Test Procedures for Testing Highway and Nonroad Engines and
Omnibus Technical Amendments [[pp. 40569-40612]]
[Federal Register: July 13, 2005 (Volume 70, Number 133)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 40569-40612]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr13jy05-23]
[[pp. 40569-40612]]
Test Procedures for Testing Highway and Nonroad Engines and
Omnibus Technical Amendments
[[Continued from page 40568]]
[[Page 40569]]
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TR13JY05.031
Example:
yref = 1205.3
y = 1123.8
[sigma]ref = 9.399
[sigma]y = 10.583
Nref = 11
N = 7
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t = 16.63
[sigma]ref = 9.399
[sigma]y = 10.583
Nref = 11
N = 7
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v = 11.76
(2) For a paired t-test, calculate the t statistic and its number
of degrees of freedom, v, as follows, noting that the
[epsi]i are the errors (e.g., differences) between each pair
of yrefi and yi:
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Example:
[epsi]8 = -0.12580
N = 16
[sigma][epsiv]
= 0.04837
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t = 10.403
v = N - 1
Example:
N = 16
[ngr]
= 16 - 1
[ngr]
= 15
(3) Use Table 1 of this section to compare t to the
tcrit values tabulated versus the number of degrees of
freedom. If t is less than tcrit, then t passes the t-test.
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.602.--Critical t Values Versus Number of Degrees
of Freedom, [ngr]
\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Confidence
[ngr]
---------------------
90% 95%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1................................................. 6.314 12.706
2................................................. 2.920 4.303
3................................................. 2.353 3.182
4................................................. 2.132 2.776
5................................................. 2.015 2.571
6................................................. 1.943 2.447
7................................................. 1.895 2.365
8................................................. 1.860 2.306
9................................................. 1.833 2.262
10................................................ 1.812 2.228
11................................................ 1.796 2.201
12................................................ 1.782 2.179
13................................................ 1.771 2.160
14................................................ 1.761 2.145
15................................................ 1.753 2.131
16................................................ 1.746 2.120
18................................................ 1.734 2.101
20................................................ 1.725 2.086
22................................................ 1.717 2.074
24................................................ 1.711 2.064
26................................................ 1.706 2.056
28................................................ 1.701 2.048
30................................................ 1.697 2.042
35................................................ 1.690 2.030
40................................................ 1.684 2.021
50................................................ 1.676 2.009
70................................................ 1.667 1.994
100............................................... 1.660 1.984
1000+............................................. 1.645 1.960
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Use linear interpolation to establish values not shown here.
(g) F-test. Calculate the F statistic as follows:
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Example:
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F = 1.268
(1) For a 90% confidence F-test, use Table 2 of this section to
compareF to the Fcrit90 values tabulated versus (N-1)
and(Nref-1). If F is less than Fcrit90, thenF
passes the F-test at 90% confidence.
(2) For a 95% confidence F-test, use Table 3 of this section to
compareF to the Fcrit95 values tabulated versus (N-1)
and(Nref-1). If F is less than Fcrit95, thenF
passes the F-test at 95% confidence.
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
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[[Page 40573]]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-C
(h) Slope. Calculate a least-squares regression
slope,a1y, as follows:
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Example:
N = 6000
y1 = 2045.8
y = 1051.1
yref 1 = 2045.0
yref = 1055.3
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a1y = 1.0110
(i) Intercept. Calculate a least-squares regression intercept,
a0y, as follows:
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Example:
y = 1050.1
a1y = 1.0110
yref = 1055.3
a0y = 1050.1 - (1.0110 [middot]
1055.3)
a0y = 16.8083
(j) Standard estimate of error. Calculate a standard estimate of
error, SEE, as follows:
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Example:
N = 6000
y1 = 2045.8
a0y = -16.8083
a1y = 1.0110
yref1= 2045.0
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SEEy = 5.348
(k) Coefficient of determination.Calculate a coefficient of
determination, r2, as follows:
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Example:
N = 6000
y1 = 2045.8
a0y = 16.8083
a1y = 1.0110
yref1 = 2045.0
y = 1480.5
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(l) Flow-weighted mean concentration. In some sections of this
part, you may need to calculate a flow-weighted mean concentration to
determine the applicability of certain provisions. A flow-weighted mean
is the mean of a quantity after it is weighted proportional to a
corresponding flow rate. For example, if a gas concentration is
measured continuously from the raw exhaust of an engine, its flow-
weighted mean concentration is the sum of the products of each recorded
concentration times its respective exhaust molar flow rate, divided by
the sum of the recorded flow rate values. As another example, the bag
concentration from a CVS system is the same as the flow-weighted mean
concentration because the CVS system itself flow-weights the bag
concentration. You might already expect a certain flow-weighted mean
concentration of an emission at its standard based on previous testing
with similar engines or testing with similar equipment and instruments.
If you need to estimate your expected flow-weighted mean concentration
of an emission at its standard, we recommend using the following
examples as a guide for how to estimate the flow-weighted mean
concentration expected at the standard. Note that these examples are
not exact and that they contain assumptions that are not always valid.
Use good engineering judgement to determine if you can use similar
assumptions.
(1) To estimate the flow-weighted mean raw exhaust NOX
concentration from a turbocharged heavy-duty compression-ignition
engine at a NOX standard of 2.5 g/(kW[middot]hr), you may do
the following:
(i) Based on your engine design, approximate a map of maximum
torque versus speed and use it with the applicable normalized duty
cycle in the standard-setting part to generate a reference duty cycle
as described in Sec. 1065.610. Calculate the total reference work,
Wref, as described in Sec. 1065.650. Divide the reference
work by the duty cycle's time interval, [Delta]tdutycycle,
to determine mean reference power, Pref.
(ii) Based on your engine design, estimate maximum
power,Pmax, the design speed at maximum power,
fnmax, the design maximum intake manifold boost pressure,
pinmax, and temperature, Tinmax. Also, estimate
an mean fraction of power that is lost due to friction and pumping,
Pfrict. Use this information along with the engine
displacement volume, Vdisp, an approximate volumetric
efficiency, [eta]V, and the number of engine strokes per
power stroke (2-stroke or 4-stroke), Nstroke to estimate the
maximum raw exhaust molar flow rate,nexhmax.
(iii) Use your estimated values as described in the following
example calculation:
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Example:
eNOX = 2.5 g/(kW [middot]
hr)
Wref = 11.883 kW [middot]
hr
MNOX = 46.0055 g/mol = 46.0055 [middot]
10-6 g/
[mu]mol
[Delta]tdutycycle = 20 min = 1200 s
P ref = 35.65 kW
P frict = 15%
Pmax = 125 kW
pmax = 300 kPa = 300000 Pa
Vdisp = 3.011 = 0.0030 m3
fnmax = 2800 rev/min = 46.67 rev/s
Nstroke = 4 1/rev
[eta]V = 0.9
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[middot]K)
Tmax = 348.15 K
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n exhmax = 6.53 mol/s
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X exp = 189.4 [mu]mol/mol
(2) To estimate the flow-weighted mean NMHC concentration in a CVS
from a naturally aspirated nonroad spark-ignition engine at an NMHC
standard of 0.5 g/(kW[middot]hr), you may do the following:
(i) Based on your engine design, approximate a map of maximum
torque versus speed and use it with the applicable normalized duty
cycle in the standard-setting part to generate a reference duty cycle
as described in Sec. 1065.610. Calculate the total reference work,
Wref, as described in Sec. 1065.650.
(ii) Multiply your CVS total molar flow rate by the time interval
of the duty cycle, [Delta]tdutycycle. The result is the
total diluted exhaust flow of the ndexh.
(iii) Use your estimated values as described in the following
example calculation:
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Example:
eNMHC = 1.5 g/(kW[middot]hr)
Wref = 5.389 kW[middot]hr
MNMHC = 13.875389 g/mol = 13.875389 [middot]
10-6
g/[mu]mol
n dexh = 6.021 mol/s
[Delta]tdutycycle = 30 min = 1800 s
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X NMHC = 53.8 [mu]mol/mol
Sec. 1065.610 Duty cycle generation.
This section describes how to generate duty cycles that are
specific to your engine, based on the normalized duty cycles in the
standard-setting part. During an emission test, use a duty cycle that
is specific to your engine to command engine speed, torque, and power,
as applicable, using an engine dynamometer and an engine operator
demand. Paragraph (a) of this section describes how to ``normalize''
your engine's map to determine the maximum test speed and torque for
your engine. The rest of this section describes how to use these values
to ``denormalize'' the duty cycles in the standard-setting parts, which
are all published on a normalized basis. Thus, the term ``normalized''
in paragraph (a) of this section refers to different values than it
does in the rest of the section.
(a) Maximum test speed, fntest. This section generally applies to
duty cycles for variable-speed engines. For constant-speed engines
subject to duty cycles that specify normalized speed commands, use the
no-load governed speed as the measured fntest. This is the
highest engine speed where an engine outputs zero torque. For variable-
speed engines, determine the measured fntest from the power-
versus-speed map, generated according to Sec. 1065.510, as follows:
(1) Based on the map, determine maximum power, Pmax, and
the speed at which maximum power occurred, fnPmax. Divide
every recorded power by Pmax and divide every recorded speed
by fnPmax. The result is a normalized power-versus-speed
map. Your measured fntest is the speed at which the sum of
the squares of normalized speed and power is maximum, as follows:
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Where:
fntest = maximum test speed.
i = an indexing variable that represents one recorded value of an
engine map.
fnnormi = an engine speed normalized by dividing it by
fnPmax.
Pnormi = an engine power normalized by dividing it by
Pmax.
Example:
(fnnorm1 = 1.002, Pnorm1 = 0.978, fn1
= 2359.71)
(fnnorm2 = 1.004, Pnorm2 = 0.977, fn2
= 2364.42)
(fnnorm3 = 1.006, Pnorm3 = 0.974, fn3
= 2369.13)
(fnnorm12 + Pnorm12) =
(1.0022 + 0.9782) = 1.960
(fnnorm12 + Pnorm12) =
(1.0042 + 0.9772) = 1.963
(fnnorm12 + Pnorm12) =
(1.0062 + 0.9742) = 1.961 maximum = 1.963 at i = 2
fntest = 2364.42 rev/min
(2) For variable-speed engines, transform normalized speeds to
reference speeds according to paragraph (c) of this section by using
the measured maximum test speed determined according to paragraph
(a)(1) of this section--or use your declared maximum test speed, as
allowed in Sec. 1065.510.
(3) For constant-speed engines, transform normalized speeds to
reference speeds according to paragraph (c) of this section by using
the measured no-load governed--speed or use your declared maximum test
speed, as allowed in Sec. 1065.510.
(b) Maximum test torque, Ttest. For constant-speed engines,
determine the measured Ttest from the power-versus-speed
map, generated according to Sec. 1065.510, as follows:
(1) Based on the map, determine maximum power, Pmax, and
the speed at which maximum power occurs, FnPmax. Divide
every recorded power by Pmax and divide every recorded speed
by FnPmax. The result is a normalized power-versus-speed
map. Your measured Ttest is the speed at which the sum of
the squares of normalized speed and power is maximum, as follows:
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Where:
Ttest = maximum test torque.
Example:
(fnnorm1 = 1.002, Pnorm1 = 0.978, T1 =
722.62 N[sdot]m)
(fnnorm2 = 1.004, Pnorm2 = 0.977, T2 =
720.44 N[sdot]m)
(fnnorm3 = 1.006, Pnorm3 = 0.974, T3 =
716.80 N[sdot]m)
(fnnorm12 + Pnorm12) =
(1.0022 + 0.9782) = 1.960
(fnnorm12 + Pnorm12) =
(1.0042 + 0.9772) = 1.963
(fnnorm12 + Pnorm12) =
(1.0062 + 0.9742) = 1.961 maximum = 1.963 at i =
2
Ttest = 720.44 N[sdot]m
(2) Transform normalized torques to reference torques according to
paragraph (d) of this section by using the measured maximum test torque
determined according to paragraph (b)(1) of this section--or use your
declared maximum test torque, as allowed in Sec. 1065.510.
(c) Generating reference speed values from normalized duty cycle
speeds. Transform normalized speed values to reference values as
follows:
(1) % speed. If your normalized duty cycle specifies % speed
values, use your declared warm idle speed and your maximum test speed
to transform the duty cycle, as follows:
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Example:
% speed = 85 %
fntest = 2364 rev/min
fnidle = 650 rev/min
fnref = 85 % [sdot]
(2364 650 ) + 650
fnref = 2107 rev/min
(2) A, B, and C speeds. If your normalized duty cycle specifies
speeds as A, B, or C values, use your power-versus-speed curve to
determine the lowest speed below maximum power at which 50 % of maximum
power occurs. Denote this value as nlo. Also determine the
highest speed above maximum power at which 70 % of maximum power
occurs. Denote this value as nhi Use nhi and
nlo to calculate reference values for A, B, or C speeds as
follows:
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Example:
nlo = 1005 rev/min
nhi = 2385 rev/min
fnrefA = 0.25 [sdot]
(2385 1005) + 1005
fnrefB = 0.50 [sdot]
(2385 1005) + 1005
fnrefC = 0.75 [sdot]
(2385 1005) + 1005
fnrefA = 1350 rev/min
fnrefB = 1695 rev/min
fnrefC = 2040 rev/min
(3) Intermediate speed. If your normalized duty cycle specifies a
speed as ``intermediate speed,'' use your torque-versus-speed curve to
determine the speed at which maximum torque occurs. This is peak torque
speed. Identify your reference intermediate speed as one of the
following values:
(i) Peak torque speed if it is between (60 and 75) % of maximum
test speed.
(ii) 60% of maximum test speed if peak torque speed is less than
60% of maximum test speed.
(iii) 75% of maximum test speed if peak torque speed is greater
than 75% of maximum test speed.
(d) Generating reference torques from normalized duty-cycle
torques. Transform normalized torques to reference torques using your
map of maximum torque versus speed.
(1) Reference torque for variable-speed engines. For a given speed
point, multiply the corresponding % torque by the maximum torque at
that speed, according to your map. Linearly interpolate mapped torque
values to determine torque between mapped speeds. The result is the
reference torque for each speed point.
(2) Reference torque for constant-speed engines. Multiply a %
torque value by your maximum test torque. The result is the reference
torque for each point. Note that if your constant-speed engine is
subject to duty cycles that specify normalized speed commands, use the
provisions of paragraph (d)(1) of this section to transform your
normalized torque values.
(3) Permissible deviations for any engine. If your engine does not
operate below a certain minimum torque under normal in-use conditions,
you may use a declared minimum torque as the reference value instead of
any value denormalized to be less than the declared value. For example,
if your engine is connected to an automatic transmission, it may have a
minimum torque called curb idle transmission torque (CITT). In this
case, at idle conditions (i.e., 0% speed, 0% torque), you may useCITT
as a reference value instead of 0 N[middot]m.
(e) Generating reference power values from normalized duty cycle
powers. Transform normalized power values to reference speed and power
values using your map of maximum power versus speed.
(1) First transform normalized speed values into reference speed
values. For a given speed point, multiply the corresponding % power by
the maximum test power defined in the standard-setting part. The result
is the reference power for each speed point. You may calculate a
corresponding reference torque for each point and command that
reference torque instead of a reference power.
