2006 Annual Report 1.What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? This CRIS unit contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease," specifically Component 2 Relationship Between Diet, Genetics and Lifestyle and the Risk For Chronic Disease. The unit contains nine individual research projects:1) Biological influences on children's diet and physical activity;. 2)The development and testing of interventions to promote healthy dietary behavior among youth for chronic disease prevention;. 3)Family influences on the development of food intake regulation;. 4)Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in early childhood;. 5)Investigation of dietary intakes of children;. 6)Dietary and genetic interactions of isothiocyanates;. 7)Statistical analysis of food purchase data;. 8)A longitudinal study of athletic self-concept and physical activity behavior in children and adolescents; and. 9)Testing a theoretical model of youth physical activity. Project 1: Pediatric obesity and chronic disease prevention: Influence and interventions Obesity is the most common health problem among children, leading to their increased risk for metabolic syndrome and increased risk for several chronic diseases among adults. Diet and physical activity contribute to obesity, but little is known about how anthropometric or physiological variables influence these behaviors. This research project will analyze how Body Mass Index (BMI) influences subsequent physical activity and how PROP (propylthiouracyl) sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity to the bitter taste in many vegetables) influences dietary intake and obesity. There may be ethnic group differences in PROP sensitivity, which might explain ethnic group differences in obesity. Obtaining a better understanding of the influences on diet, physical activity and obesity will lead to more effective interventions to change them in obesity preventing directions. This holds great potential for improving health and minimizing health care costs. This work is relevant to all children, and as they age, through adulthood. Project 2: The development and testing of interventions to promote healthy dietary behavior among youth for chronic disease prevention The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents increased 40% since 1960. High dietary fat and low fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption contribute to obesity and chronic disease risks. Dietary behaviors have been shown to track through adolescence with some likelihood that they will be practiced later in life, and obese adolescents tend to become obese adults. Therefore dietary fat and FV consumption are important targets for chronic disease prevention activity with children and adolescents. The two main eating environments of today's youth are the home and school. The dynamics between the family and children's dietary behavior play an important role in the establishment and control of healthy dietary practices. Families are an important component of the social environment within which health related behaviors are learned and are practiced. Families have three primary mechanisms of influence on children's dietary behaviors:. 1)direct modeling of dietary behaviors,. 2)authoritative parenting of dietary behavior, and. 3)providing the foods available for consumption at home. As a result, these methods of family influence provide potentially important targets for nutrition behavior change among children. However, few intervention studies have focused on family influences on dietary behaviors, particularly among ethnic minority groups who may differ in cultural and other aspects of family functioning. Low participation rates for community-based family interventions suggest that alternate intervention delivery systems be investigated such as the regular health clinics and school-based clinics that provide services to at-risk populations with limited healthcare services. Both breakfast and lunch meals are provided to students via the Child Nutrition Act. National School Lunch Program (NSLP) meals are offered to about 95% of children in this country daily. However, participation in the school breakfast (SB) program is low; only 42% of eligible children received SB in the 2002-03 school year, and participation declines with age. Implemented in 1966, the SB program was designed to provide free or reduced price breakfast for eligible children to reduce hunger that might impair learning. In addition to learning improvement, SB consumption has also been linked to better attendance and classroom behavior, and important health benefits. Among children, breakfast consumption was related to lower daily energy intake, plasma cholesterol levels, and body weight, important factors related to reduced risk for diabetes and other chronic diseases. Therefore, improved SB delivery methods and promotional strategies to improve SB participation among middle school students will be investigated. Improving SB participation may be an important public health environmental intervention with both significant health and academic outcomes. This research project applies to children and their families and fits within Component 5: Health Promoting Intervention Strategies for Targeted Populations. Our researchers are working with the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program of the USDA, Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service as another channel for reaching low income families. Project 3: Family influences on the development of food intake regulation Rapid increases in overweight among infants and children underscore the facilitative role of environmental factors. Feeding interactions and family eating styles that can be characterized by a lack of attention to internal hunger and fullness cues are believed to contribute to the development of overweight in pre-school aged children. Whether such influences shape individual differences in energy intake regulation and weight gain from the earliest periods of post-natal development is unknown. In addition, much of the research evaluating family influences on eating behavior in young children has been conducted in well-educated non-Hispanic Caucasian populations. This research will draw upon samples of diverse ethnicity and socioeconomic status to investigate family influences on individual differences in the regulation of energy intake and their relationship to weight/fat gain during infancy. Potential benefits include anticipatory guidance to parents for developmentally appropriate and responsive feeding practices that support infant intake regulation abilities and developmentally appropriate growth. Project 4: Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in early childhood The relationship between early infant feeding patterns on development of obesity and metabolic syndrome are poorly understood. While a negative association between breastfeeding and risk of obesity has been demonstrated in observational trials and substantiated by meta-analyses, cause and effect are unclear. A variety of mediating and confounding variables have been suggested as potential explanations for this association. In order to examine potential explanations for the relationship between breastfeeding and obesity, a Breastfeeding Exposure Questionnaire was developed and tested, community liaisons were established and strengthened though utilization of the questionnaire in small community-based participatory research projects. These projects included evaluation of breastfeeding intervention programs and evaluation of breastfeeding complications and challenges among different ethnic groups. One of the variables suggested as a potential explanation for the relationship between obesity and breastfeeding is parenting style. At least one study suggests that mothers who breastfeed are less likely to utilize an authoritarian parenting style, and authoritarian parenting style has been associated with increased eating in the absence of hunger in young children. The later behavior is presumed to result in increased probability of obesity. Clarification of the relationship between parenting style and breastfeeding will enhance our understanding of the association between breastfeeding and risk of obesity. Two things will be important: . 