2006 Annual Report 4d.Progress report. This report serves to document research entitled Taxonomic and Progeny Evaluation of Mexico Cottons and Gossypium Species Hybrids that is conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and El Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones, Forestales, Agricola y Pecuarias (INIFAP). Additional details of the research can be found in the report for the parent CRIS 5303-21220-003-00D, Western Integrated Cropping Systems Research. Sixty years after the first in-depth studies of Gossypium in Mexico, increasing human population, modernization and urbanization have severely impacted the survival of G. hirsutum landraces and other Gossypium species in the country. Over a three year period, we explored several times the country of Mexico which is one of the primary centers of diversity of cotton. Collections from these explorations are established and maintained by INIFAP at Iguala Guerrero. This is the only and the most complete nursery of Gossypium species from the D genome for their preservation and study. The cotton germplasm in the collection-nursery is unique for its genetics and diverse constitution. These Gossypium species are sources of important genes for cotton improvement. In situ conservation of some of these species may be threatened. This trend will continue until even garden plants of cotton are extremely scarce. In addition, a rare Gossypium species (D8) on the edge of extinction is now located at this nursery. We continue with our evaluation studies of these cotton entries as well as hybridizations within the Gossypium A and D genome species in order to develop novel types of cottons. Results were presented at National and International meetings and a peer review manuscript was published in the journal of Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, and additional results are being collected from the nursery from the entries.