(2) If your engine does not operate below a certain power under
normal in-use conditions, you may use a declared minimum power as the
reference value instead of any value denormalized to be less than the
declared value. For example, if your engine is directly connected to a
propeller, it may have a minimum power called idle power. In this case,
at idle conditions (i.e., 0% speed, 0% power), you may use a
corresponding idle power as a reference power instead of 0 kW.
Sec. 1065.630 1980 international gravity formula.
The acceleration of Earth's gravity, ag, varies
depending on your location. Calculate ag at your latitude,
as follows:
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Where:
[thetas]
= Degrees north or south latitude.
Example:
[thetas]
= 45[deg]
ag = 9.7803267715 [middot]
(1+
5.2790414 [middot]
10-3 [middot]
sin2 (45) +
2.32718 [middot]
10-5 [middot]sin 4 (45) +
1.262 [middot]
10-7 [middot]sin 6 (45) +
7 [middot]
10-10 [middot]sin 8 (45)
ag = 9.8178291229 m/s2
Sec. 1065.640 Flow meter calibration calculations.
This section describes the calculations for calibrating various
flow meters. After you calibrate a flow meter using these calculations,
use the calculations described in Sec. 1065.642 to calculate flow
during an emission test. Paragraph (a) of this section first describes
how to convert reference flow meter outputs for use in the calibration
equations, which are presented on a molar basis. The remaining
paragraphs describe the calibration calculations that are specific to
certain types of flow meters.
[[Page 40577]]
(a) Reference meter conversions. The calibration equations in this
section use molar flow rate, nref, as a reference quantity.
If your reference meter outputs a flow rate in a different quantity,
such as standard volume rate, Vstdref, actual volume rate,
Vactref, or mass rate, mref, convert your
reference meter output to a molar flow rate using the following
equations, noting that while values for volume rate, mass rate,
pressure, temperature, and molar mass may change during an emission
test, you should ensure that they are as constant as practical for each
individual set point during a flow meter calibration:
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Where:
n ref = reference molar flow rate.
V stdref = reference volume flow rate, corrected to a
standard pressure and a standard temperature.
V actref = reference volume flow rate at the actual pressure
and temperature of the flow rate.
m ref = reference mass flow.
Pstd = standard pressure.
Pact = actual pressure of the flow rate.
Tstd = standard temperature.
Tact = actual temperature of the flow rate.
R = molar gas constant.
Mmix = molar mass of the flow rate.
Example 1:
V stdref = 1000.00 ft3/min = 0.471948 m/s
T = 68.0 [deg]F = 293.15 K
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[sdot]K)
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n ref = 19.169 mol/s
Example 2:
m ref = 17.2683 kg/min = 287.805 g/s
Mmix = 28.7805 g/mol
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n ref =10.0000 mol/s
(b) PDP calibration calculations. For each restrictor position,
calculate the following values from the mean values determined in Sec.
1065.340, as follows:
(1) PDP volume pumped per revolution, Vrev
(m3/rev):
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Example:
n ref = 25.096 mol/s
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[sdot]K)
T in = 299.5 K
P in = 98290 Pa
f nPDP = 1205.1 rev/min = 20.085 rev/s
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Vrev = 0.03166 m3/rev
(2) PDP slip correction factor, Ks (s/rev):
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Example:
f nPDP = 1205.1 rev/min = 20.085 rev/s
P out = 100.103 kPa
P in= 98.290 kPa
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Ks = 0.006700 s/rev
(3) Perform a least-squares regression of PDP volume pumped per
revolution, Vrev, versus PDP slip correction factor,
Ks, by calculating slope, a1, and intercept,
a0, as described in Sec. 1065.602.
(4) Repeat the procedure in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this
section for every speed that you run your PDP.
(5) The following example illustrates these calculations:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.640.--Example of PDP Calibration Data
------------------------------------------------------------------------
f nPDP a1 a0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
755.0............................................. 50.43 0.056
987.6............................................. 49.86 -0.013
1254.5............................................ 48.54 0.028
1401.3............................................ 47.30 -0.061
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6) For each speed at which you operate the PDP, use the
corresponding slope, a1, andintercept, ao, to
calculate flow rate during emission testing as described in Sec.
1065.642.
(c) Venturi governing equations and permissible assumptions. This
section describes the governing equations and permissible assumptions
for calibrating a venturi and calculating flow using a venturi. Because
a subsonic venturi (SSV) and a critical-flow venturi (CFV) both operate
similarly, their governing equations are nearly the same, except for
the equation describing their pressure ratio, r (i.e., rSSV
versus rCFV). These governing equations assume one-
dimensional isentropic inviscid compressible flow of an ideal gas. In
paragraph (c)(4) of this section, we describe other assumptions that
you may make, depending upon how you conduct your emission tests. If we
do not allow you to assume that the measured flow is an ideal gas, the
governing equations include a first-order correction for the behavior
of a real gas; namely, the compressibility factor, Z. If good
engineering judgment dictates using a value other than Z=1, you may
either use an appropriate equation of state to determine values of Z as
a function of measured pressures and temperatures, or you may develop
your own calibration equations based on good engineering judgment. Note
that the equation for the flow coefficient, Cf, is based on
the ideal gas assumption that the isentropic exponent, [gamma], is
equal to the ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv. If
good engineering judgment dictates using a real gas isentropic
exponent, you may either use an appropriate equation of state to
determine values of [gamma]
as a function of measured pressures and
temperatures, or you may develop your own calibration equations based
on good engineering judgment. Calculate molar flow rate, n, as follows:
[[Page 40578]]
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Where:
Cd = Discharge coefficient, as determined in paragraph
(c)(1) of this section.
Cf = Flow coefficient, as determined in paragraph (c)(2) of
this section.
At = Venturi throat cross-sectional area.
Pin = Venturi inlet absolute static pressure.
Z = Compressibility factor.
Mmix = Molar mass of gas mixture.
R = Molar gas constant.
Tin = Venturi inlet absolute temperature.
(1) Using the data collected in Sec. 1065.340, calculate
Cd using the following equation:
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Where:
nref = A reference molar flow rate.
(2) Determine Cf using one of the following methods:
(i) For CFV flow meters only, determine CfCFV from the
following table based on your values for [bgr]b and [ggr], using linear
interpolation to find intermediate values:
Table 2 of Sec. 1065.640.--CfCFV Versus [bgr]
and [ggr]
for CFV Flow
Meters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CfCFV [ggr]dexh
-------------------------------------------------------------- =
[ggr]exh [ggr]air
[bgr]
= 1.385 = 1.399
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.000............................................. 0.6822 0.6846
0.400............................................. 0.6857 0.6881
0.500............................................. 0.6910 0.6934
0.550............................................. 0.6953 0.6977
0.600............................................. 0.7011 0.7036
0.625............................................. 0.7047 0.7072
0.650............................................. 0.7089 0.7114
0.675............................................. 0.7137 0.7163
0.700............................................. 0.7193 0.7219
0.720............................................. 0.7245 0.7271
0.740............................................. 0.7303 0.7329
0.760............................................. 0.7368 0.7395
0.770............................................. 0.7404 0.7431
0.780............................................. 0.7442 0.7470
0.790............................................. 0.7483 0.7511
0.800............................................. 0.7527 0.7555
0.810............................................. 0.7573 0.7602
0.820............................................. 0.7624 0.7652
0.830............................................. 0.7677 0.7707
0.840............................................. 0.7735 0.7765
0.850............................................. 0.7798 0.7828
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) For any CFV or SSV flow meter, you may use the following
equation to calculate Cf:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.069
Where:
[ggr]
= isentropic exponent. For an ideal gas, this is the ratio of
specific heats of the gas mixture, Cp/Cv.
r = Pressure ratio, as determined in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
[bgr]
= Ratio of venturi throat to inlet diameters.
(3) Calculate r as follows:
(i) For SSV systems only, calculate rSSV using the
following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.070
Where:
[b.Delta]pSSV = Differential static pressure; venturi inlet
minus venturi throat.
(ii) For CFV systems only, calculate rCFV iteratively
using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.071
(4) You may make any of the following simplifying assumptions of
the governing equations, or you may use good engineering judgment to
develop more appropriate values for your testing:
(i) For emission testing over the full ranges of raw exhaust,
diluted exhaust and dilution air, you may assume that the gas mixture
behaves as an ideal gas: Z=1.
(ii) For the full range of raw exhaust you may assume a constant
ratio of specific heats of [ggr]
=1.385.
[[Page 40579]]
(iii) For the full range of diluted exhaust and air (e.g.,
calibration air or dilution air), you may assume a constant ratio of
specific heats of [ggr]
= 1.399.
(iv) For the full range of diluted exhaust and air, you may assume
the molar mass of the mixture is a function only of the amount of water
in the dilution air or calibration air, xH2O,determined as
described in Sec. 1065.645, as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.072
Example:
Mair = 28.96559 g/mol
xH2O = 0.0169 mol/mol
MH2O = 18.01528 g/mol
Mmix = 28.96559 x (1 0.0169) + 18.01528 x 0.0169
Mmix = 28.7805 g/mol
(v) For the full range of diluted exhaust and air, you may assume a
constant molar mass of the mixture, Mmix, for all
calibration and all testing as long as your assumed molar mass differs
no more than ±1% from the estimated minimum and maximum
molar mass during calibration and testing. You may assume this, using
good engineering judgment, if you sufficiently control the amount of
water in calibration air and in dilution air or if you remove
sufficient water from both calibration air and dilution air. The
following table gives examples of permissible ranges of dilution air
dewpoint versus calibration air dewpoint:
Table 3 of Sec. 1065.640.--Examples of Dilution Air and Calibration
Air Dewpoints at Which you May Assume a Constant Mmix.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
assume the for the following
following ranges of Tdew
If calibration Tdew ([deg]C) is... constant Mmix ([deg]C) during
(g/mol)... emission testsa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
dry............................... 28.96559 dry to 18.
0................................. 28.89263 dry to 21.
5................................. 28.86148 dry to 22.
10................................ 28.81911 dry to 24.
15................................ 28.76224 dry to 26.
20................................ 28.68685 -8 to 28.
25................................ 28.58806 12 to 31.
30................................ 28.46005 23 to 34.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
a Range valid for all calibration and emission testing over the
atmospheric pressure range (80.000 to 103.325) kPa.
(5) The following example illustrates the use of the governing
equations to calculate the discharge coefficient, Cd of an
SSV flow meter at one reference flow meter value. Note that calculating
Cd for a CFV flow meter would be similar, except that
Cf would be determined from Table 1 of this section or
calculated iteratively using values of [bgr]
and [ggr]
as described in
paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
Example:
nref = 57.625 mol/s
Z = 1
Mmix = 28.7805 g/mol = 0.0287805 kg/mol
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[middot]K)
Tin = 298.15 K
At = 0.01824 m2
pin = 99132.0 Pa
[gamma]
= 1.399
[beta]
= 0.8
[Delta]p = 2.312 kPa
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.073
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.074
Cf = 0.274
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.075
Cd = 0.981
(d) SSV calibration. Perform the following steps to calibrate an
SSV flow meter:
(1) Calculate the Reynolds number, Re#, for each
reference molar flow rate, using the throat diameter of the venturi,
dt. Because the dynamic viscosity, [mu], is needed to
compute Re#, you may use your own fluid viscosity
model to determine [mu]
for your calibration gas (usually air), using
good engineering judgment. Alternatively, you may use the Sutherland
three-coefficient viscosity model to approximate [mu], as shown in the
following sample calculation for Re#:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.076
Where, using the Sutherland three-coefficient viscosity model:
[[Page 40580]]
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.077
Where:
[mu]
= Dynamic viscosity of calibration gas.
[mu]0 = Sutherland reference viscosity.
T0 = Sutherland reference temperature.
S = Sutherland constant.
Table 3 of Sec. 1065.640.--Sutherland Three-Coefficient Viscosity Model Parameters
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[mu]0 kg/(m [middot]
Temp range within < plus-
Gas a s) T0 K S K minus> 2% error K Pressure limit kPa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Air........................................................ 1.716 [middot]
10-5 273 111 170 to 1900 < = 1800
CO2........................................................ 1.370 [middot]
10-5 273 222 190 to 1700 < = 3600
H2O........................................................ 1.12 [middot]
10-5 350 1064 360 to 1500 < = 10000
O2......................................................... 1.919 [middot]
10-5 273 139 190 to 2000 < = 2500
N2......................................................... 1.663 [middot]
10-5 273 107 100 to 1500 < = 1600
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a Use tabulated parameters only for the pure gases, as listed. Do not combine parameters in calculations to calculate viscosities of gas mixtures.
Example:
[mu]0 = 1.7894 [middot]
10-5 kg/(m[middot]s)
T0 = 273.11 K
S = 110.56 K
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.078
[mu]
= 1.916 [middot]
10-5 kg/(m[middot]s)
Mmix = 28.7805 g/mol
nref = 57.625 mol/s
dt = 152.4 mm
Tin = 298.15 K
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.079
Re# = 7.2317 [middot]
105
(2) Create an equation for Cd versus
Re#, using paired values of (Re#,
Cd). For the equation, you may use any mathematical
expression, including a polynomial or a power series. The following
equation is an example of a commonly used mathematical expression for
relating Cd and Re#:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.080
(3) Perform a least-squares regression analysis to determine the
best-fit coefficients to the equation and calculate the equation's
regression statistics, SEE and r2, accordingto Sec.
1065.602.
(4) If the equation meets the criteria of SEE < 0.5% [middot]
nrefmax and r2 >= 0.995, you may use the equation
to determine Cd for emission tests, as described in Sec.
1065.642.
(5) If the SEE and r2 criteria are not met, you may use
good engineering judgment to omit calibration data points to meet the
regression statistics. You must use at least seven calibration data
points to meet the criteria.
(6) If omitting points does not resolve outliers, take corrective
action. For example, select another mathematical expression for the
Cd versus Re# equation, check for leaks,
or repeat the calibration process. If you must repeat the process, we
recommend applying tighter tolerances to measurements and allowing more
time for flows to stabilize.
(7) Once you have an equation that meets the regression criteria,
you may use the equation only to determine flow rates that are within
the range of the reference flow rates used to meet the Cd
versus Re# equation's regression criteria.
(e) CFV calibration. Some CFV flow meters consist of a single
venturi and some consist of multiple venturis, where different
combinations of venturis are used to meter different flow rates. For
CFV flow meters that consist of multiple venturis, either calibrate
each venturi independently to determine a separate discharge
coefficient, Cd, for each venturi, or calibrate each
combination of venturis as one venturi. In the case where you calibrate
a combination of venturis, use the sum of the active venturi throat
areas as At, the sum of the active venturi throat diameters
as dt, and the ratio of venturi throat to inlet diameters as
the ratio of the sum of the active venturi throat diameters to the
diameter of the common entrance to all of the venturis. To determine
the Cd for a single venturi or a single combination of
venturis, perform the following steps:
(1) Use the data collected at each calibration set point to
calculate an individual Cd for each point using Eq.
1065.640-4.
(2) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of all the
Cd values according to Eqs. 1065.602-1 and 1065.602-2.