1)to confirm that a relationship exists between initiation and/or duration of breastfeeding and/or intensity of breastfeeding on the one hand and parenting style on the other;. 2)If such a relationship is confirmed, to determine whether breastfeeding is influenced by parenting style or vice versa. This major problem is important to the entire U.S. population, and unless we understand the causes of the increase in obesity, we will not be able to mount effective intervention strategies. Moreover, unless we establish reliable systems for monitoring the extent of breastfeeding exposure, we will not be able to evaluate intervention strategies designed to increase breastfeeding. Whether or not breastmilk exposure during infancy is related to obesity, it is related to a number of common and serious health problems for both children and mothers. Therefore identification of successful strategies for increasing breastfeeding rates will be of great value in and of itself. Project 5: Investigation of dietary intakes of children Obesity among children has reached epidemic proportions. Today, an estimated one in four children in the United States is over weight [Body Mass Index (BMI) above 85th percentile] and 11% are obese (BMI above 95th percentile). Overweight children tend to remain overweight during follow-up periods of up to 20 years, and in general, have a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk for being overweight adults. Obesity in early life is associated cross-sectionally with several risk factors for coronary heart disease and is predictive of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes in adulthood. Children's Nutrition Research Center scientists have previously documented secular increases in relative weight and adiposity among children over two decades. Despite the increasing adiposity, we showed that total energy intake of children remained unchanged from 1973 to 1994, and macronutrient density of the diet changed. These trends in nutrient intakes were consistent with changes observed in food consumption patterns. Additional studies are needed to examine other possible explanations, such as eating patterns, for these changes. The dietary causes of obesity are complex and poorly understood. While both nutrients and individual foods have been assessed for evaluation of their association with obesity, few attempts have been made to identify a broader eating pattern, which may be associated with obesity. It is intuitive that changes in eating patterns may explain the increased obesity, since foods are generally not eaten in isolation, and the overall pattern of a diet may have more of an impact on obesity than any one food or nutrient. The goal of this project is to identify eating pattern "typologies" associated with diet quality and obesity in children and young adults using cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. This research project applies to children and young adults, and the research outcomes will include a knowledge base that will empower individuals to make healthful food choices in an effort to prevent or treat childhood obesity. Findings from this research will generate additional hypothesis that can be tested, providing additional strategies that will enable people to improve their nutritional status. Scientists will benefit from the research findings which will provide basis for additional research hypotheses. The lay community will benefit from more effective obesity prevention programs targeting children. Such research addresses one of the high-priority research areas important to USDA's food assistance and nutrition programs, and data generated will be helpful in categorizing individuals for better targeting of nutrition information, for program design, and for service delivery. More importantly, the results of the research will provide valuable insight in potential interventions for preventing the onset of obesity early in life, in addition to information for the formulation of additional research hypotheses. Differences in eating patterns by obesity status will identify potential intervention strategies. Age-related (childhood vs. young adulthood) differences in eating patterns as they relate to obesity status would potentially identify intervention priorities in various age-subgroups. Obesity is a major public health problem that needs immediate attention and a greater understanding on how eating patterns impact this nutritional disease. Project 6: Dietary and genetic interactions of isothiocyanates The purpose of these studies is to measure the variation of dietary intake of anti-cancer compounds, isothiocyanates, and the variation in genes metabolizing these compounds in older children and young adults. Higher intake of plant food is associated with lower risk of cancer in humans. There are a large number of compounds known as isothocyanates present in plant foods such as broccoli, cabbage, and other vegetables in the brassica family. Previous research has shown that in animals isothiocyanates help eliminate other cancer-causing compounds. Several epidemiological studies in adults have shown that isothiocyanates help reduce the risk of lung, breast, and colon cancer. Preliminary reports suggest adults differ in their genetic ability to make use of these dietary compounds, making some individuals more susceptible to cancer risk and more susceptible to the benefit from these protective substances. However, evidence regarding the mechanisms for isothiocyanates involved in cancer risk reduction in humans and the personal factors and characteristics that influence their intake is severely lacking, especially in children. This research focuses on an important public health problem, prevention of cancer through dietary selection of foods high in chemopreventive compounds, and how individuals differ in their genetic ability to utilize these compounds. These findings are relevant to our understanding why some ethnic groups are more prone to certain types of cancer, and the role of ethnic differences in the intake of these compounds. In addition, these findings can be used to plan nutritional interventions targeted for high risk and individuals who respond to high intakes of brassica, and a lifetime of protective exposure. Project 7: Statistical Analysis of Food Purchase Data Diet is a primary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, several cancers, and obesity, which is also a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Some programs have targeted children for dietary change to establish healthier dietary habits for the adult years. A major problem in evaluating dietary change intervention programs has been the nature of time-related changes in dietary intake. Recently, schools have converted to computer systems to electronically record point of service purchase (POSP) data in cafeterias. POSP data on food purchases avoid errors of self-report and permit analysis of time-related changes. The focus will be on development of new and computationally feasible statistical methods to analyze the POSP data with emphasis on modeling multiple intervention effects on time series. The research will make meaningful contributions to the theory and methods of time series analysis and will improve significantly existing techniques that can be used by others to analyze large time series in behavioral studies. Research results would be of interest to researchers in behavioral scientists as well as applied statisticians. Project 8: A longitudinal study of athletic self-concept and physical activity behavior in children and adolescents Overweight in individuals is the result of a long-term positive energy balance in which food intake and physical activity play critical, complementary roles. As in adults, overweight and obesity are rising at alarming rates among children and adolescents. To counter this trend, increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior have become a