0.04% $16.41 $16.34 $33,980 4.5 %

About 2000 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Estimates for residual, "All Other", occupations are not available.

(1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

(3) = Median hourly wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour.

(4) = Estimates not released due to high relative standard error.

The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.



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Industry-Specific occupational employment and wage estimates for other SIC groups:

SIC 26 - Paper and Allied Products

2000 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Other OES estimates and related information:

2000 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

2000 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

2000 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

Technical notes

List of Occupations in SOC Code Number Order

List of Occupations in Alphabetical Order

 

Last Modified Date: November 15, 2001