(3) If the standard deviation of all the Cd values is
less than or equal to 0.3% of the mean Cd, then use the mean
Cd in Eq 1065.642-6, and use the CFV only down to the lowest
[Delta]pCFV measured during calibration.
(4) If the standard deviation of all the Cd values
exceeds 0.3% of the mean Cd, omit the Cd values
corresponding to the data point collected at the lowest
[Delta]pCFV measured during calibration.
(5) If the number of remaining data points is less than seven, take
corrective action by checking your calibration data or repeating the
calibration process. If you repeat the calibration process, we
recommend checking for leaks, applying tighter tolerances to
measurements and allowing more time for flows to stabilize.
(6) If the number of remaining Cd values is seven or
greater, recalculate
[[Page 40581]]
the mean and standard deviation of the remaining Cd values.
(7) If the standard deviation of the remaining Cd values
is less than or equal to 0.3 % of the mean of the remaining
Cd, use that mean Cd in Eq 1065.642-6, and use
the CFV values only down to the lowest [Delta]pCFV
associated with the remaining Cd.
(8) If the standard deviation of the remaining Cd still
exceeds 0.3% of the mean of the remaining Cd values, repeat
the steps in paragraph (e)(4) through (8) of this section.
Sec. 1065.642 SSV, CFV, and PDP molar flow rate calculations.
This section describes the equations for calculating molar flow
rates from various flow meters. After you calibrate a flow meter
according to Sec. 1065.640, use the calculations described in this
section to calculate flow during an emission test.
(a) PDP molar flow rate. Based upon the speed at which you operate
the PDP for a test interval, select the corresponding slope,
a1, and intercept, a0, as calculated in Sec.
1065.640, to calculate molar flow rate, n, as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.081
Where:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.082
Example:
a1 = 50.43
fnPDP = 755.0 rev/min = 12.58 rev/s
pout = 99950 Pa
pin = 98575 Pa
a0 = 0.056
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[middot]K)
Tin = 323.5 K
Cp = 1000 (J/m3)/kPa
Ct = 60 s/min
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.083
vrev = 0.06389 m3/rev
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.084
n = 29.464 mol/s
(b) SSV molar flow rate. Based on the Cd versus
Re# equation you determined according to Sec.
1065.640, calculate SSV molar flow rate, nbnb
during an emission test as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.085
Example:
At = 0.01824 m2
pin = 99132 Pa
Z = 1
Mmix = 28.7805 g/mol = 0.0287805 kg/mol
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[middot]K)
Tin = 298.15 K
Re# = 7.232[middot]105
[b.gamma]
= 1.399
[beta]
= 0.8
[Delta]p = 2.312 kPa
Using Eq. 1065.640-6,
rssv = 0.997
Using Eq. 1065.640-5,
Cf = 0.274
Using Eq. 1065.640-4,
Cd = 0.990
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.086
n= 58.173 mol/s
(c) CFV molar flow rate. Some CFV flow meters consist of a single
venturi and some consist of multiple venturis, where different
combinations of venturis are used to meter different flow rates. If you
use multiple venturis and you calibrated each venturi independently to
determine a separate discharge coefficient, Cd, for each
venturi, calculate the individual molar flow rates through each venturi
and sum all their flow rates to determine n. If you use multiple
venturis and you calibrated each combination of venturis, calculate
using the sum of the active venturi throat areas as At, the
sum of the active venturi throat diameters as dt, and the
ratio of venturi throat to inlet diameters as the ratio of the sum of
the active venturi throat diameters to the diameter of the common
entrance to all of the venturis. To calculate the molar flow rate
through one venturi or one combination of venturis, use its respective
mean Cd and other constants you determined according to
Sec. 1065.640 and calculate its molar flow rate n during an emission
test, as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.087
Example:
Cd = 0.985
Cf = 0.7219
At = 0.00456 m2
pin = 98836 Pa
Z = 1
Mmix = 28.7805 g/mol = 0.0287805 kg/mol
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[middot]K)
Tin = 378.15 K
n = 0.985[middot]0.712
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.088
[[Page 40582]]
n = 33.690 mol/s
Sec. 1065.645 Amount of water in an ideal gas.
This section describes how to determine the amount of water in an
ideal gas, which you need for various performance verifications and
emission calculations. Use the equation for the vapor pressure of water
in paragraph (a) of this section or another appropriate equation and,
depending on whether you measure dewpoint or relative humidity, perform
one of the calculations in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section.
(a) Vapor pressure of water. Calculate the vapor pressure of water
for a given saturation temperature condition, Tsat, as
follows, or use good engineering judgment to use a different
relationship of the vapor pressure of water to a given saturation
temperature condition:
(1) For humidity measurements made at ambient temperatures from (0
to 100) [deg]C, or for humidity measurements made over super-cooled
water at ambient temperatures from (-50 to 0) [deg]C, use the following
equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.089
Where:
pH20 = vapor pressure of water at saturation temperature
condition, kPa.
Tsat = saturation temperature of water at measured
conditions, K.
Example:
Tsat = 9.5 [deg]C
Tdsat= 9.5 + 273.15 = 282.65 K
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.090
-log10(pH20) = -0.074297
pH20 = 10\0.074297\ = 1.1866 kPa
(2) For humidity measurements over ice at ambient temperatures from
(-100 to 0) [deg]C, use the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.091
Example:
Tice = -15.4 [deg]C
Tice = -15.4 + 273.15 = 257.75 K
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.092
-log10(pH20) = -0.79821
pH20 = 10\0.074297\ = 0.15941 kPa
(b) Dewpoint. If you measure humidity as a dewpoint, determine the
amount of water in an ideal gas, xH20, as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.093
Where:
xH20 = amount of water in an ideal gas.
pH20 = water vapor pressure at the measured dewpoint,
Tsat = Tdew.
pabs = wet static absolute pressure at the location of your
dewpoint measurement.
Example:
pabs = 99.980 kPa
Tsat = Tdew = 9.5 [deg]C
Using Eq. 1065.645-2,
pH20 = 1.1866 kPa
xH2O = 1.1866/99.980
xH2O = 0.011868 mol/mol
(c) Relative humidity. If you measure humidity as a relative
humidity, RH%, determine the amount of water in an ideal gas,
xH20, as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.094
Where:
xH20 = amount of water in an ideal gas.
RH% = relative humidity.
pH20 = water vapor pressure at 100% relative humidity at the
location of your relative humidity measurement, Tsat =
Tamb.
Pabs = wet static absolute pressure at the location of your
relative humidity measurement.
Example:
RH% = 50.77%
pabs = 99.980 kPa
Tsat = Tamb = 20 [deg]C
Using Eq. 1065.645-2,
pH20 = 2.3371 kPa
xH2O = (50.77% [middot]
2.3371)/99.980
xH2O = 0.011868 mol/mol
[[Page 40583]]
Sec. 1065.650 Emission calculations.
(a) General. Calculate brake-specific emissions over each test
interval in a duty cycle. Refer to the standard-setting part for any
calculations you might need to determine a composite result, such as a
calculation that weights and sums the results of individual test
intervals in a duty cycle. We specify three alternative ways to
calculate brake-specific emissions, as follows:
(1) For any testing, you may calculate the total mass of emissions,
as described in paragraph (b) of this section, and divide it by the
total work generated over the test interval, as described in paragraph
(c) of this section, using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.095
Example:
mNOX = 64.975 g
W = 25.783 kW[middot]hr
eNOX = 64.975/25.783
eNOX = 2.520 g/(kW[middot]hr)
(2) For discrete-mode steady-state testing, you may calculate the
ratio of emission mass rate to power, as described in paragraph (d) of
this section, using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.096
(3) For field testing, you may calculate the ratio of total mass to
total work, where these individual values are determined as described
in paragraph (e) of this section. You may also use this approach for
laboratory testing, consistent with good engineering judgment. This is
a special case in which you use a signal linearly proportional to raw
exhaust molar flow rate to determine a value proportional to total
emissions. You then use the same linearly proportional signal to
determine total work using a chemical balance of fuel, intake air, and
exhaust as described in Sec. 1065.655, plus information about your
engine's brake-specific fuel consumption. Under this method, flow
meters need not meet accuracy specifications, but they must meet the
applicable linearity and repeatability specifications in subpart D or
subpart J of this part. The result is a brake-specific emission value
calculated as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.097
Example:
m = 805.5 g
w = 52.102 kW[middot]hr
eCO = 805.5/52.102
eCO = 2.520 g/(kW[middot]hr)
(b) Total mass of emissions. To calculate the total mass of an
emission, multiply a concentration by its respective flow. For all
systems, make preliminary calculations as described in paragraph (b)(1)
of this section, then use the method in paragraphs (b)(2) through (4)
of this section that is appropriate for your system. Calculate the
total mass of emissions as follows:
(1) Concentration corrections. Perform the following sequence of
preliminary calculations on recorded concentrations:
(i) Correct all concentrations measured on a ``dry'' basis to a
``wet'' basis, including dilution air background concentrations, as
described in Sec. 1065.659.
(ii) Calculate all HC concentrations, including dilution air
background concentrations, as described in Sec. 1065.660.
(iii) For emission testing with an oxygenated fuel, calculate any
HC concentrations, including dilution air background concentrations, as
described in Sec. 1065.665. See subpart I of this part for testing
with oxygenated fuels.
(iv) Correct the total mass of NOX based on intake-air
humidity as described in Sec. 1065.670.
(v) Calculate brake-specific emissions before and after correcting
for drift, including dilution air background concentrations, according
to Sec. 1065.672.
(2) Continuous sampling. For continuous sampling, you must
frequently record a continuously updated concentration signal. You may
measure this concentration from a changing flow rate or a constant flow
rate (including discrete-mode steady-state testing), as follows:
(i) Varying flow rate. If you continuously sample from a changing
exhaust flow rate, synchronously multiply it by the flow rate of the
flow from which you extracted it. We consider the following to be
examples of changing flows that require a continuous multiplication of
concentration times molar flow rate: Raw exhaust, exhaust diluted with
a constant flow rate of dilution air, and CVS dilution with a CVS flow
meter that does not have an upstream heat exchanger or electronic flow
control. Account for dispersion and time alignment as described in
Sec. 1065.201. This multiplication results in the flow rate of the
emission itself. Integrate the emission flow rate over a test interval
to determine the total emission. If the total emission is a molar
quantity, convert this quantity to a mass by multiplying it by its
molar mass, M. The result is the mass of the emission, m.Calculate m
for continuous sampling with variable flow using the following
equations:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.098
Example:
MNMHC = 13.875389 g/mol
N = 1200
xNMHC1 = 84.5 [mu]mol/mol = 84.5 [middot]
10-6
mol/mol
xNMHC2 = 86.0 [mu]mol/mol = 86.0 [middot]
10-6
mol/mol
nexh1 = 2.876 mol/s
nexh2 = 2.224 mol/s
frecord = 1 Hz
Using Eq. 1065.650-5,
[Delta]t = 1/1 = 1 s
mNMHC = 13.875389 [middot]
(84.5 [middot]
10-6
[middot]
2.876 + 86.0 [middot]
10-6 [middot]2.224 + ... +
xNMHC1200 [middot]
nexh) [middot]
1
mNMHC = 25.23 g
(ii) Constant flow rate. If you continuously sample from a constant
exhaust flow rate, calculate the mean concentration recorded over the
test interval and treat the mean as a batch sample, as described in
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section. We consider the following to be
examples of constant exhaust flows: CVS diluted exhaust with a CVS flow
meter that has either an upstream heat exchanger, electronic flow
control, or both.
(3) Batch sampling. For batch sampling, the concentration is a
single value from a proportionally extracted batch sample (such as a
bag, filter, impinger, or cartridge). In this case, multiply the mean
concentration of the batch sample by the total flow from which the
sample was extracted. You may calculate total flow by integrating a
changing flow rate or by determining the mean of a constant flow rate,
as follows:
(i) Varying flow rate. If you collect a batch sample from a
changing exhaust flow rate, extract a sample proportional to the
changing exhaust flow rate. We consider the following to be examples of
changing flows that require proportional sampling: Raw exhaust, exhaust
diluted with a constant flow rate of dilution air, and CVS dilution
with a CVS flow meter that does not have an upstream heat exchanger or
electronic flow control. Integrate the flow rate over a test interval
to determine the total flow from which you extracted the proportional
sample. Multiply the mean concentration of the batch sample by the
total flow from which the sample was extracted. If the total emission
is a molar quantity, convert this quantity to a mass by multiplying it
by its molar mass, M. The result is the mass of the emission, m. In the
case of PM emissions, where
[[Page 40584]]
the mean PM concentration is already in units of mass per mole of
sample, MPM, simply multiply it by the total flow. The
result is the total mass of PM, mPM. Calculate m for batch
sampling with variable flow using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.099
Example:
MNOX = 46.0055 g/mol
N = 9000
xNOX = 85.6 [mu]mol/mol = 85.6 [middot]
10-6 mol/
mol
ndexhl = 25.534 mol/s
ndexh2 = 26.950 mol/s
frecord = 5 Hz
Using Eq. 1065.650-5,
[Delta]t = 1/5 = 0.2
mNOX = 46.0055 [middot]
85.6 [middot]
10-6
[middot]
(25.534 + 26.950 + ... +nexh9000) [middot]
0.2
mNOX = 4.201 g
(ii) Constant flow rate. If you batch sample from a constant
exhaust flow rate, extract a sample at a constant flow rate. We
consider the following to be examples of constant exhaust flows: CVS
diluted exhaust with a CVS flow meter that has either an upstream heat
exchanger, electronic flow control, or both. Determine the mean molar
flow rate from which you extracted the constant flow rate sample.
Multiply the mean concentration of the batch sample by the mean molar
flow rate of the exhaust from which the sample was extracted, and
multiply the result by the time of the test interval. If the total
emission is a molar quantity, convert this quantity to a mass by
multiplying it by its molar mass, M. The result is the mass of the
emission, m. In the case of PM emissions, where the mean PM
concentration is already in units of mass per mole of sample
MPM, simply multiply it by the total flow, and the result is
the total mass of PM, mPM, Calculate m for sampling with
constant flow using the following equations:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.100
and for PM or any other analysis of a batch sample that yields a mass
per mole of sample,
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.101
Example:
MPM = 144.0 [mu]g/mol = 144.0 [middot]
10-6 g/mol
n dexh = 57.692 mol/s
[Delta]t = 1200 s
mPM = 144.0 [middot]
10-6 [middot]
57.692
[middot]
1200
mPM = 9.9692 g
(4) Additional provisions for diluted exhaust sampling; continuous
or batch. The following additional provisions apply for sampling
emissions from diluted exhaust:
(i) For sampling with a constant dilution ratio (DR) of air flow
versus exhaust flow (e.g., secondary dilution for PM sampling),
calculate m using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.102
Example:
mPMdil = 6.853 g
DR = 5:1
mPM = 6.853 [middot]
(5 + 1)
mPM = 41.118 g
(ii) For continuous or batch sampling, you may measure background
emissions in the dilution air. You may then subtract the measured
background emissions, as described in Sec. 1065.667.