research priority. Although there is good agreement that psychosocial and environmental factors, as opposed to genetics, are driving the obesity epidemic, the relative contributions of factors influencing physical activity, as an important component of energy balance, are not clear. Successful interventions to increase physical activity as a permanent lifestyle change, cannot be developed without a better understanding of the determinants of physical activity behaviors. Research by the Children's Nutrition Research Center scientists, among adults and adolescents, has shown that how we perceive ourselves athletically and how others perceive us are plausible determinants of whether we are physically active. Long-term physical activity patterns that are sustained over many years likely reflect a core aspect of the self: a relevant self-definition or identity as a physically active person that is initiated in childhood. This research project will provide important longitudinal data on the development of athletic self-concept and its relation to physical activity behavior and weight gain among adolescents over the transition from junior to senior high school. This work is relevant to children and parents, and adults in the general population, the scientific community, policymakers at national and local levels, planners in public health interventions. Project 9: Testing a theoretical model of youth physical activity. Youth obesity has risen dramatically over the past decades. Obese youth are more likely to become obese adults, with increased risk of chronic disease. Physical activity (PA), an independent risk factor for both obesity and chronic disease, has decreased among youth during this same time period. Finding ways to help youth become more physically active is likely to decrease their risk of both obesity and certain chronic diseases. Interventions are most likely to be effective when targeting factors that influence the desired behavior. The obesity prevention literature has not reported widespread success and this is likely due to limitations in theory and measurement. The Theory of Planned Behavior has predicted both adult PA and intention to be physically active, but has had little testing with youth. The relationship between PA and youth obesity has been difficult to establish, probably due to weaknesses in measurement. Studies with more precise measures tend to provide evidence of this relationship. Item Response Theory (IRT), an enhancement of usual Classical Test Theory, provides a sophisticated analysis which enhances our understanding of item functioning, thereby resulting in more accurate measures. For example, IRT can determine the best response format of an item from data; determine the amount of information provided by an item; determine the fit of a latent model to a set of items with deviations representing measurement error; and estimate the reliability of a test across the continuum of the ability. IRT also permits tests of whether individual items or the whole test function differently between groups of interest (i.e., Differential Item/Test Functioning). This research will test a promising hypothesized theoretical model of youth physical activity behavior (known as Extended Goal Directed Model of Youth Physical Activity Behavior) that our researchers have developed. The model is an extension of the Bagozzi Goal Directed Behavior Model, which is an enhancement of the Theory of Planned Behavior. The outcomes of the proposed research are relevant to other behavioral scientists, interventionists attempting to enhance youth physical activity, and, ultimately, to youth. The impact of the proposed research is that it will provide a tested theoretical framework and validated measures to guide future intervention research, which will enable more focused research to be conducted and stronger conclusions to be reached regarding intervention effectiveness. 2.List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Project 1: Pediatric obesity and chronic disease prevention: Influence and interventions Year 1 (2005) Establish procedures to validate methods for assessing PROP sensitivity among diverse children Recruit samples for PROP sensitivity Collect data associated with PROP sensitivity Identify existing data sets of whether level of adiposity negatively predisposes to physical activity Conduct analyses of whether level of adiposity negatively predisposes to physical activity Year 2 (2006) Conduct recruitment and data collection of PROP sensitivity among diverse children Conduct identification of existing data sets of whether level of adiposity negatively predisposes to physical activity Conduct analyses of whether level of adiposity negatively predisposes to physical activity Conduct focus groups for how PROP sensitivity influences dietary intake among diverse children Year 3 (2007) Recruit samples of how PROP sensitivity influences dietary behavior Collect data on how PROP sensitivity influences dietary behavior Develop procedures and conduct focus groups for how PROP sensitivity influences dietary intake among diverse children Year 4 (2008) Recruit samples of how PROP sensitivity influences dietary behavior Complete collecting data of how PROP sensitivity influences dietary behavior Conduct analyses Identify existing intervention studies of the extent to which PROP sensitivity and FJV experiences moderate intervention outcomes Apply the FJV experience questionnaire to participants in existing studies Identify relevant data sets to which being overweight and physical activity experiences moderate intervention outcomes Conduct analyses Year 5 (2009) Analyze outcomes from study on PROP sensitivity Complete the identification relevant data sets to which being overweight and physical activity experiences moderate intervention outcomes Conduct analyses Project 2: The development and testing of interventions to promote healthy dietary behavior among youth for chronic disease prevention Year 1 (2005) Conduct focus groups/target groups on the impact of family interventions to reduce the amount of sweetened beverages and high fat and calorie food consumed and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Develop and test intervention materials Pilot test intervention on improving middle school student's school food environment. School recruitment and staff training Year 2 (2006) Complete the recruitment of clinics and train staff Initiate baseline data collection on the impact of family interventions to reduce the amount of sweetened beverages and high fat and calorie food consumed and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Implement food service intervention Conduct process evaluation on improving middle school student's school food environment. Collect sales data Post Data Collection Year 3 (2007) Complete baseline data collections on the impact of family interventions to reduce the amount of sweetened beverages and high fat and calorie food consumed and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Complete family intervention implementation Conduct post data collection on interventions Data Analysis Complete formative assessment on promoting school breakfast to middle school youth. Complete food service intervention Complete sales data Complete process evaluation Year 4 (2008) Complete post data collection (1) on Cooperative Extension family intervention. Begin Data Analysis on Cooperative Extension family intervention. Implement pilot school breakfast promotion intervention. Complete process evaluation school breakfast promotion intervention. Year 5 (2009) Complete Data Analysis on Cooperative Extension family intervention. Prepare and conduct dissemination plan on Cooperative Extension family intervention Complete data analysis for School Breakfast program. Prepare and distribute dissemination plan for school breakfast program. Project 3: Family influences on the development of food intake regulation Year 1 (2005) Collect and analyze pilot data using new food intake and behavioral measures Initiate behavioral observation coding Initiate recruitment contacts in greater Houston metropolitan