NTIA TR- 99-361
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIOLOCATION SYSTEMS OPERATING IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND AND PROCEDURES FOR ASSESSING EMC WITH FIXED EARTH STATION RECEIVERS
Steven K. Jones
Robert L. Hinkle
Frank H. Sanders
Brad J. Ramsey
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
William M. Daley, Secretary
Gregory Rohde, Assistant Secretary
for Communications and Information
December 1999
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Approach 2
2.0 RADAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND 2
3.0 LOCATION OF RADAR OPERATIONS IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND 2
4.0 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADARS IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND 9
4.1 Shipboard Radars 9
4.1.1 Shipboard Radar Transmitters 9
4.1.2 Shipboard Radar Antennas 9
4.2 Airborne Radars 9
4.2.1 Airborne Radar Transmitter 10
4.2.2 Airborne Radar Antenna 10
4.3 Land-Based Radars 10
4.3.1 Land-Based Radar Transmitter 10
4.3.2 Land-Based Radar Antenna 10
5.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE MECHANISMS 12
5.1 Receiver Front-End Overload 12
5.2 Radar Transmitter Spurious Emission Coupling 12
6.0 ASSESSING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 12
6.1 Assessing the Potential for Receiver Front-End Overload 12
6.2 Assessing the Potential for EMI from Radar Spurious Emissions 14
7.0 METHODS FOR PRECLUDING OR MITIGATING RADAR EMI 16
7.1 Methods for Reducing the EMI Potential of Radar Transmitters 16
7.1.1 Emissions fitering 16
7.1.2 Operational guidelines 16
7.2 Methods for Reducing Earth Station Receiver Susceptibility to Radar Emissions 17
7.2.1 Site selection 17
7.2.2 RF filtering 17
7.2.3 Use of high performance antennas 17
7.2.4 Use of error-correction digital signal processing 17
8.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 17
Figure Page
1 Homeports, Shipyards, Maintenance Facilities, Test Ranges, and Other Fixed Sites. 6
2 Military Operating Areas, Restricted Areas, and Military Training Routes in the
United States 7
3 Frequency Dependent Rejection for Shipboard Radar A 15
4 Frequency Dependent Rejection for Shipboard Radar B 15
5 Frequency Response Curve for a Typical Commercial 3.7-4.2 GHz Bandpass Filter 18
Table Page
1 Shipboard Radar A Land-Based Test and Training Sites 3
2 Shipboard Radar B Land-Based Test and Training Sites 3
3 Shipboard Radars A and B Homeports 3
4 Naval At-Sea Operational Areas 4
5 Land-Based Radar Test and Training Sites 8
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Federal Government operates fixed and mobile radionavigation and radiolocation radar systems in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band in accordance with the U.S. National Table of Frequency Allocations (Table). The Table allocates the Government radiolocation service on a primary basis in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band. Overlapping this band, and extending above it, is a non-government primary allocation for the fixed-satellite service (FSS) from 3.6-4.2 GHz. Frequency assignments to non-government FSS systems in the 3.6-3.7 GHz band have been subject to an electromagnetic compatibility analysis, on a case-by-case basis, under Footnote US 245 to the Table. However, the 3.65-3.70 GHz band segment has recently been transferred from Federal control to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) under the provisions of the Omnibus Budget Reallocation Act of 1993 (OBRA 93). Federal frequency assignments have been withdrawn or limited to a non-interference basis by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) and Footnote US 245 no longer applies to the fixed-satellite assignments in this segment of the band. Although the 3.65-3.70 GHz is no longer allocated to the Government Radiolocation service, some of the Federal radars that were operating in this portion of the band are permitted to continue operations under the "mixed use" allocation status specified in OBRA 93. In addition, radar operations aboard US Navy ships at sea may continue to operate up to 3.7 GHz on a non-interference basis. For these reasons, the frequency range considered in this report is 3.1-3.7 GHz.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of reported cases of electromagnetic interference (EMI) to 3.7-4.2 GHz FSS earth stations from radar stations operating in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band. The increase in reported interference cases has been largely attributed to the rapid growth of television receive-only (TVRO) and audio distribution receive-only (ADRO) earth stations, and the trend towards the use of digital modulations by satellite systems. As the FSS expands their use of spectrum below 3.65 GHz, EMI interactions are anticipated to further increase. Since the radars involved in the reported interference cases have been Federal Government systems, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has investigated the causes of such interference and developed recommended solutions to these problems.
