Endnotes
[1] National Response Plan (NRP), pg. 63.
[2] "Our cities must have clear and up-to-date plans for responding to natural disasters, and disease outbreaks, or a terrorist attack, for evacuating large numbers of people in an emergency, and for providing the food and water and security they would need. In a time of terror threats and weapons of mass destruction, the danger to our citizens reaches much wider than a fault line or a flood plain. I consider detailed emergency planning to be a national security priority, and therefore, I've ordered the Department of Homeland Security to undertake an immediate review, in cooperation with local counterparts, of emergency plans in every major city in America." President George W. Bush, (New Orleans, Louisiana, September 15, 2005).
[3] Recommendation 43 of the White House report ("The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned") sets forth that the Department of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Department of Transportation, should "evaluate all State evacuation plans as well as the evacuation plans of the 75 largest urban areas." (Washington, D.C., February, 2006).
[4] The DHS study is known as the Nationwide Plan Review. In February 2006, DHS issued its Phase 1 report, which is intended to meet the Congressional requirement to provide the status of catastrophic planning in all States and 75 of the Nation’s largest urban areas, and the President’s direction to review emergency operations plans for the Nation’s major cities. Each State and urban area certified the status of its Emergency Operations Plans and identified when plans were last updated and exercised. The Phase 1 results presented in this report are the initial findings based on the self-assessments received from the States, territories, and urban areas. DHS is conducting a second phase of the Nationwide Plan Review to validate submissions and determine requirements for on-site planning assistance. DHS has enlisted teams of former State and local homeland security and emergency management officials to visit each State and territory, and the 75 urban areas and perform a peer review of their plans. The results of these visits and specific recommendations to strengthen catastrophic planning will be provided in a report to the President and Congress before June 1, 2006.
[5] Sec. 10204, "Catastrophic hurricane evacuation plans," Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU)," Public Law 109-59, 109th Congress, August 10, 2005.
[6] "The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrian: Lessons Learned," p. 5.
[7] "2005 Season Recap: NOAA Overview," National Ocean & Atmospheric Administration, website, http://www.noaa.gov/. Direct link to article is http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2540.htm.
[8] "Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned," pg. 18.
[9] FEMA SLG 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Glossary of Terms, September 1996, pg. GLO-5.
[10] FEMA SLG 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Glossary of Terms, September 1996, pg. GLO-6.
[11] FEMA SLG 101:Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Glossary of Terms, September 1996, pg. GLO-6.
[12] "Are You Ready: Basic Preparedness Guide," FEMA website, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/areyouready/basic_preparedness.pdf.
[13] Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended by Public Law 106-390, October 30, 2000, http://www.fema.gov/library/stafact.shtm#3.
[14] "Planning Scenarios: Executive Summary," Introduction, The Homeland Security Council, July 2004 pg. i.
[15] "The National Preparedness Goal: HSPD-8 Implementation Newsletter," DHS Office of State and Local and Government Coordination and Preparedness, Issue 01: July 25, 2005.
[16] "Preparedness Directorate Information Bulletin No. 197: National Plan Review, Preparedness Directorate," Office of Grants and Training, Department of Homeland Security, November 23, 2005, pg. 2.
[17] FEMA SLG 101:Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Forward, Federal Emergency Management Agency, September 1996.
[18] FEMA SLG 101: Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Forward, Federal Emergency Management Agency, September 1996.
[19] National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) web site, http://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=143&URL=About%20Us .
[20] NUREG-O654/FEMA-REP-1, Revision 1, "Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants", Foreword, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Federal Emergency Management Agency, November 1980. pg. i.
[21] FY2006 Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) Program Guidance and Application Kit, December 2005, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/fy2006hsgp.pdf .
[22] FY2005 Emergency Management Performance Grants (EMPG) Program Guidance and Application Kit, November 2005, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/fy2006empg.pdf.
[23]Office of Grants and Training, Competitive Training Grants website, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/training_ctgp.htm .