area Year 2 (2006) Conduct pilot studies to establish test-re-test reliability of feeding observation measure and food intake regulation measure Longitudinal study form/protocol/database development Complete recruitment contacts in greater Houston metropolitan area Year 3 (2007) Extend measurement of responsive feeding by characterizing feeding dynamics into the second year of life. (added milestone) Evaluate the association of responsiveness to infant cues with infant energy intake and 1 month weight gains among infants ranging from 6 months to 2 years. (added milestone) Initiate longitudinal study with rolling recruitment Continue behavioral observation coding Year 4 (2008) Compare maternal responsiveness to infant hunger and fullness cues in a home and experimental setting. (added milestone) Determine the extent to which maternal responsiveness to infant hunger and fullness cues is stable across meals. (added milestone) Initiate longitudinal study with rolling recruitment Continue behavioral observation coding Continue data analysis Year 5 (2009) Initiate longitudinal study with rolling recruitment Continue behavioral observation coding Continue data analysis Project 4: Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in early childhood Year 1 (2005) Evaluate overall integrity, test-retest reliability, and outcome validity of the Breastfeeding Exposure Questionnaire and revise as indicated. Develop collaborations and reciprocal agreements throughout the greater Houston area to facilitate steady referral of an adequate number of low-income minority women over the duration of the project. Publicize the study to and establish collaborations with area obstetricians, pediatricians and hospitals, and with other scientists Set up data bases, data entry and retrieval systems Review and refine project design for years 2 through 5. Set up automated reports and models for preliminary data analysis Year 2 (2006) Maintain collaborations and referral networks Enroll and complete baseline measurements on 300 pregnant women Complete initial body composition measurements on 2-wk-old infants Complete BREX at planned intervals for 225 mothers and day care providers as indicated Complete 6-month body composition measurements on ~ 300 infants and parents Begin and maintain data entry and checking Set up day care provider liaisons Year 3 (2007) Develop integrated parenting style / breastfeeding behavior survey Set up procedures for internet recruitment for parenting style / breastfeeding behavior study. Develop breastfeeding support practices survey for hospitals. Develop and implement a 2-day workshop on research evaluation and policy development for breastfeeding support. Year 4 (2008) Screen internet respondents to identify 400 candidates for completion of the parenting style/ breastfeeding behavior survey, and begin interviews. Train 75 public heath / medical professionals in research evaluation and breastfeeding policy development. Complete breastfeeding support survey of 30 hospitals and distribute reports to participants Year 5 (2009) Complete interviews of 400 mothers and analyze data Train 75 public heath / medical professionals in research evaluation and breastfeeding policy development. Project 5: Investigation of dietary intakes of children Year 1 (2005) To identify "typologies" of eating patterns in children and young adults by gender and ethnicity. To document the prevalence of obesity in children from 1973-1994. Year 2 (2006) To determine if children's food consumption patterns has changed from 1973-1994. To identify trends in meal patterns of children from 1973-1994. To determine monounsaturated fatty acid intake by children and adults: temporal trends and demographic differences. (new milestone) To determine the nutritional impact of dairy product consumption on dietary intakes of adults (1995-1996): the Bogalusa Heart Study. (new milestone) To determine longitudinal changes in intake and food sources of calcium from childhood to young adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. (new milestone) To determine secular trends in children's sweetened-beverage consumption (1973 to 1994): the Bogalusa Heart Study. (new milestone) To determine physical activity and health enhancing dietary behaviors in young adults: Bogalusa Heart Study.(new milestone) To determine socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle differences in obesity status from childhood to young adults. (new milestone) To determine nutrient intakes, demographics, lifestyle factors, health problems and cardiovascular risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. (new milestone) To determine association of calcium intake, dairy product consumption with overweight status in young adults (1995-1996): the Bogalusa Heart Study. (new milestone) To determine the association between eating patterns and obesity among children, over a 21-year period. To determine the degree of tracking of obesity from childhood to young adulthood. To identify dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. To determine whether food consumption patterns track from childhood to young adulthood. (moved milestone from Year 3) To determine age-related differences (childhood vs. young adulthood) in eating patterns associated with obesity. Year 3 (2007) To determine food patterns associated with metabolic syndrome in young adults. To determine the association between 100% fruit juice consumption and overweight in children. To determine beverage intake among preschool children and its effect on weight status. To determine if energy-dense diets are also nutrient-dense. Year 4 (2008) To determine whether mother's consumption of dairy products has a favorable nutritional impact on total nutrient intakes. To identify the predictive eating patterns associated with obesity at young adulthood (19 to 38 years of age). Year 5 (2009) To determine whether consumption of dairy products by mothers has nutritional and health. To determine whether mother's eating behaviors directly influences 3- to 5-year-olds' eating behaviors (adult modeling). Project 6: Dietary and genetic interactions of isothiocyanates Year 1 (2005) Collect literature and compile in Access database Convert FFQ data to DietSys Year 2 (2006) Recruit subjects for the modified food frequency questionnaire Initiate administering forms and collect data Initiate collecting urine samples of the FFQ with diet records and biomarkers Year 3 (2007) Complete recruitment Code all diet records from FFQ with diet records and biomarkers. Conduct training for PCR methodology Train for urine, HPLC method Analyze FFQ, DR, urine Run samples to characterize GST Polymorphism Finalize protocol of the feeding study with GST response Year 4 (2008) Complete subject for feeding study with GST responses Year 5 (2009) Data analysis Quality control Project 7: Statistical analysis of food purchase data Year 1 (2005) Begin initial examination of the data set. Identify relevant covariates Set up suitable time series models Year 2 (2006) Model intervention effects on time series Year 3 (2007) Represent the data sets in a reduced number of dimensions: feature selection and extraction Use the "optimal" selected features with Euclidean and additive disparity measures Year 4 (2008) Develop and apply nonparametric and semi-parametric methods Year 5 (2009) Develop and apply intervention analysis for count and heavy-tailed time series Apply functional data analysis methods to study patterns of variations Project 8: A longitudinal study of athletic self-concept and physical activity behavior in children and adolescents Year 1 (2005) Initiate planning and hiring to accomplish research milestones Year 2 (2006) Initiate student (n=429) measuring of demographics, height/weight, BMI, perceived peer influence, and importance of activity type and intensity. Provide athletic identity and modifiable activity questionnaires to adolescents. Initiate activity monitor sub study (n=200) - wear CSA, use previous day physical activity recall as diary tool, and account body fat & fat-free mass from DEXA. Begin parent measurements; demographics, athletic