To identify the causes of and potential solutions to these reported interference cases, NTIA has sponsored several measurement and analysis efforts.(1),(2) In addition to the measurement and analysis efforts, a joint working group was formed in August 1997, co-chaired by NTIA and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), to discuss these EMI issues and recommend solutions. One recommendation provided by this working group was to gather technical data on Government radars operating in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band, in particular, those radars that operate near the upper band edge, and to make this information available to the FCC for dissemination to the private sector, in particular, to current and prospective operators of adjacent band satellite earth stations.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of this report were to: 1) identify operational characteristics of representative Government radars operating in the 3.1-3.7 GHz frequency band,(3) 2) outline a procedure for assessing the potential for EMI from these radars to adjacent-band FSS earth station receivers, and 3) identify methods for mitigating any received EMI.
1.3 Approach
Operating characteristics of radar transmitters in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band were provided for representative systems. Where applicable, installation locations and operational areas were defined. A method was presented for assessing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between these radar systems and FSS earth station receivers operating, or planned for operation, in the 3.6-4.2 GHz band. Methods for precluding or mitigating EMI from adjacent-band radars were discussed.
2.0 RADAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND
High power, highly mobile, shipboard, airborne, and land-based radars operate in the 3.1-3.7 GHz frequency band throughout the world. Functions performed include the search and tracking of near-surface and high-altitude airborne projectiles, sea surveillance, and tracking of airborne objects.
3.0 LOCATION OF RADAR OPERATIONS IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND
Ship and aircraft radar platforms are highly mobile and their on-board high-power radar systems are designed to cover broad areas consistent with their mission to defend the United States. Routine naval operations are more limited geographically than airborne operations and occur principally in coastal areas, shipyards, and training ranges. Accordingly, radars operating in these areas present a potential for EMI to fixed earth station receivers that can be somewhat more predictable. Tables 1 and 2 identify land-based locations in the United States where testing and training operations for two of the most prevalent shipboard radars, denoted as radars A and B, are conducted. Table 3 lists locations where testing and maintenance of these radar systems can occur when the host ship is in port. Table 4 identifies "at-sea" operational areas (OPAREAs) where training exercises and system qualification tests are routinely conducted. Figure 1 graphically depicts areas where the above-described testing, training, and maintenance operations occur within the continental United States (CONUS), Hawaii and the Carribean. A 150-km contour, consistent with the maximum range of the radar systems examined in this paper, has been drawn around each radar site to indicate areas where these radars may interact with adjacent-band users. For the "at-sea" OPAREAs, the solid line represents the OPAREA boundary and the dashed line depicts the boundary of an area in which adjacent band users could be affected by radar operations. Any satellite earth station planned for operation within the bounds of one or more of these contours should assess the potential for EMI from radar operations in the adjacent band.
Table 1. Shipboard Radar A Land-Based Test and Training Sites.
Table 2. Shipboard Radar B Land-Based Test and Training Sites.
Table 3. Shipboard Radars A and B Home Ports.
Table 4. Naval At-Sea Operational Areas
Note that while Figure 1 depicts areas where naval shipboard radar operations are common, the high mobility and National Defense mission of Navy ships extends the potential operational area to include all waters, and thereby all coastal areas, of the United States and Possessions (US&P). Thus, earth stations outside of the 150-km contours indicated in Figure 1, particularly those within 150 km of the US&P coast, should be aware of potential interactions with mobile shipboard radars.