[24] Homeland Security Preparedness Technical Assistance Program website, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/ta.htm and http://www.safecomprogram.gov/SAFECOM/about/default.htm
[25] National Response Plan (NRP), pg. 60.
[26] Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) Overview and Exercise Program Management, Volume 1, Revised March 2006, pg. 4.
[27] National Incident Management System (NIMS), website, www.NIMSONLINE.org.
[28] National Response Plan (NRP), pg.3.
[29]National Response Plan (NRP), pg.3.
[30] American Red Cross History, www.redcross.org/museum/history/charter .
[31] National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (NVOAD), www.novad.org
[32] Citizen Corps Annual Report 2004, http://www.citizencorps.gov/pdf/news/CC_AR2004_SFS.pdf .
[33] Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5 (HSPD-5), Washington, DC, February 2003.
[34] National Response Plan (NRP), pgs ESF#1-3
[35] National Response Plan (NRP), pgs ESF #1-4 - ESF #1-5
[36] FHWA 2006 performance plan (FHWA-HRT-06-037), http://www.tfhrc.gov/about/perfplan0607/index.htm.
[37] Section 5334 of 49 U.S.C
[38] SAFETEA-LU, Section 3046(a)(1).
[39] Federal Register, Volume 70. No 229, November 30, 2005 p. 71971.
[40] REMOVED
[41] FTA – The Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide, January 2003.
[42] 49 U.S.C. § 20104
[43] 49 U.S.C. § 11123 and 49 U.S.C. § 11124
[44] Freight Railroads Meet the Challenge of Hurricane Katrina,,http://www.aar.org/Newsroom/katrina05.asp.
[45] Back on Track - The Rail Industry’s Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, A Weekly Update, Association of American Railroads, Issue 5 October 7, 2005.
[46] "Department of Transportation Arranges for Amtrak to Begin Evacuating Residents from New Orleans Starting Tonight," U.S. Department of Transportation website –DOT 119-05, September 5, 2005, http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot11905.htm,
[47] Hurricane Rita Evacuees Ride on BNSF Railway, September 23, 2005, http://www.bnsf.com/employees/communications/bnsf_today/2005/09/2005-09-23-f.html.
[48] 49 CFR 390.23, Relief from regulations.
[49] MARAD Mission, Goals and Vision, website, http://www.marad.dot.gov/welcome/mission.html .
[50] Presentation: "Evacuation from Hurricane Katrina: Jefferson and St. Charles Parishes," Lindell, Michael K., and Carla S. Prater, Texas A&M University, Hazard Reduction & Recovery Center.
[51]National Response Plan (NRP), pg. ESF#6-3.
[52] "VA Preparing for Hurricane Rita," States News Service, September 22, 2005.
[53] GAO-06-443R Evacuation of Hospitals and Nursing Homes, February 16, 2006.
[54] Emergency Preparedness Communications Campaign, Louisiana Presentation.
[55] "Latinos Hope Next Warning Comes in Spanish," The Sun Herald, March 9, 2006.
[56] Louisiana State Visit Notes.
[57] Texas State Visit Notes.
[58] Mississippi State Visit Report.
[59] "State Seeks To Supplant Red Cross," The New York Times, April 18, 2006.
[60] Texas State Visit Notes.
[61] Louisiana State Visit Notes.
[62] The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned, pg. 125.
[63] "Citizen Corps Support for Hurricane Katrina Response & Recovery Efforts" Citizen Corps website, http://www.citizencorps.gov/doc/cc_Support_Katrina_1005.doc .
[64] Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program: (HSEEP) Overview and Exercise Program Management, Volume 1, Revised March 2006, pg. 6.
[65] FEMA SLG 101:Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Forward, Federal Emergency Management Agency, pgs.1-5.
[66] Mississippi Radiological Emergency Preparedness Plan, Volume III, Mississippi Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, Revised March 2005.
[67] A Failure of Initiative, Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina, U.S. House of Representatives, 109th Congress, February 15, 2006, pg.152.
