September 29, 1995 MEMORANDUM TO: Bill Albee, FAA Rich Wilcox, EPA FROM: Sandy Webb, EEA SUBJECT: Technical Data to Support FAA's Advisory Circular on Reducing Emissions from Commercial Aviation Attached for your review is the draft document that presents technical data to support FAA's Advisory Circular on Reducing Emissions From Commercial Aviation. Data was collected and compiled in four main areas: commercial aircraft fleet emissions and strategies, conversion of GSE to alternative fuels (including electric), limiting the use of APUs, and fixed power and air conditioning systems at airport gates. As discussed previously, many of the data elements are in draft form and would benefit from manufacturer and industry review. In particular, it would be advantageous to have industry representatives evaluate GSE use, brake horsepower, fuel consumption, and cost inputs. There are gaps in much of this data, which industry should be able to fill. For APUs, we appreciate FAA's assistance in contacting AlliedSignal to confirm the emission factors contained in ENSR's memorandum and to authorize inclusion of the data in the advisory circular. It would be useful to have AlliedSignal also review APU calculation procedures, and industry representatives review APU use and cost data. Yesterday, EEA received average aircraft taxi data from FAA. These data were received too late to compile and review for incorporation into the attached draft document and airport database. Historical average taxi data was received from FAA's Office of Aviation Policy, Plans, and Management Analysis and includes airport location identification, OAG air carrier code, number of departures, number of arrivals, average taxi-in time, and average taxi-out time on a monthly basis. We do not have information on how the average taxi data was calculated. The file format and disk copy of the data file that FAA provided to EEA are included in Attachment 1. Because the data EEA requested of FAA on airports (Memorandum from S. Webb to B. Albee, FAA and R. Wilcox, EPA dated August 23, 1995) is coming from trade association surveys or hard copy reports filed with the FAA's Airports Division, data on only 50 airports is being provided for some data elements. As of today none of this information has been transmitted to EEA. Also, Airports Division was unable to provide other data elements, which we had originally hoped to compile. This includes the following data. Aircraft Gates - number of gates by airport - 400 Hz power/PCA status of gates by airport - 400 Hz power/PCA system installation, operating, and maintenance costs Helicopter Operations - number and type of helicopter operations by airport, county, or nonattainment area Enplanements - number of enplanements by airport for different aircraft categories (e.g., air carrier, air taxi, commuter, general aviation) Parking Spaces - the number of parking spaces by airport for employees and for passengers In addition to the draft report, a diskette copy of the airport database covering 521 airports is attached. The information included in this database is discussed in the report. Please call me at (703) 528-1900 with any questions or comments. Attachments: Technical Data to Support FAA's Advisory Circular on Reducing Emissions from Commercial Aviation, draft report. Airports Database Diskette Average Aircraft Taxi Data Diskette and file format (Wilcox only) cc: Annette Najjar, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. (w/o attachments) DRAFT TECHNICAL DATA TO SUPPORT FAA'S ADVISORY CIRCULAR ON REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL AVIATION Prepared for: U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY MOTOR VEHICLE AND FUEL EMISSIONS LABORATORY Ann Arbor, MI in cooperation with U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Washington, DC Prepared by: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS, INC. 1655 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 600 Arlington, Virginia 22209 September 29, 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page U.S. AIRPORTS WITH COMMERCIAL SERVICE. . . . . . . . . . . 2 EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . 3 COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 AUXILIARY POWER UNITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 U.S. Commercial Service Airport Database (Geographic Information and Aircraft Activity Data) Appendix 2 U.S. Commercial Service Airport Database (Ozone Nonattainment Status, Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment Status, and Ozone Transport Region) Appendix 3 U.S. Commercial Aircraft Example Fleet Rankings LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Emissions From Electric Power Consumption . . . 6 Table 2 U.S. Commercial Aircraft Example Fleet. . . . . 9 Table 3 GSE Equipment and Engine Data . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 4 Off-Road GSE Emission Factors . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 5 On-Road GSE Emission Factors. . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 6 Replacement GSE Capital, Operating, and Maintenance Cost Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 7 Conversion and Modification GSE Capital, Operating, and Maintenance Cost Inputs . . . . 23 Table 8 APUs and Commercial Aircraft Models . . . . . . 34 Table 9 Modal Emission Rates - Auxiliary Power Units. . 38 Table 10 Summary of APU Operating Times - 1990 . . . . . 40 Table 11 Average Aircraft Taxi Times . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 12 400 Hz Supply System Electric Power Consumption 51 Table 13 Typical 400 Hz Load Required By Various Aircraft 53 Table 14 PCA System Electric Consumption . . . . . . . . 55 Table 15 Summary of 400 Hz System Costs at San Francisco and Washington National . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Table 16 Sample Utility Cost Rates . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Table 17 Summary of PCA System Costs at Various Airports 58 Table 18 Estimated Costs and Emissions Per Gate For 400 Hz and PCA Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Page Table 19 Costs and Emissions From B737-300 APU Usage at One Gate 61 Table 20 Costs and Emissions For Example Case - 400 Hz and PCA Supply Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Table 21 Comparison of APU Usage to Ground 400 Hz Power and PCA System Usage For a B737-300 at LAX. . . . . . . . . . . . 64 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 U.S. Commercial Service Airports in Relation to U.S. Ozone Nonattainment Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 2 U.S. Commercial Service Airports in Relation to U.S. Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . 5 TECHNICAL DATA TO SUPPORT FAA'S ADVISORY CIRCULAR ON REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL AVIATION The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently developed an interim final Federal Implementation Plan control strategy for aircraft operations in the Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Ventura areas of California. In its comments to the EPA on it's California FIP proposal, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) supported the reduction of emissions from commercial aviation through three methods: conversion of ground support equipment (GSE) to alternative fuels, reduced use of auxiliary power units (APUs), and installation of electric power and air conditioning at gates to reduce the need for operating APUs. FAA also agreed to encourage aircraft operators to operate the cleanest practical fleets into the FIP areas. Although Congressional action deferred the proposed FIP for California, the EPA and FAA anticipate similar mandates in the forthcoming California State Implementation Plan (SIP) or a new EPA FIP if a conforming SIP is not produced before the scheduled deadline. Consequently, the EPA and FAA agree there is a need to continue the commercial aviation emission reduction initiative begun as part of the FIP. To this end, FAA plans to develop an advisory circular to encourage continuing progress in reducing emissions in the commercial aviation sector. Under contract to EPA, EEA has collected and compiled technical data for use in developing the advisory circular. Data needed to evaluate the reduction of emissions through the conversion of GSE to alternative fuels is provided including GSE types, fuels, emissions, capital costs, and operating and maintenance costs. Emission reductions through limiting use of APUs is discussed and data needed to quantify this benefit is provided including APU models, emissions, and operating and maintenance costs. To allow limited APU use at airport gates, fixed power and air condition systems are necessary. Data is provided on system functions, operational and design parameters, emissions, and costs for existing and future fixed systems. Finally, an example fleet of U.S. commercial aircraft is ranked using several different measures of their relative emissions. Data on U.S. airports having commercial air service has been compiled so that opportunities for reducing aviation emissions can be evaluated. This data includes information on each airport's local air quality (nonattainment status), the level of operational activity, and other indicators of the prospects for reducing aviation-related emissions. In addition, emissions from electric generation plants are discussed since these are important when considering electric GSE and fixed power and preconditioned air system emissions. [ See FAA-AC.PDF and FAA-APDX.PDF for rest of report and appendices. ]