2004 Annual Report 1.What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The dietary intakes, eating patterns, and physical activity of most children and adolescents do not meet current recommended guidelines. As a result, some are at risk of impaired growth and development, while many others are at increased risk for obesity and certain adult chronic diseases. There is growing agreement that the social and physical environment, rather than biology, is driving the rapid increases in weight gain. In short, obesity and chronic disease risk are most likely due to low levels of activity and over- and under-consumption of foods, and the social and economic conditions that facilitate these behaviors. Children's eating and physical activity behaviors are initiated early in life and may continue through childhood, adolescence, and into the adult years. We need to know more about the influences on diet and physical activity during this period to enable the development of more effective intervention programs. The goal of this research project is to conduct studies that broaden our understanding of the environmental (e.g., availability of parks or social support networks, grocery store accessibility) and personal (e.g., athletic self concept, satiety in response to caloric intake) factors influencing eating and physical activity behaviors and patterns of children; and to develop effective behavioral interventions, with a strong theoretical base, targeting influencing factors among children and families from various ethnic groups. The research to be undertaken falls under National Program - 107 Human Nutrition. The behavioral studies can be categorized into two major areas: Behavioral Epidemiology and Intervention Research. The following objectives are being addressed:. 1)To better understand from the consumer perspective why consumers behave in the way they do and what factors would be important in the design and implementation of dietary and physical activity change programs (Understanding the Consumer);. 2)To develop and test the psychometric properties of new measures of environmental, psychosocial, behavioral, cultural, socioeconomic, and physiological variables (New Measures);. 3)To assess the predictiveness of environmental, psychosocial, behavioral (e.g., eating patterns), cultural, socioeconomic, and physiological or genetic factors on what people in different target groups eat and how physically active they are (Better Predictiveness); and. 4)To identify and refine procedures or techniques that can be combined to influence the above factors in different target groups (Improved Interventions). Poor diet and lack of physical activity are associated with increased risk for childhood morbidity; impaired growth; obesity; several chronic diseases, including several cancers, heart disease, and diabetes; and cognitive and emotional problems. Breastfeeding has been associated with a reduction of risk of overweight, but the majority of children are not breastfed, especially those children in low-income households. The recent increase in childhood obesity has been characterized as an epidemic and is the result of behavioral or environmental factors, not changes in genetics. Many nutrition education or activity promoting programs have been largely ineffective in promoting sustained dietary or physical activity behavior changes. Effective behavior change programs presuppose knowing why people initiate and maintain dietary, physical activity, or parenting/support behaviors. Recent reviews of the literature suggest that we are only in the earliest stages of knowing why people eat what they do or how people regulate what they eat. Similar findings exist for physical activity. More research is needed on methods of measurement of the dietary and physical activity behaviors, to better assess their role in disease etiology to more reliably detect relations with other variables and to more clearly target interventions. More basic research is needed to understand the behavioral and biological influences on eating, physical activity, and breastfeeding behaviors in order to provide new ideas for effective dietary and physical activity promoting programs. Research is also needed on the design, implementation, and evaluation of innovative community intervention programs that are based on new theoretical findings and overcome previous problems. 2.List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. FY 2005 Recruitment of students in 7th and 8th grade and fall data collection from students, parents, and teachers. (Athletic Self Concept Project) Collect formative data from focus groups and interviews to inform the clinic family intervention design. (Family Health Clinic Project) Identify possible policy changes on foods served in school cafeteria (e.g., reducing the availability of large high-fat snack bags and enforcing the restriction of sodas during meals). (Middle School Cafeteria Project) Examine tracking of food consumption patterns in existing cross-sectional data of Chinese-American youth, conduct focus groups with Chinese-American parents on health beliefs and child feeding practices. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) New measures of food intake regulation and maternal-infant feeding interactions will be assessed. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) Evaluate psychometric properties of the Breastfeeding Exposure Questionnaire (BREX) and revise as indicated. Explore and establish recruitment venues for low-income minority women. Review and refine project design, database set up. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) Collect data on the environments in which adolescents aged 11-14 live (N = 250). Geo-code the participants' address and environmental features. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) Analyze the relationship between the physical activity, TV watching, and sedentary behaviors of a tri-ethnic sample of children and determine ethnic differences in these relationships. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) Determine if children's food consumption patterns have changed from 1973 to 1994, identify trends in meal patterns of children from 1973 to 1994, and determine the association between eating patterns and obesity among children. (Bogalusa Project) Project planning and design, retrieving data on food establishments, construction of spatial databases, calculating store concentrations, conduct empirical analysis. (Grocery Store Location and Ethnicity Project) Project planning and design. (Food Stamps and Reduction of Nutrition Risk) Project planning and design. (Economic Analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study Participants) Modify an existing Food Frequency Questionnaire to include values for isothiocyanates, and foods high in isothiocyanate compounds. Measure levels of dietary intake of isothiocyanates using the modified food frequency in 300 Asian-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic children. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) Convert an existing web site into a stand-alone Internet program; beta test the program; develop a user manual; recruit 80 African-American girls (age 8-10); and collect data. (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) Develop, program, and beta test the intervention (i.e., storylines, voice-overs, artwork, and programming). Recruit 48 African-, Asian-, Euro-, and Hispanic-American adolescents (age 14-15) to test the effect of presentation format (i.e., fantasy-based vs. text-based) on information processing and physical activity self efficacy. Collect data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) Begin initial examination of the data set, identify relevant covariates, and set up suitable time series models. (Time Series Modeling Project) FY 2006 Data collection from students and teachers in spring and fall. (Athletic Self Concept Project) Design clinic family intervention. Test intervention materials. Implement intervention in health clinics. (Family Health Clinic Project) Implement middle school cafeteria intervention. (Middle School Cafeteria Project) Recruitment of adolescents and data collection. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) Approximately 60 mother-infant pairs will be followed from 3 to 12 months of age in a protocol that uses laboratory-based observational and dietary measures to assess maternal influences on infant food intake regulation and growth during the first year of life. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) Enroll and complete baseline measurements on 300 pregnant women. Complete initial body composition measurements on participants' 2-wk-old infants. Complete BREX at planned intervals for 225 mothers and day care providers. Complete 6-month body composition measurements on 300 infants and parents. Begin and maintain data entry. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) Analyze the relationship between environmental features and the participants' physical activity levels. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) Analyze the relationship between the diet and physical activity behaviors of the participants the presence of risk factors. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) Continue to identify "typologies" of eating patterns in children and young adults as they relate to childhood obesity. Specifically, to determine the degree of tracking of obesity from childhood to young adulthood, and to determine whether food consumption patterns track from childhood to young adulthood. (Bogalusa Project) Complete empirical analysis, prepare research reports. (Grocery Store Location and Ethnicity Project) Based on the theoretical and economic models, construct database. Conduct empirical analysis. (Food Stamps and Reduction of Nutrition Risk) Collect temporal and spatial economic data, and conduct initial analysis on survey data. (Economic Analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study Participants) Validate levels of dietary intake of isothiocyanates using the Modified Food frequency Questionnaire with 24-hour dietary records and urinary biomarker in the sample. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) Analyze data and write papers (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) Modify the intervention to test the effect of processing channel (i.e., visual and/or verbal) on information processing and physical activity self efficacy. Recruit 64 ethnically diverse adolescents (age 14-15) to use in the processing channel testing. Collect data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) Model intervention effects on time series, fit statistical models, and test statistical methodology. (Time Series Modeling Project) FY 2007 Data collection from students and teachers in spring and fall. Four-day objective assessment of student physical activity using accelerometers in fall. (Athletic Self Concept Project) Continue intervention. Collect post data. (Family Health Clinic Project) Continue intervention. Collect post data. (Middle School Cafeteria Project) Recruitment of adolescents and data collection, data analysis. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) Approximately 60 mother-infant pairs will be followed from 3 to 12 months of age in a protocol that uses laboratory-based observational and dietary measures to assess maternal influences on infant food intake regulation and growth during the first year of life. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) Enroll next 300 pregnant women and collect baseline data. Complete BREX at planned intervals, as well as body composition measurements, 3-day diet records (parents and day care providers), food frequency questionnaires, and infant motor development screens on sample. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) Analyze relationships between the physical fitness patterns of the children and their metabolic risks focusing upon how the relationships differ by ethnicity and the influence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on the participants' fitness levels and risk factors. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) Determine age-related differences (childhood vs. young adulthood) in eating patterns associated with obesity. (Bogalusa Project) Prepare research reports. (Food Stamps and Reduction of Nutrition Risk) Conduct empirical analysis, and prepare research reports. (Economic Analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study Participants) Measure the frequency of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 genotypes in the sample. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) Represent the data sets in a reduced number of dimensions (feature selection and extraction), use the "optimal" selected features with Euclidean and additive disparity measures, and develop and apply nonparametric and semi-parametric methods. (Time Series Modeling Project) FY 2008 Data collection from students, parents, and teachers in spring. (Athletic Self Concept Project) Finish Family Health Clinic Research intervention. Collect post data. (Family Health Clinic Project) Finish intervention. Collect post data. (Middle School Cafeteria Project) Data analysis and paper writing. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) Analyze dietary measures on maternal influences (Infant Self-Regulation Project) Enroll next 300 pregnant women and collect baseline data. Complete BREX at planned intervals, as well as body composition measurements, 3-day diet records (parents and day care providers), 48-hr accelerometer measurements of physical activity, and infant motor development screens on sample. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) Continue to investigate temporal associations, tracking, and predictiveness of eating patterns with obesity in children and young adults. (Bogalusa Project) Measure responses of serum GST-a concentrations and GST activity following intake of brassica vegetable consumption in 40 children (genotyped for GSTM1 and GSTT1 - half no gene activity, half with activity), and whether this effect is GSTM1 genotype dependent and modulated by usual dietary intake of isothiocyanates. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) Develop and apply nonparametric and semi-parametric methods. (Time Series Modeling Project) FY 2009 Data Analysis and Paper writing. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) Enroll final 300 pregnant women and collect baseline data. Complete BREX at planned intervals, as well as body composition measurements, 3-day diet records (parents and day care providers), 48-hr accelerometer measurements of physical activity, and infant motor development screens on sample. Draw and analyze fasting blood samples on 225 3-yr olds, and measure blood pressure. Analyze individual child growth curves to identify onset of adiposity rebound. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) Analysis and paper writing. (Bogalusa Project) Analyze data and publish findings. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) Develop and apply intervention analysis for count and heavy-tailed time series, and apply functional data analysis methods to study patterns of variations. (Time Series Modeling Project) 3.Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. This research project has recently received peer review certification; therefore no milestones were reached during the reporting year. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, & 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? FY 2005 Recruitment of students in 7th and 8th grade and fall data collection from students, parents, and teachers. (Athletic Self Concept Project) -Four-day objective assessment of student physical activity using accelerometers in the fall. Collect formative data from focus groups and interviews to inform the clinic family intervention design. (Family Health Clinic Project) -Design the intervention model that will be used. Identify possible policy changes on foods served in school cafeteria (e.g., reducing the availability of large high-fat snack bags and enforcing the restriction of sodas during meals). (Middle School Cafeteria Project) -Organize and develop school lunch program food listing and research possible modifications. Examine tracking of food consumption patterns in existing cross-sectional data of Chinese-American youth. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) - Conduct focus groups with Chinese-American parents on health beliefs and child feeding practices and develop a greater understanding of cultural practices. Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) -Data will be further collected and analyzed. New measures of food intake regulation and maternal-infant feeding interactions will be assessed. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) -Develop knowledge of various infant feeding styles. Evaluate psychometric properties of the Breastfeeding Exposure Questionnaire (BREX) and revise as indicated. Explore and establish recruitment venues for low-income minority women. Review and refine project design, database set up. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) -Complete Breastfeeding Exposure Questionnaire (BREX). Collect data on the environments in which adolescents aged 11-14 live (N = 250). Geo-code the participants' address and environmental features. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) -Compile data to define environment and their possible effects. Analyze the relationship between the physical activity, TV watching, and sedentary behaviors of a tri-ethnic sample of children and determine ethnic differences in these relationships. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) -Gain understanding of common associations of lifestyle amongst a tri-ethnic sample of children. Determine if children's food consumption patterns have changed from 1973 to 1994, identify trends in meal patterns of children from 1973 to 1994, and determine the association between eating patterns and obesity among children. (Bogalusa Project) -Analyze historical data and develop possible direct or indirect factors. Project planning and design, retrieving data on food establishments, construction of spatial databases, calculating store concentrations, conduct empirical analysis. (Grocery Store Location and Ethnicity Project) -Empirical analysis will be initiated and databases will be improved. Project planning and design. (Food Stamps and Reduction of Nutrition Risk) -Project plans will be finalized. Project planning and design. (Economic Analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study Participants) Project plans will be finalized. Modify an existing Food Frequency Questionnaire to include values for isothiocyanates, and foods high in isothiocyanate compounds. Measure levels of dietary intake of isothiocyanates using the modified food frequency in 300 Asian-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic children. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) -Food Frequency Questionnaire will be revised to include areas of concern. Convert an existing web site into a stand-alone Internet program; beta test the program; develop a user manual; recruit 80 African-American girls (age 8-10); and collect data. (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) -Stand alone program will be completed and manual will be ready for distribution. Develop, program, and beta test the intervention (i.e., storylines, voice-overs, artwork, and programming). Recruit 48 African-, Asian-, Euro-, and Hispanic-American adolescents (age 14-15) to test the effect of presentation format (i.e., fantasy-based vs text-based) on information processing and physical activity self efficacy. Collect data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) -Gain feedback to further enhance intervention format for future success. Begin initial examination of the data set, identify relevant covariates, and set up suitable time series models. (Time Series Modeling Project) -Time series models will be formed. FY2006 Data collection from students and teachers in spring and fall. (Athletic Self Concept Project) -Four-day objective assessment of student physical activity using accelerometers in the fall. Data analysis and paper writing. Design clinic family intervention. Test intervention materials. (Family Health Clinic Project) -Implement intervention in health clinics. Implement middle school cafeteria intervention. (Middle School Cafeteria Project) -Intervention will be initiated and data collected Recruitment of adolescents and data collection. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) -Obtain participants for research to begin. Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) -Data collection until target numbers are met. Approximately 60 mother-infant pairs will be followed from 3 to 12 months of age in a protocol that uses laboratory-based observational and dietary measures to assess maternal influences on infant food intake regulation and growth during the first year of life. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) -Collect and analyze observational and dietary measures. Enroll and complete baseline measurements on 300 pregnant women. Complete initial body composition measurements on participants' 2-wk-old infants. Complete BREX at planned intervals for 225 mothers and day care providers. Complete 6-month body composition measurements on 300 infants and parents. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) -Begin and maintain data entry Analyze the relationship between environmental features and the participants' physical activity levels. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) -Improve understanding of key relationships Analyze the relationship between the diet and physical activity behaviors of the participants the presence of risk factors. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) - Improve understanding of key relationships Continue to identify "typologies" of eating patterns in children and young adults as they relate to childhood obesity. Specifically, to determine the degree of tracking of obesity from childhood to young adulthood, and to determine whether food consumption patterns track from childhood to young adulthood. (Bogalusa Project) -Understanding of specific eating patterns and the early development of obese behaviors Complete empirical analysis, prepare research reports. (Grocery Store Location and Ethnicity Project) -Complete empirical analysis Based on the theoretical and economic models, construct database. Conduct empirical analysis. (Food Stamps and Reduction of Nutrition Risk) -Database will be finalized and further analysis will occur. Collect temporal and spatial economic data, and conduct initial analysis on survey data. (Economic Analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study Participants) -Data will be analyzed Validate levels of dietary intake of isothiocyanates using the Modified Food frequency Questionnaire with 24-hour dietary records and urinary biomarker in the sample. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) -Data validation will occur and research will be continued Analyze data and write papers (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) -Data will be analyzed Modify the intervention to test the effect of processing channel (i.e., visual and/or verbal) on information processing and physical activity self efficacy. Recruit 64 ethnically diverse adolescents (age 14-15) to use in the processing channel testing. Collect data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) -Intervention methodology will be revised as necessary Model intervention effects on time series, fit statistical models, and test statistical methodology. (Time Series Modeling Project) -Accomplishments will enhance time series model. FY 2007 Data collection from students and teachers in spring and fall. Four-day objective assessment of student physical activity using accelerometers in fall. (Athletic Self Concept Project) -Four-day objective assessment of student physical activity using accelerometers in the fall. Data analysis and paper writing. Continue intervention. Collect post data. (Family Health Clinic Project) -Data will be collected Continue intervention. Collect post data. (Middle School Cafeteria Project) -Data will be collected and evaluated Recruitment of adolescents and data collection, data analysis. (Impact of Acculturation on Diet and Physical Activity of Chinese Youth) -Recruitment needs of subjects will be met. Data collection will continue until the assessment of genetic and family influences on eating behaviors with 400 Hispanic families with approximately 1200 of their children is complete. (Obesity Genetics Project) -Data will be collected until target subject goals is achieved Approximately 60 mother-infant pairs will be followed from 3 to 12 months of age in a protocol that uses laboratory-based observational and dietary measures to assess maternal influences on infant food intake regulation and growth during the first year of life. (Infant Self-Regulation Project) -Assess maternal influences on infant food intake regulation Enroll next 300 pregnant women and collect baseline data. Complete BREX at planned intervals, as well as body composition measurements, 3-day diet records (parents and day care providers), food frequency questionnaires, and infant motor development screens on sample. (Breastfeeding and Pediatric Overweight Project) Analyze data and write papers. (Mapping Adolescent Activity Project) -Analyze data Analyze relationships between the physical fitness patterns of the children and their metabolic risks focusing upon how the relationships differ by ethnicity and the influence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on the participants' fitness levels and risk factors. (Diet and Physical Activity Influence on Risk Factors Among Children) -Represent comparisons of key patterns and metabolic traits Determine age-related differences (childhood vs. young adulthood) in eating patterns associated with obesity. (Bogalusa Project) -Age-related differences in two age groups will be defined Prepare research reports. (Food Stamps and Reduction of Nutrition Risk) -Research reports will be presented for publication Conduct empirical analysis, and prepare research reports. (Economic Analysis of the Bogalusa Heart Study Participants) -Research reports will be composed and submitted Measure the frequency of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 genotypes in the sample. (Diet-Gene Interaction for Cancer Project) -Collect measurements and analyze data Analyze data and write papers. (Effect of Monetary Incentives on Log-on Rates to an Obesity Prevention Web Site Project) -Papers will be prepared and presented for publication Analyze data and write papers. (Computer Intervention Promoting Physical Activity to Adolescents) - Papers will be prepared and presented for publication Represent the data sets in a reduced number of dimensions (feature selection and extraction), use the "optimal" selected features with Euclidean and additive disparity measures, and develop and apply nonparametric and semi-parametric methods. (Time Series Modeling Project) -Develop new representations of data sets using various methods 4.What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY2004: None. Accomplishments for FY 2004 may be viewed on 6250-51000-038-00D. B. Other significant accomplishments, if any: None. Accomplishments for FY 2004 may be viewed on 6250-51000-038-00D. C. Significant activities that support special target populations: None. 5.Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. To provide a sense of history and continuity that ties this research project with that of the previous project, please refer to project (6250-51000-038-00D) for past accomplishments. 6.What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end-user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? None. 7.List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. None. Scientific Publications for FY 2004, may be viewed on CRIS 6250-51000-038-00D.