Table 4. Mean hourly earnings(1) by service occupational group and collective bargaining status, 1997
Occupation All
industries		 Private
industry		 State
and
local
government
Union Non-
union		 Diff-
eren-
tial(2)		 Union Non-
union		 Diff-
eren-
tial(2)		 Union Non-
union		 Diff-
eren-
tial(2)

All service occupations

 $13.44 $7.81 $5.63 $9.81 $7.19 $2.62 $15.71 $10.72 $4.99

  Protective service
  occupations

 18.38 10.62 7.76 11.12 8.07 3.05 18.85 13.46 5.39

    Firefighting
    occupations

 16.07 11.16 4.91 -- -- -- 16.07 11.19 4.88

    Police and detectives,
    public service

 20.27 15.58 4.69 -- 15.74 -- 20.27 15.58 4.69

    Sheriffs, bailiffs, and
    other law enforcement
    officers

 18.39 13.02 5.37 -- -- -- 18.39 13.03 5.36

    Correctional institution
    officers

 16.71 11.10 5.61 -- -- -- 16.71 11.32 5.39

    Guards and police,
    except public service

 11.73 7.82 3.91 11.10 7.76 3.34 13.07 10.26 2.81

  Food service
  occupations

 8.79 6.29 2.50 8.28 6.17 2.11 9.90 8.11 1.79

    Waiters and
    waitresses

 5.61 3.95 1.66 5.61 3.95 1.66 -- -- --

    Cooks

 10.50 8.02 2.48 10.61 8.00 2.61 10.40 8.25 2.15

    Food counter,
    fountain,
    and related
    occupations

 8.00 5.71 2.29 7.71 5.68 2.03 8.96 6.55 2.41

    Kitchen workers, food
    preparation

 8.92 7.06 1.86 8.74 7.01 1.73 9.97 7.34 2.63

    Food preparation
    occupations, n.e.c.(3)

 8.99 6.25 2.74 8.49 6.14 2.35 9.44 7.34 2.10

  Health service
  occupations

 10.11 7.99 2.12 8.80 7.92 0.88 12.14 8.48 3.66

    Health aides, except
    nursing

 12.19 8.86 3.33 10.99 8.85 2.14 12.90 8.87 4.03

    Nursing aides,
    orderlies, and
    attendants

 9.62 7.73 1.89 8.51 7.66 0.85 11.81 8.29 3.52

  Cleaning and building
  service occupations

 10.76 7.75 3.01 9.70 7.46 2.24 12.07 8.84 3.23

    Supervisors, cleaning
    and building service
    workers

 16.29 10.11 6.18 12.48 9.55 2.93 17.64 13.06 4.58

    Maids and housemen

 9.61 6.58 3.03 9.55 6.57 2.98 10.43 6.78 3.65

    Janitors and cleaners

 10.65 7.63 3.02 9.66 7.33 2.33 11.72 8.44 3.28

  Personal service
  occupations

 12.47 8.09 4.38 15.02 8.05 6.97 10.25 8.31 1.94

    Attendants,
    amusement and
    recreation facilities

 7.31 6.15 1.16 -- 6.05 -- 7.32 7.09 0.23

    Welfare service aides

 10.16 6.78 3.38 8.35 6.60 1.75 11.74 7.89 3.85

    Early childhood
    teachers' assistants

 8.67 7.31 1.36 7.92 6.64 1.28 8.73 8.06 0.67

    Child care workers,
    n.e.c.(3)

 9.71 7.81 1.90 7.88 7.70 0.18 10.18 8.14 2.04

    Service occupations,
    n.e.c.(3)

 10.49 6.85 3.64 9.70 6.72 2.98 11.34 8.96 2.38

Footnotes:
(1) Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours.
(2) Differentials are obtained by subtracting nonunion earnings from union earnings.
(3) n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may include data for categories not shown separately.