(c) Total work. To calculate total work, multiply the feedback
engine speed by its respective feedback torque. Integrate the resulting
value for power over a test interval. Calculate total work as follows:
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TR13JY05.104
Example:
N = 9000
fn1 = 1800.2 rev/min
fn2 = 1805.8 rev/min
T1 = 177.23 N[middot]m
T2 = 175.00 N[middot]m
Crev = 2 [middot]
[pi]
rad/rev
Ct1 = 60 s/min
Cp = 1000 (N[middot]m)/kW
frecord = 5 Hz
Ct2 = 3600 s/hr
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TR13JY05.105
P1 = 33.41 kW
P2 = 33.09 kW
Using Eq. 1065.650-5,
[Delta]t = 1/5 = 0.2 s
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TR13JY05.106
W = 16.875 kW[middot]hr
(d) Steady-state mass rate divided by power. To determine steady-
state brake-specific emissions for a test interval as described in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, calculate the mean steady-state mass
rate of the emission, m, and the mean steady-state power, P, as
follows:
(1) To calculate, m, multiply its mean concentration, x, by its
corresponding mean molar flow rate, n. If the result is a molar flow
rate, convert this quantity to a mass rate by multiplying it by its
molar mass, M. The result is the mean mass rate of the emission,
mPM. In the case of PM emissions, where the mean PM
concentration is already in units of mass per mole of sample, M
PM, simply multiply it by the mean molar flow rate, n. The
result is the mass rate of PM,m PM. Calculate m using the
following equation:
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TR13JY05.107
(2) Calculate P using the following equation:
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TR13JY05.108
(3) Ratio of mass and work. Divide emission mass rate by power to
calculate a brake-specific emission result as described in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section.
(4) Example. The following example shows how to calculate mass of
emissions using mean mass rate and mean power:
MCO = 28.0101 g/mol
x CO = 12.00 mmol/mol = 0.01200 mol/mol
n = 1.530 mol/s
fn = 3584.5 rev/min = 375.37 rad/s
T = 121.50 N[middot]m
m = 28.0101[middot]0.01200[middot]1.530
m = 0.514 g/s
P = 121.5[middot]375.37
P = 45607 W = 45.607 kW
eCO = 0.514/45.61
eCO = 0.0113 g/(kW[middot]hr)
(e) Ratio of total mass of emissions to total work. To determine
brake-specific emissions for a test interval as described in paragraph
(a)(3) of this section, calculate a value proportional to the total
mass of each emission. Divide each proportional value by a value that
is similarly proportional to total work.
(1) Total mass. To determine a value proportional to the total mass
of an emission, determine total mass as described in paragraph (b) of
this section, except substitute for the molar flow rate, n, or the
total flow, n, with a signal that is linearly proportional to molar
flow rate, n, or linearly proportional to total flow, n, as follows:
[[Page 40585]]
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TR13JY05.109
(2) Total work. To calculate a value proportional to total work
over a test interval, integrate a value that is proportional to power.
Use information about the brake-specific fuel consumption of your
engine, efuel, to convert a signal proportional to fuel flow
rate to a signal proportional to power. To determine a signal
proportional to fuel flow rate, divide a signal that is proportional to
the mass rate of carbon products by the fraction of carbon in your
fuel, wc. For your fuel, you may use a measured
wc or you may use the default values in Table 1 of Sec.
1065.655. Calculate the mass rate of carbon from the amount of carbon
and water in the exhaust, which you determine with a chemical balance
of fuel, intake air, and exhaust as described in Sec. 1065.655. In the
chemical balance, you must use concentrations from the flow that
generated the signal proportional to molar flow rate, n, in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section. Calculate a value proportional to total work as
follows:
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TR13JY05.110
Where:
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(3) Divide the value proportional to total mass by the value
proportional to total work to determine brake-specific emissions, as
described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(4) The following example shows how to calculate mass of emissions
using proportional values:
N = 3000
frecord = 5 Hz
efuel = 285 g/(kW[middot]hr)
wfuel = 0.869 g/g
Mc = 12.0107 g/mol
n1 = 3.922 mol/s = 14119.2 mol/hr
xCproddry1 = 91.634 mmol/mol = 0.091634 mol/mol
xH2O1 = 27.21 mmol/mol = 0.02721 mol/mol
Using 1065.650-5,
[Delta]t = 0.2 s
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TR13JY05.112
W = 5.09 (kW[middot]hr)
(f) Rounding. Round emission values only after all calculations are
complete and the result is in g/(kW[middot]hr) or units equivalent to
the units of the standard, such as g/(hp[middot]hr). See the definition
of ``Round'' in Sec. 1065.1001.
Sec. 1065.655 Chemical balances of fuel, intake air, and exhaust.
(a) General. Chemical balances of fuel, intake air, and exhaust may
be used to calculate flows, the amount of water in their flows, and the
wet concentration of constituents in their flows. With one flow rate of
either fuel, intake air, or exhaust, you may use chemical balances to
determine the flows of the other two. For example, you may use chemical
balances along with either intake air or fuel flow to determine raw
exhaust flow.
(b) Procedures that require chemical balances. We require chemical
balances when you determine the following:
(1) A value proportional to total work, W, when you choose to
determine brake-specific emissions as described in Sec. 1065.650(e).
(2) The amount of water in a raw or diluted exhaust flow,
xH2O, when you do not measure the amount of water to correct
for the amount of water removed by a sampling system. Correct for
removed water according to Sec. 1065.659(c)(2).
(3) The flow-weighted mean fraction of dilution air in diluted
exhaust x dil, when you do not measure dilution air flow to
correct for background emissions as described inSec. 1065.667(c). Note
that if you use chemical balances for this purpose, you are assuming
that your exhaust is stoichiometric, even if it is not.
(c) Chemical balance procedure. The calculations for a chemical
balance involve a system of equations that require iteration. We
recommend using a computer to solve this system of equations. You must
guess the initial values of up to three quantities: the amount of water
in the measured flow, xH2O, fraction of dilution air in
diluted exhaust, xdil, and the amount of products on a
C1 basis per dry mole of dry measured flow,
xCproddry. For each emission concentration, x, and amount of
water xH2O, you must determine their completely dry
concentrations. xdry and xH2Odry. You must also
use your fuel's atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, [alpha], and oxygen-
to-carbon ratio, [beta]. For your fuel, you may measure [alpha]
and
[beta]
or you may use the default values in Table 1 of Sec. 1065.650.
Use the following steps to complete a chemical balance:
(1) Convert your measured concentrations such as,
xCO2meas, xNOmeas, and xH2Oint, to dry
concentrations by dividing them by one minus the amount of water
present during their respective measurements; for example:
xH2OxCO2, xH2OxNO, and xH2Oint. If the
amount of water present during a ``wet'' measurement is the same as the
unknown amount of water in the exhaust flow, xH2O,
iteratively solve for that value in the system of equations. If you
measure only total NOX and not NO and NO2
separately, use good engineering judgement to estimate a split in your
total NOX concentration between NO and NO2 for
the chemical balances. For example, if you measure emissions from a
stoichiometric spark-ignition engine, you may assume all NOX
is NO. For a compression-ignition engine, you may assume that your
molar concentration of NOX, xNOX, is 75% NO and
25% NO2 For NO2 storage aftertreatment systems,
you may assume xNOX is 25% NO and 75% NO2. Note
that for calculating the mass of NOX emissions, you must use
the molar mass of NO2 for the effective molar mass of all
NOX species, regardless of the actual NO2
fraction of NOX.
(2) Enter the equations in paragraph (c)(4) of this section into a
computer program to iteratively solve for xH2O and
xCproddry. If you measure raw exhaust flow, set
xdil equal to zero. If you measure diluted exhaust flow,
iteratively solve for xdil. Use good engineering judgment to
guess initial values for xH2O, xCproddry, and
xdil. We
[[Page 40586]]
recommend guessing an initial amount of water that is about twice the
amount of water in your intake or dilution air. We recommend guessing
an initial value of xCproddry as the sum of your measured
CO2, CO, and THC values. If you measure diluted exhaust, we
also recommend guessing an initial xdil between 0.75 and
0.95, such as 0.8. Iterate values in the system of equations until the
most recently updated guesses are all within ±1% of their
respective most recently calculated values.
(3) Use the following symbols and subscripts in the equations for
this paragraph (c):
xH2O = Amount of water in measured flow.
xH2Odry = Amount of water per dry mole of measured flow.
xCproddry = Amount of carbon products on a C1
basis per dry mole of measured flow.
xdil = Fraction of dilution air in measured flow, assuming
stoichiometric exhaust; or xdil = excess air for raw
exhaust.
xprod/intdry = Amount of dry stoichiometric products per dry
mole of intake air.
xO2proddry = Amount of oxygen products on an O2
basis per dry mole of measured flow.
x[emission]dry = Amount of emission per dry mole of measured
flow.
x[emission]meas = Amount of emission in measured flow.
xH2O[emission]meas = Amount of water at emission-detection
location. Measure or estimate these values according to Sec.
1065.145(d)(2).
xH2Oint = Amount of water in the intake air, based on a
humidity measurement of intake air.
xH2Odil = Amount of water in dilution air, based on a
humidity measurement of intake air.
xO2airdry = Amount of oxygen per dry mole of air. Use
xO2airdry= 0.209445 mol/mol.
xCO2airdry = Amount of carbon dioxide per dry mole of air.
Use xCO2airdry = 375 mol/mol.
[alpha]
= Atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio in fuel.
[beta]
= Atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio in fuel.
(4) Use the following equations to iteratively solve for
xH2O and xCproddry:
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(5) The following example is a solution for xH2O and
xCproddry using the equations in paragraph (c)(4) of this
section:
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xO2airdry = 0.209445 mol/mol
xCO2airdry = 375 mol/mol
[alpha]
= 1.8
[beta]
= 0.05
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.655.--Default values of atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, [alpha], atomic oxygen-to-carbon
ratio, [beta]
and carbon mass fraction of fuel, wC, for various fuels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon mass
Fuel Atomic hydrogen and oxygen-to-carbon ratios concentration,
CH[alpha]
O[beta]
wCg/g
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gasoline........................................ CH1.85O0 0.866
#2 Diesel............................... CH1.80O0 0.869
#1 Diesel............................... CH1.93O0 0.861
Liquified Petroleum Gas......................... CH2.64O0 0.819
Natural gas..................................... CH3.78O0.016 0.747
Ethanol......................................... CH3O0.5 0.521
Methanol........................................ CH4O1 0.375
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Calculated raw exhaust molar flow rate from measured intake air
molar flow rate or fuel mass flow rate. You may calculate the raw
exhaust molar flow rate from which you sampled emissions,n
exh, based on the measured intake air molarflow rate,
nint, or the measured fuel mass flow rate, m
fuel, and the values calculated using the chemical balance
in paragraph (c) of this section. Solve for the chemical balance in
paragraph (c) of this section at the same frequency that you update and
recordn int orm fuel.
(1) Crankcase flow rate. You may calculate raw exhaust flow based
on n int or m fuel only if at least one of the
following is true about your crankcase emission flow rate:
(i) Your test engine has a production emission-control system with
a closed crankcase that routes crankcase flow back to the intake air,
downstream of your intake air flow meter.
(ii) During emission testing you route open crankcase flow to the
exhaust according to Sec. 1065.130(g).
(iii) You measure open crankcase emissions and flow, and you add
the masses of crankcase emissions to your brake-specific emission
calculations.
(iv) Using emission data or an engineering analysis, you can show
that neglecting the flow rate of open crankcase emissions does not
adversely affect your ability to demonstrate compliance with the
applicable standards.
(2) Intake air molar flow rate calculation. Based on n
int, calculate n exh as follows:
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TR13JY05.132
Where:
n exh= raw exhaust molar flow rate from which you measured
emissions.
n int =intake air molar flow rate including humidity in
intake air.
Example:
n int= 3.780 mol/s
xH20int = 16.930 mmol/mol = 0.016930 mol/mol
xprod/intdry = 0.93382 mol/mol
xH20dry = 130.16 mmol/mol = 0.13016 mol/mol
xdil = 0.20278 mol/mol
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[[Page 40589]]
nexh =4.919 mol/s
(3) Fuel mass flow rate calculation. Based on m fuel,
calculate n exh as follows:
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TR13JY05.134
Where:
n exh= raw exhaust molar flow rate from which you measured
emissions.
m fuel= intake air molar flow rate including humidity in
intake air.
Example:
m fuel= 6.023 g/s
wC = 0.869 g/g
MC = 12.0107 g/mol
xCproddry = 125.58 mmol/mol = 0.12558 mol/mol
xH20dry = 130.16 mmol/mol = 0.13016 mol/mol
xdil = 0.20278 mol/mol
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TR13JY05.135
n exh = 4.919 mol/s
Sec. 1065.659 Removed water correction.
(a) If you remove water upstream of a concentration measurement, x,
or upstream of a flow measurement, n, correct for the removed water.
Perform this correction based on the amount of water at the
concentration measurement, xH2O[emission]meas, and at the
flow meter, xH2O, whose flow is used to determine the
concentration's total mass over a test interval.
(b) Downstream of where you removed water, you may determine the
amount of water remaining by any of the following:
(1) Measure the dewpoint and absolute pressure downstream of the
water removal location and calculate the amount of water remaining as
described in Sec. 1065.645.
(2) When saturated water vapor conditions exist at a given
location, you may use the measured temperature at that location as the
dewpoint for the downstream flow. If we ask, you must demonstrate how
you know that saturated water vapor conditions exist. Use good
engineering judgment to measure the temperature at the appropriate
location to accurately reflect the dewpoint of the flow.
(3) You may also use a nominal value of absolute pressure based on
an alarm setpoint, a pressure regulator setpoint, or good engineering
judgment.
(c) For a corresponding concentration or flow measurement where you
did not remove water, you may determine the amount of initial water by
any of the following:
(1) Use any of the techniques described in paragraph (b) of this
section.
(2) If the measurement comes from raw exhaust, you may determine
the amount of water based on intake-air humidity, plus a chemical
balance of fuel, intake air and exhaust as described in Sec. 1065.655.
(3) If the measurement comes from diluted exhaust, you may
determine the amount of water based on intake-air humidity, dilution
air humidity, and a chemical balance of fuel, intake air, and exhaust
as described in Sec. 1065.655.
(d) Perform a removed water correction to the concentration
measurement using the following equation:
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Example:
xCOmeas = 29.0 [mu]mol/mol
xH2OxCOmeas = 8.601 mmol/mol = 0.008601 mol/mol
xH2O = 34.04 mmol/mol = 0.03404 mol/mol
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xCO = 28.3 [mu]mol/mol
Sec. 1065.660 THC and NMHC determination.
(a) THC determination. If we require you to determine THC
emissions, calculate xTHC using the initial THC
contamination concentration xTHCinit from Sec. 1065.520 as
follows:
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Example:
xTHCuncor = 150.3 [mu]mol/mol
xTHCinit = 1.1 [mu]mol/mol
xTHCcor = 150.3 - 1.1
xTHCcor = 149.2 [mu]mol/mol
(b) NMHC determination. Use one of the following to determine NMHC
emissions, xNMHC.
(1) Report xNMHC as 0.98 ? xTHC if you
did not measure CH4, or if the result of paragraph (b)(2) or
(3) of this section is greater than the result using this paragraph
(b)(1).