Airborne operations of radar systems in this band can occur anywhere in the US&P. Figure 2 shows the existing nominal military operating areas (MOAs), restricted areas (RAs), and military training routes (MTRs) where military flights are most likely, although specific missions may require unscheduled airborne radar system operations in this band anywhere in the US&P at anytime, day or night. Note that at nominal altitudes of 30 thousand feet, the radio line-of-sight extends for hundreds of kilometers beyond the areas and routes shown in Figure 2. Spurious emissions from these radars are typically suppressed due to the need to eliminate clutter and other unwanted transmitted energy and the requirement to operate in hostile electromagnetic environments. As a result of the low spurious emissions associated with these radars, the potential for EMI interactions with other spectrum users is reduced considerably.
The land-based radars operating in this band are normally fielded in a tactical deployment; however, they are also used for testing and training purposes at a number of locations within CONUS. These locations are listed in Table 5.
| Fort Lewis, WA | ||
| Yakima Firing Center, WA | ||
| Fort Carson, CO | ||
| Fort Riley, KS | ||
| Fort Shafter, HI | ||
| Hunter AAF, GA | ||
| Fort Gillem, GA | ||
| Fort Benning, GA | ||
| Fort Stewart, GA | ||
| Fort Rucker, AL | ||
| Yuma Proving Grounds, AZ | ||
| Fort Hood, TX | ||
| Fort Knox, KY | ||
| Fort Bragg, NC | ||
| Fort Campbell, KY | ||
| Fort Polk, LA | ||
| Fort Leonard Wood, MO | ||
| Fort Irwin, CA | ||
| Fort Sill, OK | ||
| Fort Bliss, TX | ||
| Fort Leavenworth, KS | ||
| Fort Drum, NY | ||
| Fort Gordon, GA | ||
| Fort McCoy, WI | ||
| Fort Dix, NJ | ||
| Parks Reserve Forces Training Area, CA | ||
| Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD | ||
| Fort Huachuca, AZ | ||
| Fort Monmouth, NJ | ||
| Picatinny Arsenal, NJ | ||
| Redstone Arsenal, AL | ||
| White Sands Missile Range, NM | ||
| Army Research Laboratory, MD | ||
| Fort Hunter Ligget, CA | ||
| Kelly Support Facility, PA |
4.0 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADARS IN THE 3.1-3.7 GHz BAND
Representative characteristics of Government radiolocation systems in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band are provided in Table 6. The data are sufficient for general calculations to assess the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between the radars and adjacent-band FSS systems.
4.1 Shipboard Radars
Two representative types of shipboard radars operating in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band are depicted in Table 6 as Radar A and Radar B. Radar A is typical of the primary Air Traffic Control system aboard U.S. aircraft carriers. Radar B is typical of the multi-function radars deployed aboard escort ships. Operational areas of these shipboard radars include both littoral regions and the high seas. These radars typically are operated on a 24-hour schedule. Up to ten of type B radars may operate simultaneously during escort missions. In addition to being located on shipboard platforms, there are fixed installations of these shipboard radars located on land that are used for training and testing, as listed in Tables 1 and 2. Also, routine maintenance and testing operations require that these radars be activated occasionally in certain ports.
4.1.1 Shipboard Radar Transmitters
Radar A transmits in the 3.5-3.7 GHz band with a peak power of 1 MW. Radar B transmits in the 3.1-3.5 GHz band with a peak power of 4 MW and uses a combination of phase modulation and frequency hopping. Radar B emissions are frequency agile over ten bands, each 40 MHz wide, designated as bands 1 through 10. The sequence of variable pulse widths is random.
4.1.2 Shipboard Radar Antennas
Radar A uses a mechanically rotating reflector type antenna with an azimuth beamwidth of 1.5 and fan beam in elevation from 5.8 to 45 with a mainbeam gain of 32 dBi. The nominal antenna height is 46 meters above the ships water line. Radar B uses four planar electronically-steered phased-array antennas to provide 360 coverage with a mainbeam gain of 42 dBi. The nominal height of the Radar B antenna is 20 meters above the ships water line.