identity questionnaire, stage of exercise behavior, modifiable activity questionnaire, perception of child ability, perception of child effort needed, importance of activity type and intensity, and height and weight for BMI. Begin teacher measures for child; child ability and child effort needed perception and importance of activity type and intensity. Analyze teacher/school/neighborhood measures, specifically facilities and programs. Year 3 (2007) Continue student (n=429) measuring of demographics, height/weight, BMI, perceived peer influence, and importance of activity type and intensity. Continue measurement of athletic identity and modifiable activity questionnaires to adolescents. Continue activity monitor sub study (n=200) - wear CSA, use previous day physical activity recall as diary tool, and account body fat & fat-free mass from DEXA. Continue teacher measures for child; child ability and child effort needed perception and importance of activity type and intensity. Began to analyze teacher/school/neighborhood measures, specifically facilities and programs. Year 4 (2008) Continue student (n=429) measuring of demographics, height/weight, BMI, perceived peer influence, and importance of activity type and intensity. Continue and complete measurement of athletic identity and modifiable activity questionnaires to adolescents. Continue activity monitor sub study (n=200) - wear CSA, use previous day physical activity recall as diary tool, and account body fat & fat-free mass from DEXA. Continue and complete teacher measures for child; child ability and child effort needed perception and importance of activity type and intensity. Complete analysis of teacher/school/neighborhood measures, specifically facilities and programs. Year 5 (2009) Data analysis, paper writing and presentation of student, parent, and teacher longitudinal data from 2006 through 2008. Project 9: Testing a theoretical model of youth physical activity. Year 1 (2007) Recruit adequate numbers of participants to modify and/or create measurement scales for each variable in the Extended Goal Directed Behavior Model Locate, modify, and/or create scales for each construct within the model Year 2 (2008) Recruit adequate numbers of youth to conduct statistical analyses Test model with 11- to 13-year-olds Year 3 (2009) Recruit adequate numbers of youth to conduct statistical analyses Test model with 15- to 17-year-olds 4a.List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Project 1: Pediatric obesity and chronic disease prevention: Influence and interventions Availability of Home Fruit and Vegetables Families that have more fruit and vegetables at home tend to have children who consume more fruit and vegetables. Understanding the factors that influence home fruit and vegetable availability should lead to interventions to increase home fruit and vegetable availability. Behaviorists at the Children's Nutrition Research Center developed new measures of home food pantry management, food store selection expectancies, food shopping practices, fruit and vegetable purchase social support, and outcome expectancies for purchasing fruit and vegetables, which maintained acceptable psychometric features. Their results permitted completion of a comprehensive model indicating that fruit and vegetable purchase social support was the primary predictor of home fruit and vegetable availability. Thus, social support for purchasing fruit and vegetables becomes a key target for increasing home fruit and vegetable availability. [NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2)] 4b.List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. Project 2: The development and testing of interventions to promote healthy dietary behavior among youth for chronic disease prevention Improving household nutrition through video intervention Researchers at the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston, TX, are utilizing the dynamics between the family and children's dietary behavior to establish and maintain healthy dietary practices. CNRC researchers created six videos (both English/Spanish) for each individual Expanded Food and Nutrition (EFNEP) session, based on the formative assessment data from the initial year of the study. These videos portrayed a fictitious EFNEP class discussing issues on providing healthful home food environments and food parenting tips around six lessons:. 1)Nutrition Basics: labeling, MyPyramid,. 2)Breakfast and snacks,. 3)Fruit and vegetables,. 4)Dairy and meat,. 5)Great grains, and. 6)Smart shopping. Training for the Texas Extension staff implementing the evaluation study was conducted and CNRC scientists will continue the intervention to measure food insecurity, home food availability, home food preparation practices, barriers to healthy eating, parent self-efficacy to plan and prepare healthy foods, parenting food practices, and menu planning. This video intervention could be an important addition to the Cooperative Extension EFNEP classes nationwide, help improve the home food environment, and lower the prevalence of obesity in children. This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). Project 3: Family influences on the development of food intake regulation Reliability of feeding observations and food intake regulation measurements evaluated The extent to which infant feeding interactions may contribute to rapid weight gain in early development is virtually unknown. Researchers at the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston, TX, have developed new measures to evaluate responsiveness to infant cues and the regulation of food intake in infancy and have collected data that establishes the extent to which these measurements are reproducible. Feeding interactions of mothers and their 6-month-old infants were recorded over a 6-hour period in a laboratory setting and measurements were repeated on the same mother-infant pairs after a 2-week delay. A separate measure evaluated infant food intake regulation in response to changes in the food's energy content consumed during two separate 24-hour periods. After a two-week delay, these measurements were again repeated to determine the extent to which the regulation of food intake is an enduring characteristic of the infant. This is important since gaining the understanding of the influence of infant feeding dynamics on excessive intake and growth in early development is dependent on the ability to measure enduring or trait-like characteristics of the way mothers interact with their infants during feeding. This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). Project 4: Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in early childhood Optimizing breastfeeding interventions In order to increase the occurrence of breastfeeding in new mothers, additional research is necessary to understand what contributes to successful breastfeeding interventions. Researchers at the Children's Nutrition Research Center evaluated the impact of a hospital-based paraprofessional lactation clinic on infant feeding behavior. Infant feeding behavior was determined at 7 days and 4 weeks after birth using a version of the breastfeeding exposure questionnaire. Results of this randomized, controlled trial indicated that the intervention reduced the incidence and extent of supplemental feedings given to breastfed infants at 4 weeks postpartum, and significantly increased the odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding. Such findings are important as they will influence the design and implementation of breastfeeding intervention programs. This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). Project 5: Investigation of dietary intakes of children Children's meal patterns have changed over a 2-decade period: the Bogalusa Heart Study Children's food consumption and meal patterns have changed over two decades, and gaining an understanding of the impact of these patterns is needed. Children's Nutrition Research Center researchers evaluated dietary intake data on over 1,500 10-year-old children (65% white, 35% African American), in Bogalusa, LA, from 1973 to 