(2) For nonmethane cutters, calculate xNMHC using the
nonmethane cutter's penetration fractions (PF) of CH4 and
C2H6 from Sec. 1065.365, and using the initial
NMHC contamination concentration xNMHCinit from Sec.
1065.520 as follows:
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TR13JY05.139
Where:
xNMHC = concentration of NMHC.
PFCH4 = nonmethane cutter CH4 penetration
fraction, according to Sec. 1065.365.
xTHC = concentration of THC, as measured by the THC FID.
RFCH4 = response factor of THC FID to CH4,
according to Sec. 1065.360.
xCH4 = concentration of methane, as measured downstream of
the nonmethane cutter.
PFC2H6 = nonmethane cutter CH4 penetration
fraction, according to Sec. 1065.365.
xNMHCinit = initial NMHC contamination concentration,
according to Sec. 1065.520.
Example:
PFCH4 = 0.990
xTHC = 150.3 [mu]mol/mol
RFCH4 = 1.05
xCH4 = 20.5 [mu]mol/mol
PFC2H6 = 0.020
xNMHCinit = 1.1 [mu]mol/mol
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TR13JY05.140
xNMHC = 130.1 [mu]mol/mol
(3) For a gas chromatograph, calculate xNMHC using the
THC analyzer's response factor (RF) for CH4, from Sec.
1065.360, and using the initial NMHC contamination concentration
xNMHCinit from Sec. 1065.520 as follows:
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Example:
xTHC = 145.6 [mu]mol/mol
RFCH4 = 0.970
xCH4 = 18.9 [mu]mol/mol
xNMHCinit = 1.1 [mu]mol/mol
xNMHC = 145.6 - 0.970 [middot]
18.9 - 1.1
xNMHC = 126.2 [mu]mol/mol
Sec. 1065.665 THCE and NMHCE determination.
(a) If you measured an oxygenated hydrocarbon's mass concentration
(per mole of exhaust), first calculate its molar concentration by
dividing its mass concentration by the effective molar mass of the
oxygenated hydrocarbon, then multiply each oxygenated hydrocarbon's
molar concentration by its respective number of carbon atoms per
molecule. Add these C1-equivalent molar concentrations to
the molar concentration of NOTHC. The result is the molar concentration
of THCE. Calculate THCE concentration using the following equations:
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Where:
xOHCi = The C1-equivalent concentration of
oxygenated species i in diluted exhaust.
xTHC = The C1-equivalent FID response to NOTHC
and all OHC in diluted exhaust.
RFOHCi = The response factor of the FID to species i
relative to propane on a C1-equivalent basis.
C# = the mean number of carbon atoms in the
particular compound.
(b) If we require you to determine NMHCE, use the following
equation:
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TR13JY05.145
(c) The following example shows how to determine NMHCE emissions
based on ethanol (C2H5OH) and methanol
(CH3OH) molar concentrations, and acetaldehyde
(C2H4O) and formaldehyde (HCHO) as mass
concentrations:
xNMHC = 127.3 [mu]mol/mol
xC2H5OH = 100.8 [mu]mol/mol
xCH3OH = 25.5 [mu]mol/mol
MexhC2H4O = 0.841 mg/mol
MexhHCHO = 39.0 [mu]g/mol
MC2H4O = 44.05256 g/mol
MHCHO = 30.02598 g/mol
xC2H4O = 0.841/44.05256 [sdot]
1000
xC2H4O = 19.1 [mu]mol/mol
xHCHO = 39/30.02598
xHCHO = 1.3 [mu]mol/mol
xNMHCE = 127.3 + 2 [sdot]
100.8 + 25.5 + 2 [sdot]
19.1 + 1.3
xNMHCE = 393.9 [mu]mol/mol
Sec. 1065.667 Dilution air background emission correction.
(a) To determine the mass of background emissions to subtract from
a diluted exhaust sample, first determine the total flow of dilution
air, ndil, over the test interval. This may be a measured
quantity or a quantity calculated from the diluted exhaust flow and the
flow-weighted mean fraction of
[[Page 40591]]
dilution air in diluted exhaust, xdil. Multiply the total
flow of dilution air by the mean concentration of a background
emission. This may be a time-weighted mean or a flow-weighted mean
(e.g., a proportionally sampled background). The product of
ndil and the mean concentration of a background emission is
the total amount of a background emission. If this is a molar quantity,
convert it to a mass by multiplying it by its molar mass, M. The result
is the mass of the background emission, m. In the case of PM, where the
mean PM concentration is already in units of mass per mole of sample,
MPM, multiply it by the total amount of dilution air, and
the result is the total background mass of PM, mPM. Subtract
total background masses from total mass to correct for background
emissions.
(b) You may determine the total flow of dilution air by a direct
flow measurement. In this case, calculate the total mass of background
as described in Sec. 1065.650(b), using the dilution air flow,
ndil . Subtract the background mass from the total mass. Use
the result in brake-specific emission calculations.
(c) You may determine the total flow of dilution air from the total
flow of diluted exhaust and a chemical balance of the fuel, intake air,
and exhaust as described in Sec. 1065.655. In this case, calculate the
total mass of background as described in Sec. 1065.650(b), using the
total flow of diluted exhaust, ndexh, then multiply this
result by the flow-weighted mean fraction of dilution air in diluted
exhaust, xdil. Calculate xdil using flow-weighted
mean concentrations of emissions in the chemical balance, as described
in Sec. 1065.655. You may assume that your engine operates
stoichiometrically, even if it is a lean-burn engine, such as a
compression-ignition engine. Note that for lean-burn engines this
assumption could result in an error in emission calculations. This
error could occur because the chemical balances in Sec. 1065.655
correct excess air passing through a lean-burn engine as if it was
dilution air. If an emission concentration expected at the standard is
about 100 times its dilution air background concentration, this error
is negligible. However, if an emission concentration expected at the
standard is similar to its background concentration, this error could
be significant. If this error might affect your ability to show that
your engines comply with applicable standards, we recommend that you
remove background emissions from dilution air by HEPA filtration,
chemical adsorption, or catalytic scrubbing. You might also consider
using a partial-flow dilution technique such as a bag mini-diluter,
which uses purified air as the dilution air.
(d) The following is an example of using the flow-weighted mean
fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust, xdil, and the
total mass of background emissions calculated using the total flow of
diluted exhaust, ndexh, as described in Sec. 1065.650(b) :
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Example:
MNOx = 46.0055 g/mol
xbkgnd = 0.05 [mu]mol/mol = 0.05[middot]10-6 mol/
mol
ndexh = 23280.5 mol
xdil = 0.843
mbkgndNOxdexh = 46.0055 [middot]
0.05 [middot]
10-6 [middot]
23280.5
mbkgndNOxdexh = 0.0536 g
mbkgndNOx = 0.843 [middot]
0.0536
mbkgndNOx = 0.0452 g
Sec. 1065.670 NOX intake-air humidity and temperature
corrections.
See the standard-setting part to determine if you may correct
NOX emissions for the effects of intake-air humidity or
temperature. Use the NOX intake-air humidity andtemperature
corrections specified in the standard-setting part instead of the
NOX intake-air humidity correction specified in this part
1065. If the standard-setting part allows correcting NOX
emissions for intake-air humidity according to this part 1065, first
apply any NOX corrections for background emissions and water
removal from the exhaust sample, then correct NOX
concentrations for intake-air humidity using one of the following
approaches:
(a) Correct for intake-air humidity using the following equation:
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Example:
xNOxuncor = 700.5 [mu]mol/mol
xH2O = 0.022 mol/mol
xNOxcor = 700.5 [middot]
(9.953 [middot]
0.022 + 0.832)
xNOxcor = 736.2 [mu]mol/mol
(b) Develop your own correction, based on good engineering
judgment.
Sec. 1065.672 Drift correction.
(a) Scope and frequency. Perform the calculations in this section
to determine if gas analyzer drift invalidates the results of a test
interval. If drift does not invalidate the results of a test interval,
correct that test interval's gas analyzer responses for drift according
to this section. Use the drift-corrected gas analyzer responses in all
subsequent emission calculations. Note that the acceptable threshold
for gas analyzer drift over a test interval is specified in Sec.
1065.550 for both laboratory testing and field testing.
(b) Correction principles. The calculations in this section utilize
a gas analyzer's responses to reference zero and span concentrations of
analytical gases, as determined sometime before and after a test
interval. The calculations correct the gas analyzer's responses that
were recorded during a test interval. The correction is based on an
analyzer's mean responses to reference zero and span gases, and it is
based on the reference concentrations of the zero and span gases
themselves. Validate and correct for drift as follows:
(c) Drift validation. After applying all the other corrections-
except drift correction-to all the gas analyzer signals, calculate
brake-specific emissions according to Sec. 1065.650. Then correct all
gas analyzer signals for drift according to this section. Recalculate
brake-specific emissions using all of the drift-corrected gas analyzer
signals. Validate and report the brake-specific
[[Page 40592]]
emission results before and after drift correction according to Sec.
1065.550.
(d) Drift correction. Correct all gas analyzer signals as follows:
(1) Correct each recorded concentration, xi, for
continuous sampling or for batch sampling, x.
(2) Correct for drift using the following equation:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.149
Where:
xidriftcorrected = concentration corrected for drift.
xrefzero = reference concentration of the zero gas, which is
usually zero unless known to be otherwise.
xrefspan = reference concentration of the span gas.
xprespan = pre-test interval gas analyzer response to the
span gas concentration.
xpostspan = post-test interval gas analyzer response to the
span gas concentration.
xi or x = concentration recorded during test, before drift
correction.
xprezero = pre-test interval gas analyzer response to the
zero gas concentration.
xpostzero = post-test interval gas analyzer response to the
zero gas concentration.
Example:
xrefzero = 0 [mu]mol/mol
xrefspan = 1800.0 [mu]mol/mol
xprespan = 1800.5 [mu]mol/mol
xpostspan = 1695.8 [mu]mol/mol
xi or x = 435.5 [mu]mol/mol
xprezero = 0.6 [mu]mol/mol
xpostzero = -5.2 [mu]mol/mol
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.150
xidriftcorrected = 450.8 [mu]mol/mol
(3) For any pre-test interval concentrations, use concentrations
determined most recently before the test interval. For some test
intervals, the most recent pre-zero or pre-span might have occurred
before one or more previous test intervals.
(4) For any post-test interval concentrations, use concentrations
determined most recently after the test interval. For some test
intervals, the most recent post-zero or post-span might have occurred
after one or more subsequent test intervals.
(5) If you do not record any pre-test interval analyzer response to
the span gas concentration, xprespan, set
xprespan equal to the reference concentration of the span
gas:
xprespan = xrefspan.
(6) If you do not record any pre-test interval analyzer response to
the zero gas concentration, xprezero, set
xprezero equal to the reference concentration of the zero
gas:
xprezero = xrefzero.
(7) Usually the reference concentration of the zero gas,
xrefzero, is zero: xrefzero = 0 [mu]mol/mol.
However, in some cases you might you know that xrefzero has
a non-zero concentration. For example, if you zero a CO2
analyzer using ambient air, you may use the default ambient air
concentration of CO2, which is 375 [mu]mol/mol. In this
case, xrefzero = 375 [mu]mol/mol. Note that when you zero an
analyzer using a non-zero xrefzero, you must set the
analyzer to output the actual xrefzero concentration. For
example, if xrefzero = 375 [mu]mol/mol, set the analyzer to
output a value of 375 [mu]mol/mol when the zero gas is flowing to the
analyzer.
Sec. 1065.675 CLD quench verification calculations.
Perform CLD quench-check calculations as follows:
(a) Calculate the amount of water in the span gas,
xH2Ospan, assuming complete saturation at the span-gas
temperature.
(b) Estimate the expected amount of water and CO2 in the
exhaust you sample, xH2Oexp and xCO2exp,
respectively, by considering the maximum expected amounts of water in
combustion air, fuel combustion products, and dilution air
concentrations (if applicable).
(c) Calculate water quench as follows:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.151
Where:
quench = amount of CLD quench.
xNOdry = measured concentration of NO upstream of a bubbler,
according to Sec. 1065.370.
xNOwet = measured concentration of NO downstream of a
bubbler, according to Sec. 1065.370.
xH2Oexp = expected maximum amount of water entering the CLD
sample port during emission testing.
xH2Omeas = measured amount of water entering the CLD sample
port during the quench verification specified in Sec. 1065.370.
xNO,CO2 = measured concentration of NO when NO span gas is
blended with
[[Page 40593]]
CO2 span gas, according to Sec. 1065.370.
xNO,N2 = measured concentration of NO when NO span gas is
blended with N2 span gas, according to Sec. 1065.370.
xCO2exp = expected maximum amount of CO2 entering
the CLD sample port during emission testing.
xCO2meas = measured amount of CO2 entering the
CLD sample port during the quench verification specified in Sec.
1065.370.
Example:
xNOdry = 1800.0 [mu]mol/mol
xNOwet = 1760.5 [mu]mol/mol
xH2Oexp = 0.030 mol/mol
xH2Omeas = 0.017 mol/mol
xNO,CO2 = 1480.2 [mu]mol/mol
xNO,N2 = 1500.8 [mu]mol/mol
xCO2exp = 2.00%
xCO2meas = 3.00%
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.152
quench = -0.00888 - 0.00915 = -1.80%
Sec. 1065.690 Buoyancy correction for PM sample media.
(a) General. Correct PM sample media for their buoyancy in air if
you weigh them on a balance. The buoyancy correction depends on the
sample media density, the density of air, and the density of the
calibration weight used to calibrate the balance. The buoyancy
correction does not account for the buoyancy of the PM itself, because
the mass of PM typically accounts for only (0.01 to 0.10)% of the total
weight. A correction to this small fraction of mass would be at the
most 0.010%.
(b) PM sample media density. Different PM sample media have
different densities. Use the known density of your sample media, or use
one of the densities for some common sampling media, as follows:
(1) For PTFE-coated borosilicate glass, use a sample media density
of 2300 kg/m3.
(2) For PTFE membrane (film) media with an integral support ring of
polymethylpentene that accounts for 95% of the media mass, use a sample
media density of 920 kg/m3.
(3) For PTFE membrane (film) media with an integral support ring of
PTFE, use a sample media density of 2144 kg/m3.
(c) Air density. Because a PM balance environment must be tightly
controlled to an ambient temperature of (22 ±1) [deg]C and a
dewpoint of (9.5 ±1) [deg]C, air density is primarily
function of atmospheric pressure. We therefore specify a buoyancy
correction that is only a function of atmospheric pressure. Using good
engineering judgment, you may develop and use your own buoyancy
correction that includes the effects of temperature and dewpoint on
density in addition to the effect of atmospheric pressure.
(d) Calibration weight density. Use the stated density of the
material of your metal calibration weight. The example calculation in
this section uses a density of 8000 kg/m3, but you should
know the density of your weight from the calibration weight supplier or
the balance manufacturer if it is an internal weight.
(e) Correction calculation. Correct the PM sample media for
buoyancy using the following equations:
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.153
Where:
mcor = PM mass corrected for buoyancy.
muncor = PM mass uncorrected for buoyance.
[rho]air = density of air in balance environment.
pweight = density of calibration weight used to span
balance.
pmedia = density of PM sample media, such as a filter.