4.2 Airborne Radars
The technical characteristics of an example airborne radar that operates within the
3.1-3.7 GHz band are also given in Table 6. Airborne radars are used to conduct long-range surveillance and target tracking. Aircraft carrying these radars are capable of worldwide operations. They typically are operated at about 30,000 feet (though the radar will also be in operation while climbing to, and descending from nominal operating altitude) and can be operated for extended periods of up to 12 hours. In some situations constant surveillance is maintained on a 24-hour-per-day basis.
4.2.1 Airborne Radar Transmitter
The example airborne radar transmitter uses a klystron output device which emits a relatively "clean" spectrum with improved unwanted emission characteristics; however, the use of such output devices is not always feasible, depending on the overall radar architecture and mission-driven system parameters. For example, solid state output devices may offer other operational advantages at the cost of higher spurious outputs. Typical peak output power of airborne radar transmitters can be as high as 1 MW.
4.2.2 Airborne Radar Antenna
The antenna used by the example airborne radar system is a large, slotted waveguide array assembly mounted atop of the airframe. It provides a 40 dBi mainbeam gain with an estimated sidelobe gain of -10 dBi. The nominal operation height of aircraft equipped with this radar is 30,000 feet above ground level.
4.3 Land-Based Radars
The technical characteristics for an example land-based radar system operating in this band are listed in Table 6. The system is an artillery locating radar used by US Army field artillery units. It is used to detect and track incoming projectiles and provide the location of the source and the point of impact. The radar is capable of operation in either single frequency or frequency agile modes in the 3.11-3.39 GHz segment of the band.
4.3.1 Land-Based Radar Transmitter
The example radar transmitter employs a two-stage amplifier chain comprised of a solid-state first stage and a liquid-cooled traveling-wave tube (TWT) second stage. A crystal-controlled frequency synthesizer generates 15 frequencies, spaced 20 MHz apart, from 3.11 to 3.39 GHz. Both search and track waveforms have nonlinear frequency modulation (FM) coding.
4.3.2 Land-Based Radar Antenna
The example land-based radar set antenna is a phased array with phase scanning in both azimuth and elevation. The antenna is 2.36 meters wide by 3.66 meters high. Three beams are formed; a sum beam (used on transmit and receive) and monopulse beams in azimuth and elevation. An auxiliary beam for coherent sidelobe cancellation is also available.
| CHARACTERISTIC | SHIPBOARD SYSTEMS | AIRBORNE SYSTEM | LAND-BASED SYSTEM | RADAR A | RADAR B |
| Modulation | P0N | Q7N | Q7N | P0N |
| Tuning Range (GHz) | 3.5-3.7 | 3.1-3.5 | --- | 3.1-3.4 |
| Peak Transmitter Power into Antenna (MW) | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0.12 |
| Pulse Width (sec) | 1.0 | 3.2-51.2 | 1, 25 | 10.75 |
| Pulse Repetition Rate (kHz) | 1.125 | 0.152-6.0 | 2 | 2793.3 to 5050.51 |
| Compression Ratio | N/A | --- | 250 | --- |
| Duty Cycle (%) | 0.001 | 0.8-2.0 | 5 | 0.041 |
| Transmitter 3-dB Bandwidth (MHz) | 4, 16.6 | 4 | >30 | 1 (Narrowband); 10 (Wideband) |
| Mainbeam Antenna Gain (dBi) | 32 | 42 | 40 | 36 |
| Antenna Type | Reflector | Phased Array | Slotted Waveguide Array | Phase Scan Array |
| Antenna Beamwidth (deg.) (Horizontal/Vertical) | 4.4/1.75 | 1.7/1.7 | 1.2/3.5 | --- |
| Nominal Antenna Height | 46 m | 20 m | 30,000 ft | --- |
| Max Vert. Scan (deg.) | NA | 90 | 60 | 30 |
| Horizontal Scan Type | Rotating | N/A | Rotating | N/A |
| Max Horizontal Scan (deg.) | 360 | 360 | 360 | 90 |
| Horizontal Scan Rate (deg./sec.) | 90 | --- | 36 | --- |
| Polarization | --- | V | --- | V |
| N/A = Not Applicable --- = Not Available | ||||
5.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE MECHANISMS
Investigations of several interference cases have identified two primary EMI coupling mechanisms between radar stations in the 3.1-3.7 GHz band and adjacent-band fixed-satellite service earth stations. These are front-end overload in the earth station receiver, and radar transmitter spurious emissions. A detailed discussion of the interference mechanisms are provided in Reference 1, which is available on the worldwide web at www.its.bldrdoc.gov.
