(a) Administrative regulations, orders, rulings, approvals, and
interpretations are all grouped together in sections 9 and 10, with no
distinction being made in regard to their function under the ``good
faith'' defense. Accordingly, no useful purpose would be served by an
attempt to precisely define and distinguish each term from the others,
especially since some of these terms are often employed interchangeably
as having the same meaning.
(b) The terms ``regulation'' and ``order'' are variously used to
connote the great variety of authoritative rules issued pursuant to
statute by an administrative agency, which have the binding effect of
law, unless set aside upon judicial review as arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.102
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102 See Final Report of Attorney General's Committee on
Administrative Procedure, Senate Document No. 8, 77th Cong. 1st sess.
(1941) p. 27; 1 Vom Baur, Federal Administrative Law (1942) p. 486;
sections 2(c), 2(d) and 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5
U.S.C.A. section 1001.
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(c) The term ``interpretation'' has been used to describe a
statement ``ordinarily of an advisory character, indicating merely the
agency's present belief concerning the meaning of applicable statutory
language.'' 103 This would include bulletins, releases, and
other statements issued by an agency which indicate its interpretation
of the provisions of a statute.
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103 Final Report of the Attorney General's Committee on
Administrative Procedure, Senate Document No. 8, 77th Cong., 1st sess.
(1941), p. 27.
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(d) The term ``ruling'' commonly refers to an interpretation made by
an agency ``as a consequence of individual requests for rulings upon
particular questions.'' 104 Opinion letters of an agency
expressing opinions as to the application of the law to particular facts
presented by specific inquiries fall within this description.
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104 Final Report of the Attorney General's Committee,
page 27. To the same effect in 1 Vom Baur, Federal Administrative Law
(1942), p. 492.
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(e) The term ``approval'' includes the granting of licenses,
permits, certificates or other forms of permission by an agency,
pursuant to statutory authority.105
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105 See section 2(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5
U.S.C.A. sec. 1001.
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(f) The terms ``administrative regulation order, ruling, approval,
or interpretation'' connote affirmative action on the part of an
agency.106 A failure to act or a failure to reply to an
inquiry on the part of an administrative agency is not a ``regulation,
order, ruling, approval, or interpretation'' within the meaning of
sections 9 and 10.107 Thus, suppose that an employer writes a
letter to the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division, setting forth
the facts concerning his business. He goes on to state in his letter
that he believes his employees are not covered by the Fair Labor
Standards Act, and that unless he hears to the contrary from the
Administrator, he will not pay them in accordance with its provisions.
When the employer does not receive a reply to his letter within what he
regards as a reasonable time, he assumes that the Administrator agrees
with his (the employer's) interpretation of the Act and he acts
accordingly. The employer's reliance under such circumstances is not a
reliance upon an administrative regulation, order, ruling, approval or
interpretation, within the meaning of sections 9 and 10.
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106 See Final Report of Attorney General's Committee, p.
27; 1 Vom Baur, Federal Administrative Law, pp. 486, 492; Conference
Report, p. 16; statements of Representative Walter, 93 Cong. Rec. 4389;
statements of Representative Gwynne, 93 Cong. Rec. 1491; statements of
Senator Donnell, 93 Cong. Rec. 2185; President's message of May 14,
1947, on approval of the Portal-to-Portal Act (93 Cong. Rec. 5281).
107 That this is true on and after the effective date of
the Act is clear from the requirement in section 10 that the regulation,
order, ruling, approval or interpretation relied on must be that of the
Administrator in writing. As to section 9, the terms appear to have no
different meaning.
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(g) The affirmative action taken by the agency must be one which
actually results in a ``regulation, order, ruling, approval, or
interpretation.'' If for example, the agency declines to express an
opinion as to the application of the law in a particular fact situation,
the agency is refraining from interpreting the law rather than giving an
interpretation.108
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108 See Final Report of Attorney General's Committee on
Administrative Procedure, p. 33.
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(h) An employer does not have a defense under these two sections
unless the regulation, order, ruling, approval, or interpretation, upon
which he relies, is in effect and operation at the time of his reliance.
To the extent that it has been rescinded, modified, or determined by
judicial authority to be invalid, it is no longer a ``regulation, order,
ruling, approval, or interpretation,'' and, consequently, an employer's
subsequent reliance upon it offers him no defense under section 9 and
10.109 On the other hand, the last sentence in section 9 and
in section 10 expressly provides that where the employer's good faith
reliance on a regulation, order, ruling, approval or interpretation
occurs before it is rescinded,
modified, or determined by judicial authority to be invalid, his claim
of a ``good faith'' defense for such earlier period is not defeated by
the subsequent rescission or modification or by the subsequent
determination of invalidity.
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109 See House Report, p. 7, and statements of
Representative Gwynne, 93 Cong. Rec. 1491, 1492, 1563. It will be noted
that the provisions of section 12 of the Act, affording relief of
employers who acted in conformity with the invalidated ``area of
production'' regulations, would have been unnecessary if reliance could
be placed on a regulation no longer in effect. See statement of
Representative Gwynne, 93 Cong. Rec. 4388, and cf. remarks of Senator
McCarran, discussing the bill before section 12 was added by the
conference committee, 93 Cong. Rec. 2247.
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(i) To illustrate these principles, assume that the Administrator of
the Wage and Hour Division, in reply to an inquiry received from a
particular employer, sends him a letter, in which the opinion is
expressed that employees performing a particular type of work are not
covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act. The employer relied upon the
Administrator's letter and did not pay his employees who were engaged in
such work, in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act. Several months later the Administrator issues a general statement,
published in the Federal Register and given general distribution, that
recent court decisions have persuaded him that the class of employees
referred to above are within the coverage of the Fair Labor Standards
Act. Accordingly, the statement continues, the Administrator hereby
rescinds all his previous interpretations and rulings to the contrary.
The employer who had received the Administrator's letter, not learning
of the Administrator's subsequent published statement rescinding his
contrary interpretations, continued to rely upon the Administrator's
letter after the effective date of the published statement. Under these
circumstances, the employer would, from the date he received the
Administrator's letter to the effective date of the published statement
rescinding the position expressed in the letter, have a defense under
section 9 or 10, assuming he relied upon and conformed with that letter
in good faith. However, in spite of the fact that this employer did not
receive actual notice of the subsequent published statement, he has no
defense for his reliance upon the letter during the period after the
effective date of the public statement, because the letter, having been
rescinded, was no longer an ``administrative * * * ruling * * * or
interpretation'' within the meaning of sections 9 and 10.110
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110 See Final Report of Attorney General's Gwynne, 93 Cong.
Rec. 1563; colloquy between Representative Gwynne and Lee Pressman,
Hearings before House Subcommittee on the Judiciary, pp. 156-7.
The fact that an employer has no defense under section 9 or 10 of
the Portal Act in the situation stated in the text would not, of course,
preclude a court from finding that he acted in good faith having
reasonable grounds to believe he was not in violation of the law. In
such event, section 11 of the Act would permit the court to reduce or
eliminate the employer's liability for liquidated damages in an employee
suit. See Sec. 790.22.
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