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.154
Where:
pabs = absolute pressure in balance environment.
Mmix = molar mass of air in balance environment.
R = molar gas constant.
Tamb = absolute ambient temperature of balance environment.
Example:
pabs = 99.980 kPa
Tsat = Tdew = 9.5 [deg]C
Using Eq. 1065.645-2,
pH20 = 1.1866 kPa
Using Eq. 1065.645-3,
xH2O = 0.011868 mol/mol
Using Eq. 1065.640-8,
Mmix = 28.83563 g/mol
R = 8.314472 J/(mol[sdot]K)
Tamb = 20 [deg]C
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.155
pair = 1.18282 kg/m3
muncorr = 100.0000 mg
pweight = 8000 kg/m3
pmedia = 920 kg/m3
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR13JY05.156
mcor = 100.1139 mg
Sec. 1065.695 Data requirements.
(a) To determine the information we require from engine tests,
refer to the standard-setting part and request from your Designated
Compliance Officer the format used to apply for certification or
demonstrate compliance. We may require different information for
different purposes, such as for certification applications, approval
requests for alternate procedures, selective enforcement audits,
laboratory audits, production-line test reports, and field-test
reports.
(b) See the standard-setting part and Sec. 1065.25 regarding
recordkeeping.
(c) We may ask you the following about your testing, and we may ask
you for other information as allowed under the Act:
[[Page 40594]]
(1) What approved alternate procedures did you use? For example:
(i) Partial-flow dilution for proportional PM.
(ii) CARB test procedures.
(iii) ISO test procedures.
(2) What laboratory equipment did you use? For example, the make,
model, and description of the following:
(i) Engine dynamometer and operator demand.
(ii) Probes, dilution, transfer lines, and sample preconditioning
components.
(iii) Batch storage media (such as the bag material or PM filter
material).
(3) What measurement instruments did you use? For example, the
make, model, and description of the following:
(i) Speed and torque instruments.
(ii) Flow meters.
(iii) Gas analyzers.
(iv) PM balance.
(4) When did you conduct calibrations and performance checks and
what were the results? For example, the dates and results of the
following:
(i) Linearity checks.
(ii) Interference checks.
(iii) Response checks.
(iv) Leak checks.
(v) Flow meter checks.
(5) What engine did you test? For example, the following:
(i) Manufacturer.
(ii) Family name on engine label.
(iii) Model.
(iv) Model year.
(v) Identification number.
(6) How did you prepare and configure your engine for testing?
Consider the following examples:
(i) Dates, hours, duty cycle and fuel used for service
accumulation.
(ii) Dates and description of scheduled and unscheduled
maintenance.
(iii) Allowable pressure range of intake restriction.
(iv) Allowable pressure range of exhaust restriction.
(v) Charge air cooler volume.
(vi) Charge air cooler outlet temperature, specified engine
conditions and location of temperature measurement.
(vii) Fuel temperature and location of measurement.
(viii) Any aftertreatment system configuration and description.
(ix) Any crankcase ventilation configuration and description (e.g.,
open, closed, PCV, crankcase scavenged).
(7) How did you test your engine? For example:
(i) Constant speed or variable speed.
(ii) Mapping procedure (step or sweep).
(iii) Continuous or batch sampling for each emission.
(iv) Raw or dilute sampling; any dilution-air background sampling.
(v) Duty cycle and test intervals.
(vi) Cold-start, hot-start, warmed-up running.
(vii) Absolute pressure, temperature, and dewpoint of intake and
dilution air.
(viii) Simulated engine loads, curb idle transmission torque value.
(ix) Warm-idle speed value and any enhanced-idle speed value.
(x) Simulated vehicle signals applied during testing.
(xi) Bypassed governor controls during testing.
(xii) Date, time, and location of test (e.g., dynamometer
laboratory identification).
(xiii) Cooling medium for engine and charge air.
(xiv) Operating temperatures of coolant, head, and block.
(xv) Natural or forced cool-down and cool-down time.
(xvi) Canister loading.
(8) How did you validate your testing? For example, results from
the following:
(i) Duty cycle regression statistics for each test interval.
(ii) Proportional sampling.
(iii) Drift.
(iv) Reference PM sample media in PM-stabilization environment.
(9) How did you calculate results? For example, results from the
following:
(i) Drift correction.
(ii) Noise correction.
(iii) ``Dry-to-wet'' correction.
(iv) NMHC, CH4, and contamination correction.
(v) NOX humidity correction.
(vi) Brake-specific emission formulation--total mass divided by
total work, mass rate divided by power, or ratio of mass to work.
(vii) Rounding emission results.
(10) What were the results of your testing? For example:
(i) Maximum mapped power and speed at maximum power.
(ii) Maximum mapped torque and speed at maximum torque.
(iii) For constant-speed engines: no-load governed speed.
(iv) For constant-speed engines: test torque.
(v) For variable-speed engines: maximum test speed.
(vi) Speed versus torque map.
(vii) Speed versus power map.
(viii) Brake-specific emissions over the duty cycle and each test
interval.
(ix) Brake-specific fuel consumption.
(11) What fuel did you use? For example:
(i) Fuel that met specifications of subpart H of this part.
(ii) Alternate fuel.
(iii) Oxygenated fuel.
(12) How did you field test your engine? For example:
(i) Data from paragraphs (c)(1), (3), (4), (5), and (9) of this
section.
(ii) Probes, dilution, transfer lines, and sample preconditioning
components.
(iii) Batch storage media (such as the bag material or PM filter
material).
(iv) Continuous or batch sampling for each emission.
(v) Raw or dilute sampling; any dilution air background sampling.
(vi) Cold-start, hot-start, warmed-up running.
(vii) Intake and dilution air absolute pressure, temperature,
dewpoint.
(viii) Curb idle transmission torque value.
(ix) Warm idle speed value, any enhanced idle speed value.
(x) Date, time, and location of test (e.g., identify the testing
laboratory).
(xi) Proportional sampling validation.
(xii) Drift validation.
(xiii) Operating temperatures of coolant, head, and block.
(xiv) Vehicle make, model, model year, identification number.
Subpart H--Engine Fluids, Test Fuels, Analytical Gases and Other
Calibration Standards
Sec. 1065.701 General requirements for test fuels.
(a) General. For all emission measurements, use test fuels that
meet the specifications in this subpart, unless the standard-setting
part directs otherwise. Section 1065.10(c)(1) does not apply with
respect to test fuels. Note that the standard-setting parts generally
require that you design your emission controls to function properly
when using commercially available fuels, even if they differ from the
test fuel.
(b) Fuels meeting alternate specifications. We may allow you to use
a different test fuel (such as California Phase 2 gasoline) if you show
us that using it does not affect your ability to comply with all
applicable emission standards using commercially available fuels.
(c) Fuels not specified in this subpart. If you produce engines
that run on a type of fuel (or mixture of fuels) that we do not specify
in this subpart, you must get our written approval to establish the
appropriate test fuel. You must show us all the following things before
we can specify a different test fuel for your engines:
(1) Show that this type of fuel is commercially available.
(2) Show that your engines will use only the designated fuel in
service.
[[Page 40595]]
(3) Show that operating the engines on the fuel we specify would
unrepresentatively increase emissions or decrease durability.
(d) Fuel specifications. The fuel parameters specified in this
subpart depend on measurement procedures that are incorporated by
reference. For any of these procedures, you may instead rely upon the
procedures identified in 40 CFR part 80 for measuring the same
parameter. For example, we may identify different reference procedures
for measuring gasoline parameters in 40 CFR 80.46.
(e) Service accumulation and field testing fuels. If we do not
specify a service-accumulation or field-testing fuel in the standard-
setting part, use an appropriate commercially available fuel such as
those meeting minimum ASTM specifications from the following table:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.701.--Specifications for Service-Accumulation and Field-Testing Fuels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fuel type Subcategory ASTM specification \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diesel................................ Light distillate and light blends with D975-04c
residual.
Middle distillate....................... D6751-03a
Biodiesel (B100)........................ D6985-04a
Gasoline.............................. Motor vehicle and minor oxygenate blends D4814-04b
Ethanol (Ed75-85)....................... D5798-99
Methanol (M70-M85)...................... D5797-96
Aviation fuel......................... Aviation gasoline....................... D910-04a
Gas turbine............................. D1655-04a
Jet B wide cut.......................... D6615-04a
Gas turbine fuel...................... General................................. D2880-03
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All ASTM specifications are incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010.
Sec. 1065.703 Distillate diesel fuel.
(a) Distillate diesel fuels for testing must be clean and bright,
with pour and cloud points adequate for proper engine operation.
(b) There are three grades of #2 diesel fuel specified for
use as a test fuel. See the standard-setting part to determine which
grade to use. If the standard-setting part does not specify which grade
to use, use good engineering judgment to select the grade that
represents the fuel on which the engines will operate in use. The three
grades are specified in Table 1 of this section.
(c) You may use the following nonmetallic additives with distillate
diesel fuels:
(1) Cetane improver.
(2) Metal deactivator.
(3) Antioxidant, dehazer.
(4) Rust inhibitor.
(5) Pour depressant.
(6) Dye.
(7) Dispersant.
(8) Biocide.
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.703--Test Fuel Specifications for Distillate Diesel Fuel
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference procedure
Item Units Ultra low sulfur Low sulfur High sulfur \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cetane Number..................... ...................... 40-50 40-50 40-50 ASTM D 613-03b
Distillation range:
Initial boiling point......... [deg]C................ 171-204 171-204 171-204 ASTM D 86-04b
10 pct. point................. ...................... 204-238 204-238 204-238
50 pct. point................. 243-282............... 243-282 243-282
90 pct. point................. 293-332............... 293-332 293-332
Endpoint...................... 321-366............... 321-366 321-366
Gravity........................... [deg]API.............. 32-37 32-37 32-37 ASTM D 287-92
Total sulfur...................... mg/kg................. 7-15 300-500 2000-4000 ASTM D 2622-03
Aromatics, minimum. (Remainder g/kg.................. 100 100 100 ASTM D 5186-03
shall be paraffins, naphthalenes,
and olefins).
Flashpoint, min................... [deg]C................ 54 54 54 ASTM D 93-02a
Viscosity......................... cSt................... 2.0-3.2 2.0-3.2 2.0-3.2 ASTM D 445-04
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All ASTM procedures are incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010. See Sec. 1065.701(d) for other allowed procedures.
Sec. 1065.705 Residual fuel [Reserved]
Sec. 1065.710 Gasoline.
(a) Gasoline for testing must have octane values that represent
commercially available fuels for the appropriate application.
(b) There are two grades of gasoline specified for use as a test
fuel. If the standard-setting part requires testing with fuel
appropriate for low temperatures, use the test fuel specified for low-
temperature testing. Otherwise, use the test fuel specified for general
testing. The two grades are specified in Table 1 of this section.
[[Page 40596]]
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.710.--Test Fuel Specifications for Gasoline
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-temperature Reference procedure
Item Units General testing testing 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distillation Range:
Initial boiling point.... [deg]C................ 24-35 2......... 24-36........... ASTM D 86-04b
10% point................ ......do.............. 49-57........... 37-48...........
50% point................ ......do.............. 93-110.......... 82-101..........
90% point................ ......do.............. 149-163......... 158-174.........
End point................ ......do.............. Maximum, 213.... Maximum, 212....
Hydrocarbon composition:
1. Olefins............... mm3/m3................ Maximum, 100,000 Maximum, 175,000 ASTM D 1319-03
2. Aromatics............. ......do.............. Maximum, 350,000 Maximum, 304,000
3. Saturates............. ......do.............. Remainder....... Remainder.......
Lead (organic)............... g/liter............... Maximum, 0.013.. Maximum, 0.013.. ASTM D 3237-02
Phosphorous.................. g/liter............... Maximum, 0.0013. Maximum, 0.005.. ASTM D 3231-02
Total sulfur................. mg/kg................. Maximum, 80..... Maximum, 80..... ASTM D 1266-98
Volatility (Reid Vapor kPa................... 60.0-63.4 2 3... 77.2-81.4....... ASTM D 323-99a
Pressure).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All ASTM procedures are incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010. See Sec. 1065.701(d) for other
allowed procedures.
2 For testing at altitudes above 1 219 m, the specified volatility range is (52 to 55) kPa and the specified
initial boiling point range is (23.9 to 40.6) [deg]C.
3 For testing unrelated to evaporative emissions, the specified range is (55 to 63) kPa.
Sec. 1065.715 Natural gas.
(a) Natural gas for testing must meet the specifications in the
following table:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.715.--Test Fuel Specifications for Natural Gas
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item Value\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Methane, CH4.............. Minimum, 0.87 mol/mol.
2. Ethane, C2H6.............. Maximum, 0.055 mol/mol.
3. Propane, C3H8............. Maximum, 0.012 mol/mol.
4. Butane, C4H10............. Maximum, 0.0035 mol/mol.
5. Pentane, C5H12............ Maximum, 0.0013 mol/mol.
6. C6 and higher............. Maximum, 0.001 mol/mol.
7. Oxygen.................... Maximum, 0.001 mol/mol.
8. Inert gases (sum of CO2 Maximum, 0.051 mol/mol.
and N2).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All parameters are based on the reference procedures in ASTM D 1945-
03 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010). See Sec.
1065.701(d) for other allowed procedures.
(b) At ambient conditions, natural gas must have a distinctive odor
detectable down to a concentration in air not more than one-fifth the
lower flammable limit.
Sec. 1065.720 Liquefied petroleum gas.
(a) Liquefied petroleum gas for testing must meet the
specifications in the following table:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.720.--Test Fuel Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item Value Reference Procedure\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Propane, C3H8................... Minimum, 0.85 m3/m3........ ASTM D 2163-91
2. Vapor pressure at 38 [deg]C..... Maximum, 1400 kPa.......... ASTM D 1267-02 or 2598-02 \2\
3. Volatility residue evaporated Maximum, -38 [deg]C........ ASTM D 1837-02a
temperature, 35 [deg]C).
4. Butanes......................... Maximum, 0.05 m3/m3........ ASTM D 2163-91
5. Butenes......................... Maximum, 0.02 m3/m3........ ASTM D 2163-91
6. Pentenes and heavier............ Maximum, 0.005 m3/m3....... ASTM D 2163-91
7. Propene......................... Maximum, 0.1 m3/m3......... ASTM D 2163-91
8. Residual matter(residue on evap. Maximum, 0.05 ml pass \3\.. ASTM D 2158-04
of 100) ml oil stain observ.).
9. Corrosion, copper strip......... Maximum, No. 1............. ASTM D 1838-03
10. Sulfur......................... Maximum, 80 mg/kg.......... ASTM D 2784-98
11. Moisture content............... pass....................... ASTM D 2713-91
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All ASTM procedures are incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010. See Sec. 1065.701(d) for other
allowed procedures.
\2\ If these two test methods yield different results, use the results from ASTM D 1267-02.
\3\ The test fuel must not yield a persistent oil ring when you add 0.3 ml of solvent residue mixture to a
filter paper in 0.1 ml increments and examine it in daylight after two minutes.
[[Page 40597]]
(b) At ambient conditions, liquefied petroleum gas must have a
distinctive odor detectable down to a concentration in air not more
than one-fifth the lower flammable limit.