5.1 Receiver Front-End Overload
This mechanism occurs when energy from the fundamental frequency (necessary emissions) of an undesired signal saturates the low noise amplifier (LNA) in the victim receiver front-end, resulting in gain compression of the desired signal sufficient to degrade performance. Receiver front-end overload is typically a result of inadequate RF selectivity ahead of the LNA in the front-end of the victim FSS earth station receiver.
5.2 Radar Transmitter Spurious Emission Coupling
This form of interference occurs when out-of-band or spurious energy emitted from the radar transmitter falls within the passband of the FSS earth station receiver. This energy then passes through the receiver front-end with little or no attenuation. When the undesired emission levels are high relative to the desired signal level, a performance degradation to the receiver can occur. A dominant factor affecting the level of spurious emissions from a radar system is the type of transmitter output device employed.
6.0 ASSESSING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC)
Analysis procedures for assessing the EMC between the Government radar stations and the adjacent-band earth stations are presented in Reference 1 for each of the interference mechanisms discussed in this paper. These procedures are summarized in the following paragraphs.
6.1 Assessing the Potential for Receiver Front-End Overload
The input threshold at which receiver front-end overload occurs is a function of the 1-dB gain compression (saturation) level and the gain of the front-end LNA. Specifically:
where:
T = input threshold at which receiver front-end overload occurs, dBm
C = output 1-dB gain compression (saturation) level of the LNA, dBm (typically +10 dBm)
G = the LNA gain at the radar fundamental frequency, dB.
A typical range of values for T is -55 to -40 dBm, depending on the gain of the LNA.
A potential for interference from receiver front end overload will exist whenever
where:
Imax = the maximum fundamental frequency radar signal level referenced to the input of
the earth station receiver, in dBm
T = input threshold at which receiver front-end overload occurs, in dBm
FDRRF = frequency dependent rejection of the radar fundamental from any RF selectivity
that may be ahead of the LNA or that may be inherent in the LNA itself, in dBc.
The propagation path loss required to preclude front-end overload to an earth station receiver from adjacent-band radar emissions can then be determined as follows:
where:
LP = the propagation path loss between transmitting and receiving antennas necessary
to preclude front-end overload from radar emissions, in dB
PT = the peak power of the radar transmitter under analysis (from Table 1), dBm
GT = the main beam antenna gain of the radar under analysis (from Table 1), dBi
GR(ø) = the earth station antenna gain in the direction of the radar station under analysis,
dBi(4)
LT = the insertion loss in the radar station transmitter, in dB (2 dB assumed)
LR = the insertion loss in the earth station receiver, in dB (0 dB assumed)
Imax = the maximum radar fundamental signal level, referenced to the input of the earth
station receiver, which precludes front-end overload, dBm.
