2006 Annual Report 4d.Progress report. This report serves to document of research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between ARS and University of Idaho, Parma Research and Extension Center. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent CRIS 5428-21000-010-00D Pollinating Insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research. We have established the residual toxicity (RT25) of field-weathered foliage to alfalfa leafcutting bee and to several natural enemies of lygus bugs occurring in alfalfa seed fields for lower risk compounds including several neonicotinoids (acetomiprid, clothianadin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam,), a growth regulator (novaluron) and a carbamate (indoxicarb). Any of these compounds applied alone showed less residual toxicity (Rt25 of 24 h or less) to alfalfa leafcutting bees than pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates currently used for lygus bug control. All of the neonicotinoids showed high residual toxicity to minute pirate bugs (Rt25 >96 h) but little residual toxicity to nabids and bigeyed bugs (Rt25< 8h). Formetanate HCl and bifenthrin, compounds currently registered for lygus control, showed long residual toxicity to lygus predators. None of the lower risk compounds tested showed promise as a stand-alone replacement for pesticides currently registered for lygus control.