1994. From 1973 to 1978, there was a marked increase (8.2% to 29.6%) in the percentage of children who skipped breakfast, yet in 1982 when school breakfast was introduced, the proportion of children skipping breakfast declined to 12.5%. From 1973 to 1994, the percentage of children eating a school lunch declined from 89.7% to 78.2%; those children eating lunch brought from home increased from 5.9% to 11.1%. Children consuming a home dinner decreased from 89.2% to 75.9% during this time, while individuals eating a dinner prepared outside the home increased drastically from 5.4% to 19.0%. Despite these striking alterations in the meal patterns of children over the 2-decade period, no associations were found between meal patterns and overweight status. Thus further research with assessment is needed to better understand the complexity of diet as it relates to childhood obesity. This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). Changes in food group consumption patterns from childhood to young adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study Nutritionist need to assess changes in food group consumption patterns from childhood to young adulthood in order to learn if there is a decrease in overall diet quality during this time period. Children's Nutrition Research Center researchers collected and evaluated 24-hour dietary recalls on a longitudinal sample of almost 250 young adults (70% European American, 30% African American) aged 19 to 28 years who participated in a previous cross-sectional survey when they were 10-year-olds. In childhood, consumption of fruits/fruit juice and mixed meats, desserts, candy, and milk were greater than in young adulthood while in young adulthood, consumption was greater for sweetened beverages, poultry and seafood, salty snacks, and beef. Milk consumption decreased, but the decrease was greater among males; sweetened beverage consumption increased, but the increase was greater for European-Americans; and candy consumption decreased, but the decrease was greater for African-Americans. It is understandable that food group consumption patterns changed from childhood to young adulthood, yet overall, there was a decrease in diet quality during this age transition and more importantly, our research indicates that low fruit and vegetable consumption and high sweetened beverage consumption are independently associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Such results are important as researchers attempt to understand the eating habits of children early in life in order to plan effective intervention strategies as these children mature. This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). Project 7: Statistical Analysis of Food Purchase Data Appropriateness of statistical models Identifying an appropriate model for the mean level changes in the time series due to policy change (changes in school food policy on student lunch consumption in middle schools; i.e., removing chips from the snack bars.) is an important part of data analysis. The objective of our work was to test whether the policy change altered the level of the series, and if so, by how much. To accomplish this task, Children's Nutrition Research Center statisticians used a Box-Jenkins ARIMA model together with an indicator function representing the event of policy change. As a result, we were able to identify that the policy change had an impact on some aspects of the research. This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). Project 8: A Longitudinal Study of Athletic Self-Concept and PA Behavior in Children and Adolescents Questionnaire Development A lack of questionnaires exist that measures the athletic identity (how athletic the individual perceives themselves) in children and adolescents. Athletic identity had only been studied among college athletes, yet the Children's Nutrition Research Center scientists developed a questionnaire for adults that would encompass both athletes and non-athlete; and then developed another for adolescents and children. They consist of a 40-item measure of athletic identity for adolescents, an adapted version for elementary-aged children, and a 25-item measure of parental beliefs about children in regard to physical activity. These questionnaires were developed by reviewing existing literature and used open-ended questions to hypothesize the factors. This is important because psychometrically sound measures (reliable and valid) are necessary in order to have sound research findings. These questionnaires can be used to look at differences in attitudes among subgroups of interest (e.g., boys versus girls, ethnic or BMI differences, etc.), to look at the stability of the attitudes over time (e.g., do children's beliefs about their competence in physical activity remain the same over time?), and to assess the effectiveness of an intervention designed to produce change (e.g., did the intervention make the child believe they are more competent?). This project contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease" (Component 2). 4c.List significant activities that support special target populations. None. 5.Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. This CRIS unit contributes to the goals of NP107, Human Nutrition, specifically "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease," specifically Component 2 Relationship Between Diet, Genetics and Lifestyle and the Risk For Chronic Disease. Project 1: Pediatric obesity and chronic disease prevention: Influence and interventions An assessment of the role of Body Mass Index (BMI) in physical activity interventions is needed. Nutritionists at the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston, TX, have assessed the role of BMI in moderating the impact of an intervention on the physical activity of Boy Scouts. Through working with local Boy Scout troops, our findings showed that there were no moderating effects and that interventions will not have to be tailored to varying BMI scores. Alternatively, the boys were not excessively overweight, which could have limited the effect of BMI. Future research will need to further test the relationship of the correlation of BMI for pre/post physical interventions. Project 2: The development and testing of interventions to promote healthy dietary behavior among youth for chronic disease prevention The formative assessment leading to the decision to produce six 5-minute videos to provide the enhanced family intervention is the major accomplishment of the first year. These videos will be used within the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program of CSREES. In the second year, the videos and supporting class materials were created. The intervention study was begun by the ENFNEP program in Texas. Project 3: Family influences on the development of food intake regulation Gaining the knowledge and ability to adequately evaluate over 100 behavior types remains to be difficult and challenging when observing feeding behaviors. Researchers at the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston, TX have successfully trained research staff members in observing infant feeding behaviors and coding is taking place. More than 100 behaviors are coded in 18 different categories of feeding and non-feeding behavior. Multiple reviews of the recorded session are required to code the behavior of the mother and infant during the feed, as well as 10 minutes prior to feed, and 1 minute past the feed; each recorded hour of feeding requires approximately 4 hours of staff time to apply the behavioral codes. Consistency amongst the trained research staff members on these behaviors is on average, 84%. Project 4: Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in early childhood Project accomplishments include the development of community collaborations leading to improved support for breastfeeding within the public health care system. Approximately 800 women per month have access to breastfeeding support in the hospital as a result of the community building aspect of this project. Additionally, the impact of a hospital-based paraprofessional lactation