Once the required propagation loss is determined, an appropriate propagation model should be utilized to determine the necessary distance separation. Two propagation models utilized by NTIA are contained in the Microcomputer Spectrum Analysis Model (MSAM) package, available at http://ntiacsd.ntia.doc.gov/msam. One of these propagation models, the Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model (TIREM), will predict the propagation loss as a function of the existing terrain profile between the radar transmitter and the earth station receiver site. TIREM considers topographic features only and will not account for buildings or other man-made obstructions that may exist along the propagation path. The second model, NLAMDA, calculates the propagation loss assuming a smooth Earth (e.g., no topographic features) and thus yields more conservative propagation loss estimates than those obtained from the TIREM model.
6.2 Assessing the Potential for EMI from Radar Spurious Emissions
The propagation path loss required to preclude spurious emission interference to an FSS earth station receiver from adjacent-band radar emissions can be determined from:
where:
LP = the propagation path loss between transmitting and receiving antennas necessary
to preclude interference from radar spurious emissions, in dB
C/I = the carrier-to-interference ratio at the predetector input (IF output) necessary to
maintain acceptable performance criteria, dB (+12 dB nominal)
C = the received carrier signal level at the FSS earth station antenna output, dBm
(-105 to -95 dBm with -100 dBm nominal)
PT = the peak power of the radar transmitter under analysis (from Table 3), dBm
GT = the main beam antenna gain of the radar under analysis (from Table 3), dBi
GR(ø) = the FSS earth station antenna gain in the direction of the radar station under
analysis, dBi (see footnote 4 in previous section)
LT = the insertion loss in the radar station transmitter, in dB (2 dB assumed)
LR = the insertion loss in the earth station receiver, in dB (0 dB assumed)
FDRIF = the frequency-dependent rejection of the radar unwanted emissions provided by
the receiver IF selectivity, dBc.
The FDR value to be used in Equation 4 can be determined from Figure 2 for shipboard radar A and Figure 3 for shipboard radar B, which are based on measured emission spectra. The FDR shown in these figures is based on a nominal receiver IF bandwidth of 25 MHz, assuming an ideal bandpass filter. Once the required propagation loss is determined, an appropriate propagation model should be utilized to determine whether the necessary propagation loss will be realized. A brief description of these models and the Internet location where they can be accessed is given in the previous section.
Measured FDR data for the example airborne radar is not provided in this report; however, the example airborne radar transmitter utilizes a klystron output device with typical spurious emission levels on the order of -110 to -120 dBc in a 1 MHz bandwidth.(5) To date, there have been no reported cases of interference from this radar to earth stations operating above 3.6 GHz via transmitter spurious emission coupling due to the low spurious emission levels. However, this conclusion may not be valid if training, or other operations, require that several typical airborne radars operate simultaneously in the same electromagnetic environment or when airborne radars must operate within line-of-sight of land or sea based radars.
Measured FDR data for the example land-based radar is also not provided in this report; however, it's transmitter utilizes a traveling-wave tube (TWT) output device which has spurious emission levels on the order of -105 to -115 dBc in a 1 MHz bandwidth (see Reference 5). Because of the low spurious levels and the fact that the example land-based radar will be well removed in frequency from an FSS earth station receiver, interference interactions are very unlikely. To date, there have been no reported incidents of interference interactions between this radar and earth station receivers.
7.0 METHODS FOR PRECLUDING OR MITIGATING RADAR EMI
The adjacent-band EMI interactions described in this paper, can for the most part, be precluded or mitigated by utilizing a combination of techniques applied to both the interfering transmitter and the victim receiver. The following discussion offers some suggested methods for mitigating EMI between these adjacent-band systems.
7.1 Methods for Reducing the EMI Potential of Radar Transmitters
7.1.1 Emission filtering
The spurious emission characteristics of a radar transmitter typically can be improved through additional filtering. The disadvantages of this technique are: 1) emission filters capable of handling the "high power" signals of a radar are typically bulky, heavy, and expensive; 2) because a radar normally uses the same antenna system to transmit and to receive, burdensome configurations might be needed to avoid incurring the filter insertion losses twice; and 3) whether or not additional filtering is feasible is highly dependent upon the particular platform and radar system requirements. Nevertheless, the U.S. Navy has installed emission filters in all of the shipboard type A radars in its inventory in an attempt to mitigate adjacent-band EMI interactions. Retrofitting emission filters in the shipboard type B radar system is not feasible due to technical problems associated with the phased-array antennas.