[68] "Reviews Fault U.S. Disaster Response Plans; Relief Plans Lack Needed Detail, Military Officials Say," The Baltimore Sun, Oct. 24, 2005
[69] Report Number: GAO-06-365R - Statement by Comptroller General David M. Walker on GAO’s Preliminary Observations Regarding Preparedness and Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, February 1, 2006, , pgs. 2-8.
[70] Orange County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan , Orange County [Florida] Fire Rescue Department Office of Emergency Management and Emergency Support Function Planning Group, Updated May 1, 2003, pg. B-8.
[71] "Oak Ridge Evacuation Modeling System." Oak Ridge National Laboratories. http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/OREMS.pdf.
[72] Franzese, Oscar and John Sorenson. "Fast Deployable System for Consequence Management: The Emergency Evacuation Component." Oak Ridge National Laboratories. http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/120065.pdf.
[73] Radwan, Essam and Mansooreh Mollaghasemi, Steven Mitchell, and Gonca Yildirim. "Framework For Modeling Emergency Evacuation." Center for Advanced Transportation Systems Simulation. University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida. April 2005. http://www.catss.ucf.edu/projects/documents/reports/htm/projectFR_58.htm.
[74] "Governor Bush and Lt. Governor Jennings Announce New Funding Recommendations For Hurricane Preparedness, Response, And Recovery." Press Release. January 6, 2006. From the State of Florida Governor’s Website (http://www.flgov.com/release/6920).
[75] National Response Plan, Roles and Responsibilities, Page 9
[76] Ibid. P. 69.
[77] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 22
[78] Ibid. P. 69.
[79] National Response Plan, Appendix 1 – Glossary of Key Terms, Page 71
[80] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 35
[81] National Response Plan, Appendix 1 – Glossary of Key Terms, Page 65
[82] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 35
[83] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 29
[84] Ibid. P. 17.
[85] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 24
[86] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 25
[87] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 27
[88] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 28
[89] National Response Plan, Appendix 1 – Glossary of Key Terms, Page 64
[90] National Response Plan, Appendix 1 – Glossary of Key Terms, Page 73
[91] Ibid. P. 66.
[92] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 42
[93] National Response Plan, Roles and Responsibilities, Page 11
[94] National Response Plan, ESF Annexes – Introduction, Page ESF iii
[95] National Response Plan, ESF Annexes – Introduction, Page ESF #1-1
[96] U.S. DOT/FEMA, Evacuation Liaison Team Standard Operating Procedures, Page 4
[97] National Response Plan, Roles and Responsibilities, Page 8
[98] National Response Plan, Roles and Responsibilities, Page 8
[99] National Response Plan, Roles and Responsibilities, Page 8
[100] National Response Plan, Ongoing Plan Management and Maintenance, Page 62
[101] National Response Plan, Concept of Operations, Page 43
[102] FAA Fact sheet, 15 September 2005, http://www.faa.gov/news/news_story.cfm?type=fact_sheet&year=2005&date=091505
[103] FHWA 2006 performance plan
[104] Section 5334 of 49 U.S.C
[105] SAFETEA-LU, Section 3046(a)(1)
[106] Federal Register, Vol.70. No 229, November 30, 2005 p. 71971
[107] "The Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide," Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT, January, 2003.
[108] Safety and Security Oversight,
[109] 49 U.S.C. § 20104
[110] 49 U.S.C. § 11123 and 49 U.S.C. § 11124
[111]"Freight Railroads Meet the Challenge of Hurricane Katrina," http://www.aar.org/Newsroom/katrina05.asp
[112]"Back on Track," Issue 5 October 7, 2005, The Rail Industry’s Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, A weekly update by the Association of American Railroads.
[113]U.S. Department of Transportation, "Department of Transportation Arranges for Amtrak to Begin Evacuating Residents from New Orleans Starting Tonight," DOT 119-05, September 5, 2005. http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot11905.htm.
[114] (http://www.bnsf.com/employees/communications/bnsf_today/2005/09/2005-09-23-f.html)
[115] 49 CFR 390.23, Relief from regulations.
[116] MARAD Mission, http://www.marad.dot.gov/welcome/mission.html