Sec. 1065.740 Lubricants.
(a) Use commercially available lubricating oil that represents the
oil that will be used in your engine in use.
(b) You may use lubrication additives, up to the levels that the
additive manufacturer recommends.
Sec. 1065.745 Coolants.
(a) You may use commercially available antifreeze mixtures or other
coolants that will be used in your engine in use.
(b) For laboratory testing of liquid-cooled engines, you may use
water with or without rust inhibitors.
(c) For coolants allowed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section,
you may use rust inhibitors and additives required for lubricity, up to
the levels that the additive manufacturer recommends.
Sec. 1065.750 Analytical gases.
Analytical gases must meet the accuracy and purity specifications
of this section, unless you can show that other specifications would
not affect your ability to show that your engines comply with all
applicable emission standards.
(a) Subparts C, D, F, and J of this part refer to the following gas
specifications:
(1) Use purified gases to zero measurement instruments and to blend
with calibration gases. Use gases with contamination no higher than the
highest of the following values in the gas cylinder or at the outlet of
a zero-gas generator:
(i) 2% contamination, measured relative to the flow-weighted mean
concentration expected at the standard. For example, if you would
expect a flow-weighted CO concentration of 100.0 mmol/mol, then you
would be allowed to use a zero gas with CO contamination less than or
equal to 2.000 mmol/mol.
(ii) Contamination as specified in the following table:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.750.--General Specifications for Purified Gases
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Constituent Purified air \1\ Purified N2 \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THC (C1 equivalent)...................... < 0.05 [mu]mol/mol........... < 0.05 [mu]mol/mol
CO....................................... < 1 [mu]mol/mol.............. < 1 [mu]mol/mol
CO2...................................... < 10 [mu]mol/mol............ < 10 [mu]mol/mol
O2....................................... 0.205 to 0.215 mol/mol...... < 2 [mu]mol/mol
NOX...................................... < 0.02 [mu]mol/mol.......... < 0.02 [mu]mol/mol
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ We do not require these levels of purity to be NIST-traceable.
(2) Use the following gases with a FID analyzer:
(i) FID fuel. Use FID fuel with an H2 concentration of
(0.400 ± 0.004) mol/mol, balance He. Make sure the mixture
contains no more than 0.05 [mu]mol/mol THC.
(ii) FID burner air. Use FID burner air that meets the
specifications of purified air in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. For
field testing, you may use ambient air.
(iii) FID zero gas. Zero flame-ionization detectors with purified
gas that meets the specifications in paragraph (a)(1) of this section,
except that the purified gas O2 concentration may be any
value. Note that FID zero balance gases may be any combination of
purified air and purified nitrogen. We recommend FID analyzer zero
gases that contain approximately the flow-weighted mean concentration
of O2 expected during testing.
(iv) FID propane span gas. Span and calibrate THC FID with span
concentrations of propane, C3H8. Calibrate on a
carbon number basis of one (C1). For example, if you use a
C3H8 span gas of concentration 200 [mu]mol/mol,
span a FID to respond with a value of 600 [mu]mol/mol. Note that FID
span balance gases may be any combination of purified air and purified
nitrogen. We recommend FID analyzer span gases that contain
approximately the flow-weighted mean concentration of O2
expected during testing.
(v) FID methane span gas. If you always span and calibrate a
CH4 FID with a nonmethane cutter, then span and calibrate
the FID with span concentrations of methane, CH4. Calibrate
on a carbon number basis of one (C1). For example, if you
use a CH4 span gas of concentration 200 [mu]mol/mol, span a
FID to respond with a value of 200 [mu]mol/mol. Note that FID span
balance gases may be any combination of purified air and purified
nitrogen. We recommend FID analyzer span gases that contain
approximately the flow-weighted mean concentration of O2
expected during testing.
(3) Use the following gas mixtures, with gases traceable within
± 1.0% of the NIST true value or other gas standards we
approve:
(i) CH4, balance purified synthetic air and/or
N2 (as applicable).
(ii) C2H6, balance purified synthetic air
and/or N2 (as applicable).
(iii) C3H8, balance purified synthetic air
and/or N2 (as applicable).
(iv) CO, balance purified N2.
(v) CO2, balance purified N2.
(vi) NO, balance purified N2.
(vii) NO2, balance purified N2.
(viii) O2, balance purified N2.
(ix) C3H8, CO, CO2, NO, balance
purified N2.
(x) C3H8, CH4, CO, CO2,
NO, balance purified N2.
(4) You may use gases for species other than those listed in
paragraph (a)(3) of thissection (such as methanol in air, which you may
use to determine response factors), as long as they are traceable to
within ±1.0 % of the NIST true value or other similar
standards we approve, and meet the stability requirements of paragraph
(b) of this section.
(5) You may generate your own calibration gases using a precision
blending device, such as a gas divider, to dilute gases with purified
N2 or purified synthetic air. If your gas dividers meet the
specifications in Sec. 1065.248, and the gases being blended meet the
requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) and (3) of this section, the
resulting blends are considered to meet the requirements of this
paragraph (a).
(b) Record the concentration of any calibration gas standard and
its expiration date specified by the gas supplier.
(1) Do not use any calibration gas standard after its expiration
date, except as allowed by paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(2) Calibration gases may be relabeled and used after their
expiration date as follows:
(i) Alcohol/carbonyl calibration gases used to determine response
factors according to subpart I of this part may be relabeled as
specified in subpart I of this part.
(ii) Other gases may be relabeled and used after the expiration
date only if we approve it in advance.
[[Page 40598]]
(c) Transfer gases from their source to analyzers using components
that are dedicated to controlling and transferring only those gases.
For example, do not use a regulator, valve, or transfer line for zero
gas if those components were previously used to transfer a different
gas mixture. We recommend that you label regulators, valves, and
transfer lines to prevent contamination. Note that even small traces of
a gas mixture in the dead volume of a regulator, valve, or transfer
line can diffuse upstream into a high-pressure volume of gas, which
would contaminate the entire high-pressure gas source, such as a
compressed-gas cylinder.
(d) To maintain stability and purity of gas standards, use good
engineering judgment and follow the gas standard supplier's
recommendations for storing and handling zero, span, and calibration
gases. For example, it may be necessary to store bottles of condensable
gases in a heated environment.
Sec. 1065.790 Mass standards.
(a) PM balance calibration weights. Use PM balance calibration
weights that are certified as NIST-traceable within 0.1 % uncertainty.
Calibration weights may be certified by any calibration lab that
maintains NIST-traceability. Make sure your lowest calibration weight
has no greater than ten times the mass of an unused PM-sample medium.
(b) Dynamometer calibration weights. [Reserved]
Subpart I--Testing With Oxygenated Fuels
Sec. 1065.801 Applicability.
(a) This subpart applies for testing with oxygenated fuels. Unless
the standard-setting part specifies otherwise, the requirements of this
subpart do not apply for fuels that contain less than 25% oxygenated
compounds by volume. For example, you generally do not need to follow
the requirements of this subpart for tests performed using a fuel
containing 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, but you must follow these
requirements for tests performed using a fuel containing 85% ethanol
and 15% gasoline.
(b) Section 1065.805 applies for all other testing that requires
measurement of any alcohols or carbonyls.
(c) This subpart specifies sampling procedures and calculations
that are different than those used for non-oxygenated fuels. All other
test procedures of this part 1065 apply for testing with oxygenated
fuels.
Sec. 1065.805 Sampling system.
(a) Proportionally dilute engine exhaust, and use batch sampling
collect flow-weighted dilute samples of the applicable alcohols and
carbonyls at a constant flow rate. You may not use raw sampling for
alcohols and carbonyls.
(b) You may collect background samples for correcting dilution air
for background concentrations of alcohols and carbonyls.
(c) Maintain sample temperatures within the dilution tunnel,
probes, and sample lines less than 121 [deg]C but high enough to
prevent aqueous condensation up to the point where a sample is
collected. The maximum temperature limit is intended to prevent
chemical reaction of the alcohols and carbonyls. The lower temperature
limit is intended to prevent loss of the alcohols and carbonyls by
dissolution in condensed water. Use good engineering judgment to
minimize the amount of time that the undiluted exhaust is outside this
temperature range to the extent practical. We recommend that you
minimize the length of exhaust tubing before dilution. Extended lengths
of exhaust tubing may require preheating, insulation, and cooling fans
to limit excursions outside this temperature range.
(d) You may bubble a sample of the exhaust through water to collect
alcohols for later analysis. You may also use a photo-acoustic analyzer
to quantify ethanol and methanol in an exhaust sample.
(e) Sample the exhaust through cartridges impregnated with 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine to collect carbonyls for later analysis. If the
standard-setting part specifies a duty cycle that has multiple test
intervals (such as multiple engine starts or an engine-off soak phase),
you may proportionally collect a single carbonyl sample for the entire
duty cycle.For example, if the standard-setting part specifies a six-
to-one weighting of hot-start to cold-start emissions, you may collect
a single carbonyl sample for the entire duty cycle by using a hot-start
sample flow rate that is six times the cold-start sample flow rate.
(f) You may sample alcohols or carbonyls using ``California Non-
Methane Organic Gas Test Procedures'' (incorporated by reference in
Sec. 1065.1010). If you use this method, follow its calculations to
determine the mass of the alcohol/carbonyl in the exhaust sample, but
follow subpart G of this part for all other calculations.
(g) Use good engineering judgment to sample other oxygenated
hydrocarbon compounds in the exhaust.
Sec. 1065.845 Response factor determination.
Since FID analyzers generally have an incomplete response to
alcohols and carbonyls, determine each FID analyzer's alcohol/carbonyl
response factor (such as RFMeOH) after FID optimization.
Formaldehyde response is assumed to be zero and does not need to be
determined. Use the most recent alcohol/carbonyl response factors to
compensate for alcohol/carbonyl response.
(a) Determine the alcohol/carbonyl response factors as follows:
(1) Select a C3H8 span gas that meets the
specifications of Sec. 1065.750. Note that FID zero and span balance
gases may be any combination of purified air or purified nitrogen that
meets the specifications of Sec. 1065.750. We recommend FID analyzer
zero and span gases that contain approximately the flow-weighted mean
concentration of O2 expected during testing. Record the
C3H8 concentration of the gas.
(2) Select or prepare an alcohol/carbonyl calibration gas that
meets the specifications of Sec. 1065.750 and has a concentration
typical of the peak concentration expected at the hydrocarbon standard.
Record the calibration concentration of the gas.
(3) Start and operate the FID analyzer according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
(4) Confirm that the FID analyzer has been calibrated using
C3H8. Calibrate on a carbon number basis of one
(C1). For example, if you use a C3H8
span gas of concentration 200 [mu]mol/mol, span the FID to respond with
a value of 600 [mu]mol/mol.
(5) Zero the FID. Note that FID zero and span balance gases may be
any combination of purified air or purified nitrogen that meets the
specifications of Sec. 1065.750. We recommend FID analyzer zero and
span gases that contain approximately the flow-weighted mean
concentration of O2 expected during testing.
(6) Span the FID with the C3H8 span gas that
you selected under paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(7) Introduce at the inlet of the FID analyzer the alcohol/carbonyl
calibration gas that you selected under paragraph (a)(2) of this
section.
(8) Allow time for the analyzer response to stabilize.
Stabilization time may include time to purge the analyzer and to
account for its response.
(9) While the analyzer measures the alcohol/carbonyl concentration,
record 30 seconds of sampled data. Calculate the arithmetic mean of
these values.
(10) Divide the mean measured concentration by the recorded span
concentration of the alcohol/carbonyl calibration gas. The result is
the FID analyzer's response factor for alcohol/carbonyl,
RFMeOH.
[[Page 40599]]
(b) Alcohol/carbonyl calibration gases must remain within < plus-
minus>2% of the labeled concentration. You must demonstrate the
stability based on a quarterly measurement procedure with a precision
of ±2% percent or another method that we approve. Your
measurement procedure may incorporate multiple measurements. If the
true concentration of the gas changes deviates by more than < plus-
minus>2%, but less than ±10%, the gas may be relabeled with
the new concentration.
Sec. 1065.850 Calculations.
Use the calculations specified in Sec. 1065.665 to determine THCE
or NMHCE.
Subpart J--Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems
Sec. 1065.901 Applicability.
(a) Field testing. This subpart specifies procedures for field-
testing engines to determine brake-specific emissions using portable
emission measurement systems (PEMS). These procedures are designed
primarily for in-field measurements of engines that remain installed in
vehicles or equipment in the field. Field-test procedures apply to your
engines only as specified in the standard-setting part.
(b) Laboratory testing. You may optionally use PEMS for any
laboratory testing, as long as the standard-setting part does not
prohibit it for certain types of laboratory testing, subject to the
following provisions:
(1) Follow the laboratory test procedures specified in this part
1065, according to Sec. 1065.905(e).
(2) Do not apply any PEMS-related field-testing adjustments or
``measurement allowances'' to laboratory emission results or standards.
(3) Do not use PEMS for laboratory measurements if it prevents you
from demonstrating compliance with the applicable standards. Some of
the PEMS requirements in this part 1065 are less stringent than the
corresponding laboratory requirements. Depending on actual PEMS
performance, you might therefore need to account for some additional
measurement uncertainty when using PEMS for laboratory testing. If we
ask, you must show us by engineering analysis that any additional
measurement uncertainty due to your use of PEMS for laboratory testing
is offset by the extent to which your engine's emissions are below the
applicable standards. For example, you might show that PEMS versus
laboratory uncertainty represents 5% of the standard, but your engine's
deteriorated emissions are at least 20% below the standard for each
pollutant.
Sec. 1065.905 General provisions.
(a) General. Unless the standard-setting part specifies deviations
from the provisions of this subpart, field testing and laboratory
testing with PEMS must conform to the provisions of this subpart.
(b) Field-testing scope. Field testing conducted under this subpart
may include any normal in-use operation of an engine.
(c) Field testing and the standard-setting part. This subpart J
specifies procedures for field-testing various categories of engines.
See the standard-setting part for specific provisions for a particular
type of engine. Before using this subpart's procedures for field
testing, read the standard-setting part to answer at least the
following questions:
(1) How many engines must I test in the field?
(2) How many times must I repeat a field test on an individual
engine?
(3) How do I select vehicles for field testing?
(4) What maintenance steps may I take before or between tests?
(5) What data are needed for a single field test on an individual
engine?
(6) What are the limits on ambient conditions for field testing?
Note that the ambient condition limits in Sec. 1065.520 do not apply
for field testing.
(7) Which exhaust constituents do I need to measure?
(8) How do I account for crankcase emissions?
(9) Which engine and ambient parameters do I need to measure?
(10) How do I process the data recorded during field testing to
determine if my engine meets field-testing standards? How do I
determine individual test intervals? Note that ``test interval'' is
defined in subpart K of this part 1065.
(11) Should I warm up the test engine before measuring emissions,
or do I need to measure cold-start emissions during a warm-up segment
of in-use operation?
(12) Do any unique specifications apply for test fuels?
(13) Do any special conditions invalidate parts of a field test or
all of a field test?
(14) Does any special ``measurement allowance'' apply to field-test
emission results or standards, based on using PEMS for field-testing
versus using laboratory equipment and instruments for laboratory
testing?