Airborne platforms may have severe weight and space limitations, in addition to output device constraints, that may encumber the retrofitting of emission filters. The transmitter system used by the typical example airborne radar system operating in this band, which may or may not be applicable to other airborne radars with different operational requirements, demonstrates very good spurious emission characteristics, attributable to the klystron output device utilized, and therefore does not require additional filtering. The land-based radar also does not require filtering due to low spurious emission levels produced by the TWT output device.
7.1.2 Operational guidelines
Guidelines for operation in areas where a potential for adjacent-band EMI exists can be an effective mitigation technique. Currently, the U.S. Navy adheres to voluntary operational guidelines (e.g., reduced power operation, sector blanking, and channel limitations) on shipboard radars when used near U.S. coast lines and within ports. This mitigation technique is not applicable to airborne platforms, particularly since their missions often specifically require, but do not limit, their operation to around national borders and coastlines.
7.2 Methods for Reducing Earth Station Receiver Susceptibility to Radar Emissions
7.2.1 Site selection
The most effective technique for precluding EMI from adjacent band radar systems is the careful selection of sites for FSS earth station receivers. Sites should be selected that provide adequate distance separation or site shielding between an FSS earth station antenna and any high-power radar transmitter in the environment. The information in Tables 1 through 4, and in Figure 1 can be used to aid in site selection. In selecting sites in areas where radars are known to exist, maximum use should be made of natural or man-made shielding between the antennas. Equations 3 and 4 can help to determine the required path loss for precluding EMI from receiver front-end overload and spurious emissions, respectively. Once determined, site locations can be evaluated based on achieving this required propagation path loss from a combination of distance separation and shielding attenuation.
7.2.2 RF filtering
Based on the cases investigated to date, EMI from receiver front-end overload can be precluded by improving the receiver's RF selectivity ahead of the LNA. A bandpass filter can be installed ahead of the receiver LNA at a relatively low cost (on the order of $400). Figure 4 shows a frequency response curve for a commercially available 3.7-4.2 GHz bandpass filter. Installation of a similar filter has been shown to be very effective in eliminating receiver front-end overload as an EMI mechanism.
7.2.3 Use of high performance antennas
The use of shrouded parabolic and horn antennas in areas where a potential for EMI from radars exists can also be an effective mitigation technique. These antennas provide greater directivity toward the desired satellite and reduce the gain of undesired energy in the receiver antenna sidelobe region. This assumes that the earth station site is selected such that the receive antenna will not point in the direction of the radar.
7.2.4 Use of error-correction digital signal processing
Advanced digital signal processing techniques, such as forward error correction coding and bit
interleaving, can be very effective in reducing the susceptibility of an FSS earth station receiver to EMI from adjacent-band radars and from other interference sources.
8.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Additional information regarding U.S. Government radio operations can be obtained by writing to the Office of Spectrum Management, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, HCHB Room 4099, Washington, DC 20230.
1. National Telecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, NTIA Report 94-313, Analysis of Electromagnetic Compatibility Between Radar Stations and 4 GHz Fixed-Satellite Earth Stations (July 1994).
2. National Telecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Summary of Measurements and Tests Related to RF Interference at Bath, Maine (September 1997).
3. The radar operational and technical characteristics presented in the report are representative as of the date of the report. This report will be updated as the electromagnetic environment changes.
4. 47 CFR � 25.209 specifies earth station antenna gain as [32 - 25 log10 (ø)] dBi for 1o <= ø <= 48o and -10 dBi for 48o <= ø <= 180o.
5. International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation M.1314, Reduction of Spurious Emissions of Radar Systems Operating in the 3 GHz and 5 GHz Bands, Annex 1, at 5 (1997).