clinic on infant feeding behavior was evaluated. Infant feeding behavior was determined at 4 weeks postpartum using a short version of the breastfeeding exposure questionnaire and the results indicated that the intervention model reduced the incidence and extent of supplemental feedings given to breastfed infants at 4 weeks postpartum. This is important since it is the first demonstration that use of supervised paraprofessionals in a hospital setting can help increase breastfeeding among at-risk populations. Through the community outreach efforts of this project: A) evidence-based breastfeeding interventions were identified and incorporated into the Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas: 2005-2010; and B) A state-wide breastfeeding coalition was formed and will be officially launched in October of 2006. The coalition includes key stakeholders from government, public health, business, and professional organizations who have agreed to work together to identify priorities and develop strategies for promotion and support of breastfeeding in Texas. Project 5: Investigation of dietary intakes of children Researchers at the Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, examined changes in calcium intake and food sources of calcium from childhood to young adulthood. CNRC researchers learned that total calcium intake at age 10 was not significantly different than total calcium intake of those same individuals when they were young adults. Gender and ethnic differences were observed within the two age groups. In both childhood (age 10 years) and young adulthood, African-American females had significantly lower total calcium intake than Euro-American males; however, this ethnic difference in total calcium intake did not exist after adjusting for energy intake. Calcium intake per 1000 kcal was significantly lower in females than males at age 10, but not in young adulthood. A large percentage of 10-year-olds did not meet the RDA or AI for calcium intake (54% and 88%, respectively), and this was also shown when they were young adults (77% and 75%, respectively). More effective nutrition educational efforts are needed to emphasize the importance of adequate calcium intake and the major food sources of calcium, beginning early in childhood and continuing into young adulthood. Project 6: Dietary and genetic interactions of isothiocyanates The most significant accomplishment has been development of collaboration with a molecular and human geneticist who is conducting an ongoing study of young adults, which includes a measure of dietary intake. Each participant in this longitudinal study has dietary assessment completed using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire methodology, and enables the measurement of their total vegetable intake, and brassica vegetable intake that are sources of chemopreventive substances, isothiocyanates. Since this is an ongoing longitudinal study, these preliminary results will next be linked with genotype status of GST gene, which is an important gene involved in the metabolism and excretion of carcinogen compounds. These studies can identify if there are differences in the patterns of isothiocyanate and brassica intakes by age, gender, and race/ethnic group. Once it is known how to accurately predict the behavioral and genetic tendencies for diet selection, it will become possible to identify which individuals are most susceptible to cancer and therefore require high exposure to isothiocyanates, and thus we will be involved with new and innovative approaches to the prevention and treatment of cancer, explained by dietary-genetic interactions. Collaborations with an ongoing study of young adults, which enables the measurement of their brassica and vegetable, and isothiocyanate intakes, have been established. Researchers at the CNRC have created a protocol and database structure to assemble data for isothiocyanate concentration and distribution in food. Customers to this research project include public scientists from most major land grant universities, USDA plant development centers, National Cancer Institute, and private scientists. The primary customers are the general public needing a better understanding of the chemopreventive substances in the food supply and will benefit from these results. Other customers include brassica vegetable producers and processors. Project 7: Statistical analysis of food purchase data This research project applies and develops new statistical methods to analyze time series of food purchase data. The study is motivated by the need to construct statistical models that better describe collection of large time series data and to investigate the impact of the policy change on food purchase data in schools. The results would be of interest to behavioral scientists. Identify the mean level changes in the time series due to type of intervention is needed for Children's Nutrition Research Center research. Statisticians at the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston, TX, investigated auto-regressive integrated moving average models for the time series to identify an appropriate model for the underlying time series. Researchers investigated different types of interventions: permanent or temporary, sudden or gradual, changes in the series due to the intervention type. As a result, we are able to identify the mean level changes in the series due to the intervention type. Project 8: A longitudinal study of athletic self-concept and physical activity behavior in children and adolescents The major goal of my work has been to look at athletic self-concept in children and adolescents and how it relates to physical activity. The work has involved developing measurement instruments of athletic identity for adolescents and children, as well as a measurement scale for parental beliefs that can allow us to evaluate how parents influence child self-concept in the realm of physical activity, as well as child physical activity behavior. The measurement instruments have then been used to measure child identity, parental beliefs and behavior, and child behavior related to physical activity and inactivity over time. This work is important to the scientific community and others who may want to design and implement physical activity interventions to decrease obesity and increase the health of children and adolescents. 6.What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end-user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Project 3: Family influences on the development of food intake regulation The scientific results of this project are being disseminated to other scientists through publications, collaborative efforts, and abstracts/presentations at scientific meetings. Project 4: Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in early childhood CDC Guide to Breastfeeding interventions - includes a description of the hospital-based paraprofessional breastfeeding clinic model established and evaluated as a part of the community outreach portion of this project. Evidence-based breastfeeding interventions were identified and incorporated into the Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Obesity in Texas: 2005-2010 as a part of the community outreach portion of this project. Project 8: A longitudinal study of athletic self-concept and physical activity behavior in children and adolescents Results of the project are being disseminated to other scientists through publications, collaborative efforts, and presentations at scientific meetings. 