¹ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 2007. The Condition of Education 2007: Trends in the Achievement Gaps in Reading and Mathematics, Indicator 14. Available at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section2/indicator14.asp. Last accessed on July 31, 2007.

² Perie, M., Grigg, W. S., and Dion, G. S. 2005. The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics 2005 (NCES 2006–453). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.

³ North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. 2004. Perspectives on the Gaps; Fostering The Academic Success of Minority and Low-Income Students. Naperville, Ill.: Learning Points Associates.

⁴ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 2005. Digest of Education Statistics, 2004 (NCES 2006-005), Chapter 2.

⁵ Lemke, M., Sen, A., Pahlke, E., Partelow, L., Miller, D., Williams, T., Kastberg, D., and Jocelyn, L. 2004. International Outcomes of Learning in Mathematics Literacy and Problem Solving: PISA 2003 Results from the U.S. Perspective. (NCES 2005003). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2005003. Last accessed on Sept. 22, 2006.

⁶ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nde. Last accessed on Sept. 21, 2006.

⁷ Green, J. and Winters, M. 2005. Public High School Graduation and College Readiness Rates: 1991 to 2002. New York: Manhatten Institute for Policy Research.

⁸ Kazis, R., Pennington, H., and Conklin, K. D. 2003. Ready for Tomorrow: Helping All Students Achieve Secondary and Postsecondary Success, A Guide for Governors, p. 4. Washington, D.C.: National Governors Association Center for Best Practices.

⁹ Analyses of state charter school laws are published by the Center for Education Reform: http://www.edreform.com/index.cfm?fuseAction=claw. Last accessed on Sept. 21, 2006.

¹⁰ Smith, N. 2006. "National State of the Movement." Presentation at the 2006 National Charter Schools Conference, held in conjunction with the 13th annual California Charter Schools Association Conference, Feb. 28–March 3 in Sacramento, California.

¹¹ The Center for Education Reform. 2005. Charter Schools by the Numbers: Research Fact Sheet, Part I. http://www.edreform.com/index.cfm?fuseAction=document &documentID=2214§ionID=55. Last accessed on Sept. 20, 2006.

¹² Lake, R. and Hill, P. 2005, November. Hopes, Fears & Reality. A Balanced Look At American Charter Schools in 2005, p.2. Seattle: National Charter School Research Project, Center on Reinventing Public Education.

¹³ Adelman, C. 1999. Answers in the Tool Box: Academic Intensity, Attendance Patterns, and Bachelor's Degree Attainment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ Putnam, R. D. 1995. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital." Journal of Democracy 6, 65-78, as cited in Fisher, C. B. and R. M. Lerner (Eds.). 2005. Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science, p. 1006. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

¹⁶ Education Evolving. 2005. Education Finance: More Money or Different Spending Choices. What Factors Make a Difference? p. 7. St. Paul, Minn.: Author.

¹⁷ Walcott, C., Owens-West, R., and Makkonen, R. 2005. High School Reform: National and State Trends. San Francisco: WestEd. (Prepared for the California Teachers Association.)

¹⁸ Kirst, M. and A. Venezia (Eds.). 2004. From High School to College: Improving Opportunities for Success in Postsecondary Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

¹⁹ Filby, N. 2006. Approach to Methodological Rigor in the Innovation Guides. Working paper, WestEd, San Francisco.

²⁰ U.S. Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement. 2004. Successful Charter Schools. Washington, D.C.: Author.