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Chemical Sampling Information: |
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| Benzene |
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General Description
Synonyms: Diesel Exhaust Component; Benzol; Cyclohexatriene
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0320
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 71-43-2
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: CY1400000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101): 1114 130
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Benzene: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: Cancer Hazard 29 CFR 1910.1028 -- 1 ppm TWA; 5 ppm STEL; 0.5 ppm Action Level
NOTE: The benzene standard (1910.1028) applies to all occupational exposures to benzene except some subsegments of industry where exposures are consistently under the (Action Level) (i.e. distribution and sale of fuels, sealed containers and pipelines, coke production, oil and gas drilling and production, natural gas processing, and the percentage exclusion for liquid mixtures); for the excepted subsegments, the benzene limits in 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-2 apply.
TABLE Z-2: 10 ppm TWA; Also, exposures shall not exceed 25 ppm (ceiling) with the following exception: exposures may exceed 25 ppm, but not more than 50 ppm (peak), for a single time period up to 10 minutes for an 8-hour shift.
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.1128 requirements identical to 1910.1028.
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1028 requirements identical to 1910.1028.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.5 ppm TWA; 2.5 ppm STEL; Skin; Appendix A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogen; BEI
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 0.1 ppm TWA; 1 ppm STEL; Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Known to be a Human Carcinogen
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification:
Group 1, carcinogenic to humans
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 500 ppm
Potential symptoms: Eye, nose, respiratory system irritation; impairment of hearing; CNS disturbances; giddiness; headache; nausea; staggered gait; fatigue; anorexia; lassitude; seizures; unconsciousness; dermatitis; anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, infection or hemorrhage secondary to bone marrow depression; cardiac sensitization, dyspnea and tachycardia.
Health Effects: Leukemia (HE1); cumulative bone marrow damage (HE12); CNS depression (HE7, 8); respiratory arrest (HE11); cardiovascular collapse; aplastic anemia (HE12); Irritation (HE16); LDLo (oral, human) 130 mg/kg
Affected organs: Blood, CNS, skin, bone marrow, eyes, respiratory system, ears, cardiovascular system.
Date Last Revised: 01/29/2003
Literature Basis:
- (dermatitis, severe vomiting...)
Henderson, R.F.: Aromatic hydrocarbons - Benzene and other alkylbenzenes (Chapter 51). In: Patty's Toxicology, 5th Ed. Vol. 4., Bingham, E., Cohrssen, B., and Powell, C.H. eds. New York: John Willey & Sons, Inc., pp. 235-252, 2001.
- (CNS depression)
Robles, H.: Benzene. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Vol.1, Wexler, P. ed. New York: Academic Press, pp. 133-134, 1998.
- (coma, blisterring and respiratory arrest)
Landrigan, P.J., and Nicholson, W.J.: Benzene (Chapter 79). In: Environmental & Occupational Medicine, 3rd Ed., Rom W.N. ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott - Raven Publishers, pp. 1109-1113, 1998.
- (cardiovascular collapse)
Irons, R.D.: Benzene and other hemotoxins (Chapter 63). In: Hazardous Materials Toxicology, Clinical Principles of Environmental Health, J. B. Sullivan, Jr. and G. R. Krieger eds. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 718-728, 1992.
- (seizures, unconsciousness)
Benzene, International Chemical Safety Card
- (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, infection or hemorrhage)
ATSDR, Case Studies in Environmental Medicine, Course #SS3039
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Methods:
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sampling media: Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
alternate solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide:Dimethylformamide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min TWA
maximum volume: 0.75 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min STEL
minimum time: 15 Minutes maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min Ceiling
minimum time: 10 Minutes maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (Peak)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography;GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 1005)
method classification: Fully Validated
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sampling media: Diffusive Monitor (3M 3520 Orgainc Vapor Monitor)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
alternate solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide:Dimethylformamide
sampling time: 10 to 240 Min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography;GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 1005)
method classification: Fully Validated
note: Persons using diffusive samplers to monitor workplace air must ensure that the sampling devices are properly closed before transporting such devices to the laboratory for analysis. The device will continue to sample until properly closed. Diffusive sampler accessories used for analysis of samplers must be included with transported samples. Persons using such devices must provide sampling-site station barometric pressure and temperature to the analytical laboratory to improve accuracy of sampling results.
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sampling media: Diffusive Monitor (SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
alternate solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide:Dimethylformamide
sampling time: 10 to 240 Min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography;GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 1005)
method classification: Fully Validated
note: Persons using diffusive samplers to monitor workplace air must ensure that the sampling devices are properly closed before transporting such devices to the laboratory for analysis. The device will continue to sample until properly closed. Diffusive sampler accessories used for analysis of samplers must be included with transported samples. Persons using such devices must provide sampling-site station barometric pressure and temperature to the analytical laboratory to improve accuracy of sampling results.
On-Site Sampling Techniques/Methods:
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 121
sampling information: 1 to 4 strokes
upper measurement limit: 120 ppm
detection limit: 0.5 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16.4% for 5 to 20 ppm, 8.2% for 20 to 60 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (SEI Certified)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-118SC
sampling information: follow manufacturer's instructions
upper measurement limit: 100 ppm
detection limit: approximately 0.2 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (SEI Certified)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Benzene 5/b, order no. 67 28071
sampling information: 20 strokes
upper measurement limit: 50 ppm
detection limit: approximately 1 ppm
overall uncertainty: 25%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
Wipe sampling: Yes, with charcoal pad from 3M 3500 or 3520 Organic Vapor Monitor; Solvent: none
Bulk method:
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current analytical method: High performance liquid chromatography; HPLC/UV
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 12)
method classification: Fully Validated
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