7.List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Project 2: The development and testing of interventions to promote healthy dietary behavior among youth for chronic disease prevention Cullen, K.W. Speaker: "What makes a good school lunch? Results from research," Open Session on Perspectives on Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools, Committee on Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools, Institute of Medicine, Washington D.C., December 5, 2005. Cullen, K.W. Speaker: "Family Eats: A web-based cancer prevention intervention for African-American families," Society for Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting, Boston, MA. March 24, 2006. Cullen, K.W. Speaker: "Family Environmental Influences on Children's Diets," Society for Prevention Research Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX. June 1, 2006. Project 3: Family influences on the development of food intake regulation Fisher, J.O. Promoting health eating: what the research says parents should know. Keynote speaker at the FNS National Nutrition Education Conference, Washington, D.C., Sept. 12-14, 2005. Fisher, J.O. Preventing obesity in toddlers: motivating parents and caregivers. Invited speaker at the American Academy of Pediatrics Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., October 10th, 2005. Fisher, J.O. Parenting influences on obesigenic eating behavior in young children. Invited speaker at the Johnson & Johnson, Inc. Pediatric Round Table Meeting on Young Children's Eating Behavior, Yountville, CA, November 3-5, 2005. Fisher, J. O. Development of eating behavior. Invited speaker at the Child Health Immersion Meeting, General Mills, Minneapolis MN, March 26, 2006. Fisher, J.O. Mother infant feeding interactions. Invited speaker at the Neonatal Nutrition Conference, Houston TX, March 5-8, 2006. Project 4: Relationships between infant feeding patterns and the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in early childhood Hopkinson, J.M. August 30, 2005 - 21st Century Motherhood Conference - University of Houston - Title of presentation: "Supermom: the breastfeeding paradox" (followed by a debate with a social scientist who questioned the importance of breastfeeding for child health in the United States. Hopkinson, J.M. Jan 21, 2006, Jan 21-23. National Conference of State Breastfeeding Coalitions. Alexandria, Virginia. Invited presentation: Intervention Strategies to Increase Breastfeeding: Evaluation of a Hospital-based Paraprofessional Lactation Clinic. Hopkinson, J.M. Jan 27, 2006: Texas Department of State Health Services – Dallas Texas: Title of presentation: "Appraising Scientific Studies: Breastfeeding" Hopkinson, J.M. May 9, 2006: Texas Medical Center Women's Health Network- Legislative caucus – Houston, Texas. Title of presentation: "An ounce of prevention: Prenatal Nutrition and Breastfeeding" Hopkinson, J.M. June 20, 2006: Pediatric Nutrition Roundtable - New York, NY - sponsored by Playtex Products, Inc. Hopkinson, J.M. July 17, 2006: American Health Radio with Scott Border: 45 minute talk show on breastfeeding covering benefits of breastfeeding and breastfeeding management issues Project 5: Investigation of dietary intakes of children Nicklas, T.A. "The New Dietary Guidelines." Rochester School Wellness Conference. Rochester, New York. October 7, 2005. Nicklas, T.A. "2005 Dietary Guidelines - from Science to Practice." American Dietetic Association Annual Meeting. Consultant Dietitians in Health Care Facilities Workshop. St. Louis, Missouri, October 22, 2005. Nicklas, T.A. "2005 Dietary Guidelines and Nutrient Density." American Dietetic Association Annual Meeting. American Dietetic Association Foundation Symposium. St. Louis, Missouri. October 22, 2005. Nicklas, T.A. "The New Dietary Guidelines: Where Do We Go From Here?" SUNY Upstate Medical University. Syracuse, New York. November 5, 2005. Nicklas, T.A. "Beef Research Project." National Cattlemen's Beef Association. Denver, Colorado. February 17, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Dietary Guidelines-What Does the Science Say." American Beverage Association (in partnership with the National Association of State Boards of Education). Chicago, Illinois. April 4-5, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "NO PEAS PLEASE: Ages and Stages of Raising Healthy Kids in a Supersize World." Missouri Dietetic Association (Cattlemen's Beef Board, National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Missouri Beef Industry Council). Branson, Missouri. April 6, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Getting a Handle on Childhood Obesity—What Have We Learned? Where Do We Go From Here?" New York State Department of Health, Division of Nutrition Meeting. Albany, New York. April 26, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Dietary Guidelines—Nutrient Density." Nutrition News Forecast Conference (General Mills/Dairy Management Inc. Session) (Sponsored by Porter Novelli). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. May 4-5, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Navigating New Government Dietary Guidance." Nebraska School Nutrition Association. Kearney, Nebraska. June 27, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Overweight, Undernourished and At Risk: Tackling Today's Childhood Nutrition Problems." Nebraska School Nutrition Association. Kearney, Nebraska. June 27, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Collaborative Projects with Head Start." Texas Head Start Association's 21st Annual Training Conference. Corpus Christi, Texas. July 12, 2006. Nicklas, T.A. "Dietary Guidelines and Nutrients of Concern: Rationale for 3 Servings of Dairy." Fifth Conference of the International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Boston, Massachusetts. July 13-16, 2006. Project 8: A longitudinal study of athletic self-concept and physical activity behavior in children and adolescents Anderson, C.B. Speaker: "Mechanisms of Physical Activity Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Some New Twists on Old News," invited talk for the weekly colloquium for Cancer Prevention and Control at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, March 2006. Project 9: Testing a theoretical model of youth physical activity. Thompson, D.I. "Web Based Behavior Change: Exploring a New Frontier" 11/2005. Faculty Research Seminar - Children's Nutrition Research Center. Houston, TX. Thompson, D.I. "Denominator, denominator, whereforth are there denominator?" 12/2005. Obtaining representative samples to enhance generalizability Session Moderator. Health e-Technologies Initiative – Annual Grantee Meeting. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Atlanta, GA. Thompson, D.I. "Food, Fun, & Fitness Internet Program for Girls" 6/2006. Presenter Prairie View A&M University Research Apprentice Program USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center Houston, TX. Thompson, D.I. Central Training; Studies to Treat and Prevent Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes 7/2005 Presenter; Problem Solving Techniques and Scenarios 1 hour training on effective problem identification and solution generation and implementation techniques; Bethesda, MD. Thompson, D.I. Central Training; Studies to Treat and Prevent Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes 7/2005 Presenter; Adult Learning Theory: Training Implications. 1 hour training on effective techniques for working with adult learners; Bethesda, MD. Thompson, D.I. Cognitive Interview Training 2/2006 Presenter Baylor College of Medicine 2 hour training on cognitive interview techniques Thompson, D.I. Beta Testing and Interview Skills Training 6/2006 Trainer Baylor College of Medicine. 4 hour training on observation and interview techniques. Houston, TX. Thompson, D.I. Central Training; Studies to Treat and Prevent Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes 6/2006 Co-Trainer; FLASH component of behavioral intervention. Rockville, MD. Thompson, D.I. Agricultural Research Service: Solving Problems in the Growing World. US Department of Agriculture. Research featured in article entitled: "Using Computer Games and Other Media to Decrease Child Obesity". March 2006; pgs 5-9. Thompson, D.I. "Nutrition & Your Child". Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine. Research featured in article entitled: "Internet Promotion of Diet and Physical Activity". Volume 1; 2006. pgs 1 and 4. Thompson, D.I. Interview on Sports Nutrition in conjunction with the 2006 MS-150 event; Public Affairs Department, Baylor College of Medicine. Two articles were generated; one distributed to local media outlets and one to the national media. April 2006.