(15) Do results of initial field testing trigger any requirement
for additional field testing or laboratory testing?
(16) How do I report field-testing results?
(d) Field testing and this part 1065. Use the following
specifications for field testing:
(1) Use the applicability and general provisions of subpart A of
this part.
(2) Use equipment specifications in Sec. 1065.101 and in the
sections from Sec. 1065.140 to the end of subpart B of this part.
Section 1065.910 specifies additional equipment specific to field
testing.
(3) Use measurement instruments in subpart C of this part, except
as specified in Sec. 1065.915.
(4) Use calibrations and verifications in subpart D of this part,
except as specified in Sec. 1065.920. Section 1065.920 also specifies
additional calibrations and verifications for field testing.
(5) Use the provisions of the standard-setting part for selecting
and maintaining engines in the field instead of the specifications in
subpart E of this part.
(6) Use the procedures in Sec. Sec. 1065.930 and 1065.935 to start
and run a field test. If you use a gravimetric balance for PM, weigh PM
samples according to Sec. Sec. 1065.590 and 1065.595.
(7) Use the calculations in subpart G of this part to calculate
emissions over each test interval. Note that ``test interval'' is
defined in subpart K of this part 1065, and that the standard setting
part indicates how to determine test intervals for your engine.
Section 1065.940 specifies additional calculations for field
testing. Use any calculations specified in the standard-setting part to
determine if your engines meet the field-testing standards. The
standard-setting part may also contain additional calculations that
determine when further field testing is required.
(8) Use a typical in-use fuel meeting the specifications of Sec.
1065.701(d).
(9) Use the lubricant and coolant specifications in Sec. 1065.740
and Sec. 1065.745.
(10) Use the analytical gases and other calibration standards in
Sec. 1065.750 and Sec. 1065.790.
(11) If you are testing with oxygenated fuels, use the procedures
specified for testing with oxygenated fuels in subpart I of this part.
(12) Apply the definitions and reference materials in subpart K of
this part.
(e) Laboratory testing using PEMS. Use the following specifications
when using PEMS for laboratory testing:
(1) Use the applicability and general provisions of subpart A of
this part.
(2) Use equipment specifications in subpart B of this part. Section
1065.910
[[Page 40600]]
specifies additional equipment specific to testing with PEMS.
(3) Use measurement instruments in subpart C of this part, except
as specified in Sec. 1065.915.
(4) Use calibrations and verifications in subpart D of this part,
except as specified in Sec. 1065.920. Section 1065.920 also specifies
additional calibration and verifications for PEMS.
(5) Use the provisions of Sec. 1065.401 for selecting engines for
testing. Use the provisions of subpart E of this part for maintaining
engines, except as specified in the standard-setting part.
(6) Use the procedures in subpart F of this part and in the
standard-setting part to start and run a laboratory test.
(7) Use the calculations in subpart G of this part to calculate
emissions over the applicable duty cycle. Section 1065.940 specifies
additional calculations for testing with PEMS.
(8) Use a fuel meeting the specifications of subpart H of this
part, as specified in the standard-setting part.
(9) Use the lubricant and coolant specifications in Sec. 1065.740
and Sec. 1065.745.
(10) Use the analytical gases and other calibration standards in
Sec. 1065.750 and Sec. 1065.790.
(11) If you are testing with oxygenated fuels, use the procedures
specified for testing with oxygenated fuels in subpart I of this part.
(12) Apply the definitions and reference materials in subpart K of
this part.
(f) Summary. The following table summarizes the requirements of
paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.905.--Summary of Testing Requirements That are
Specified Outside of This Subpart J 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Applicability for
Subpart Applicability for laboratory testing
field testing with PEMS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A: Applicability and general Use all............. Use all.
provisions.
B: Equipment for testing.... Use Sec. 1065.101 Use all. Sec.
and Sec. 1065.140 1065.910 specifies
through the end of equipment specific
subpart B. Sec. to laboratory
1065.910 specifies testing with PEMS.
equipment specific
to field testing.
C: Measurement instruments.. Use all............. Use all.
Sec. 1065.915 Sec. 1065.915
allows deviations. allows deviations.
D: Calibrations and Use all............. Use all.
verifications.
Sec. 1065.920 Sec. 1065.920
allows deviations, allows deviations,
but also has but also has
additional additional
specifications. specifications.
E: Test engine selection, Do not use.......... Use all.
maintenance, and durability. Use standard-setting
part.
F: Running an emission test Use Sec. Sec. Use all.
in the laboratory. 1065.590 and
1065.595 for PM.
Sec. 1065.930 and
Sec. 1065.935 to
start and run a
field test..
G: Calculations and data Use all............. Use all.
requirements.
Use standard-setting Use standard-setting
part. part.
Sec. 1065.940 has Sec. 1065.940 has
additional additional
calculation calculation
instructions. instructions.
H: Fuels, engine fluids, Use fuels specified Use fuels from
analytical gases, and other in Sec. subpart H of this
calibration materials. 1065.701(d). part as specified
in standard-setting
part.
Use lubricant and Use lubricant and
coolant coolant
specifications in specifications in
Sec. 1065.740 and subpart H of this
Sec. 1065.745. part.
Use analytical gas Use analytical gas
specifications and specifications and
other calibration other calibration
standards in Sec. standards in Sec.
1065.750 and Sec. 1065.750 and Sec.
1065.790. 1065.790.
I: Testing with oxygenated Use all............. Use all.
fuels.
K: Definitions and reference Use all............. Use all.
materials.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Refer to paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section for complete
specifications.
Sec. 1065.910 PEMS auxiliary equipment for field testing.
For field testing you may use various types of auxiliary equipment
to attach PEMS to a vehicle or engine and to power PEMS.
(a) When you use PEMS, you will likely route engine exhaust to a
raw-exhaust flow meter and sample probes. Route the engine exhaust as
follows:
(1) Flexible connections. Use short flexible connectors at the end
of the engine's exhaust pipe.
(i) You may use flexible connectors to enlarge or reduce the
exhaust-pipe diameter to match that of your test equipment.
(ii) Use flexible connectors that do not exceed a length of three
times their largest inside diameter.
(iii) Use four-ply silicone-fiberglass fabric with a temperature
rating of at least 315 [deg]C for flexible connectors. You may use
connectors with a spring-steel wire helix for support and you may use
Nomex\TM\ coverings or linings for durability. You may also use any
other material with equivalent permeation-resistance and durability, as
long as it seals tightly around tailpipes and does not react with
exhaust.
(iv) Use stainless-steel hose clamps to seal flexible connectors to
the outside diameter of tailpipes, or use clamps that seal
equivalently.
(v) You may use additional flexible connectors to connect to flow
meters and sample probe locations.
(2) Raw exhaust tubing. Use rigid 300 series stainless steel tubing
to connect between flexible connectors. Tubing may be straight or bent
to accommodate vehicle geometry. You may use ``T'' or ``Y'' fittings
made of 300 series stainless steel tubingto join exhaust from multiple
tailpipes, or you may cap or plug redundant tailpipes if the engine
manufacturer recommends it.
(3) Exhaust back pressure. Use connectors and tubing that do not
increase back pressure so much that it exceeds the manufacturer's
maximum specified exhaust restriction. You may verify this at the
maximum exhaust flow rate by measuring back pressure at the
manufacturer-specified location with your system connected. You may
also perform an engineering analysis to verify proper back pressure,
taking into account the maximum exhaust flow rate expected, the field
test system's flexible connectors, and the tubing's characteristics for
pressure drops versus flow.
[[Page 40601]]
(b) For vehicles or other motive equipment, we recommend installing
PEMS in the same location where passenger might sit. Follow PEMS
manufacturer instructions for installing PEMS in vehicle cargo spaces,
vehicle trailers, or externally such that PEMS is directly exposed to
the outside environment. Locate PEMS where it will be subject to
minimal sources of the following parameters:
(1) Ambient temperature changes.
(2) Ambient pressure changes.
(3) Electromagnetic radiation.
(4) Mechanical shock and vibration.
(5) Ambient hydrocarbons--if using a FID analyzer that uses ambient
air as FID burner air.
(c) Mounting hardware. Use mounting hardware as required for
securing flexible connectors, exhaust tubing, ambient sensors, and
other equipment. Use structurally sound mounting points such as vehicle
frames, trailer hitch receivers, and payload tie-down fittings. We
recommend mounting hardware such as clamps, suction cups, and magnets
that are specifically designed for vehicle applications. We also
recommend considering mounting hardware such as commercially available
bicycle racks, trailer hitches, and luggage racks.
(d) Electrical power. Field testing may require portable electrical
power to run your test equipment. Power your equipment, as follows:
(1) You may use electrical power from the vehicle, up to the
highest power level, such that all the following are true:
(i) The vehicle power system is capable of safely supplying your
power, such that your demand does not overload the vehicle's power
system.
(ii) The engine emissions do not change significantly when you use
vehicle power.
(iii) The power you demand does not increase output from the engine
by morethan 1% of its maximum power.
(2) You may install your own portable power supply. For example,
you may use batteries, fuel cells, a portable generator, or any other
power supply to supplement or replace your use of vehicle power.
However, you must not supply power to the vehicle's power system under
any circumstances.
Sec. 1065.915 PEMS instruments.
(a) Instrument specifications. We recommend that you use PEMS that
meet the specifications of subpart C of this part. For field testing of
for laboratory testing with PEMS, the specifications in the following
table apply instead of the specifications in Table 1 of Sec. 1065.205.
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.915.--Recommended Minimum PEMS Measurement Instrument Performance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measured quantity Rise time and fall Recording update Repeatability
Measurement symbol time frequency Accuracy \1\ \1\ Noise \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Engine speed transducer....... fn................ 1 s............... 1 Hz means....... 5.0% of pt. or 2.0% of pt. or 0.5% of max.
1.0% of max. 1.0% of max.
Engine torque estimator, BSFC T or BSFC......... 1 s............... 1 Hz means....... 8.0% of pt. or 2.0% of pt. or 1.0% of max.
(This is a signal from an 5% of max. 1.0% of max.
engine's ECM).
General pressure transducer p................. 5 s............... 1 Hz............. 5.0% of pt. or 2.0% of pt. or 1.0% of max.
(not a part of another 5.0% of max. 0.5% of max.
instrument).
Atmospheric pressure meter.... patmos............ 50 s.............. 0.1 Hz........... 250 Pa.......... 200 Pa.......... 100 Pa.
General temperature sensor T................. 5 s............... 1 Hz............. 1.0% of pt. K or 0.5% of pt. K or 0.5% of max 0.5 K.
(not a part of another 5 K. 2 K.
instrument).
General dewpoint sensor....... Tdew.............. 50 s.............. 0.1 Hz........... 3 K............. 1 K............. 1 K.
Exhaust flow meter............ n................. 1 s............... 1 Hz means....... 5.0% of pt. or 2.0% of pt...... 2.0% of max.
3.0% of max.
Dilution air, inlet air, n................. 1 s............... 1 Hz means....... 2.5% of pt. or 1.25% of pt. or 1.0% of max.
exhaust, and sample flow 1.5% of max. 0.75% of max.
meters.
Continuous gas analyzer....... X................. 5 s............... 1 Hz............. 4.0% of pt. or 2.0% of pt. or 1.0% of max.
4.0% of meas. 2.0% of meas.
Gravimetric PM balance........ mPM............... N/A............... N/A.............. See Sec. 0.5 [mu]g....... N/A
1065.790.
Inertial PM balance........... mPM............... 5 s............... 1 Hz............. 4.0% of pt. or 2.0% of pt. or 1.0% of max.
4.0% of meas. 2.0% of meas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Accuracy, repeatability, and noise are all determined with the same collected data, as described in Sec. 1065.305, and based on absolute values.
``pt.'' refers to the overall flow-weighted mean value expected at the standard; ``max.'' refers to the peak value expected at the standard over any
test interval, not the maximum of the instrument's range; ``meas'' refers to the actual flow-weighted mean measured over any test interval.
(b) Redundant measurements. For all PEMS described in this subpart,
you may use data from multiple instruments to calculate test results
for a single test. If you use redundant systems, use good engineering
judgment to use multiple measured values in calculations or to
disregard individual measurements. Note that you must keep your results
from all measurements, as described in Sec. 1065.25. This requirement
applies whether or not you actually use the measurements in your
calculations.
(c) Field-testing ambient effects on PEMS. PEMS must be only
minimally affected by ambient conditions such as temperature, pressure,
humidity, physical orientation, mechanical shock and vibration,
electromagnetic radiation, and ambient hydrocarbons. Follow the PEMS
manufacturer's instructions for proper installation to isolate PEMS
from ambient conditions that affect their performance. If a PEMS is
inherently affected by ambient conditions that you cannot control, you
must monitor those conditions and adjust the PEMS signals to compensate
for the ambient effect. The standard-setting part may also specify the
use of one or more field-testing adjustments or ``measurement
allowances'' that you apply to results or standards to account for
ambient effects on PEMS.
(d) ECM signals. You may use signals from the engine's electronic
control module (ECM) in place of values measured by individual
instruments within a PEMS, subject to the following provisions:
(1) Recording ECM signals. If your ECM updates a broadcast signal
more frequently than 1 Hz, take one of the following steps:
(i) Use PEMS to sample and record the signal's value more
frequently--up
[[Page 40602]]
to 5 Hz maximum. Calculate and record the 1 Hz mean of the more
frequently updated data.
(ii) Use PEMS to electronically filter the ECM signals to meet the
rise time and fall time specifications in Table 1 of this section.
Record the filtered signal at 1 Hz.
(2) Omitting ECM signals. Replace any discontinuous or irrational
ECM data with linearly interpolated values from adjacent data.
(3) Aligning ECM signals with other data. You must perform time-
alignment and dispersion of ECM signals, according to PEMS manufacturer
instructions and using good engineering judgment.
(4) ECM signals for determining test intervals. You may use any
combination of ECM signals, with or without other measurements, to
determine the start-time and end-time of a test interval.
(5) ECM signals for determining brake-specific emissions. You may
use any combination of ECM signals, with or without other measurements,
to estimate engine speed, torque, and brake-specific fuel consumption
(BSFC, in units of mass of fuel per kW-hr) for use in brake-specific
emission calculations. We recommend that the overall performance of any
speed, torque, or BSFC estimator should meet the performance
specifications in Table 1 of this section. We recommend using one of
the following methods:
(i) Speed. Use the engine speed signal directly from the ECM. This
signal is generally accurate and precise. You may develop your own
speed algorithm based on other ECM signals.
(ii) Torque. Use one of the following:
(A) ECM torque. Use the engine-torque signal directly from the ECM,
if broadcast. Determine if this signal is proportional to indicated
torque or brake torque. If it is proportional to indicated torque,
subtract friction torque from indicated torque and record the result as
brake torque. Friction torque may be a separate signal broadcast from
the ECM or you may have to determine it from laboratory data as a
function of engine speed.
(B) ECM %-load. Use the %-load signal directly from the ECM, if
broadcast. Determine if this signal is proportional to indicated torque
or brake torque. If it is proportional to indicated torque, subtract
the minimum %-load value from the %-load signal. Multiply this result
by the maximum brake torque at the corresponding engine speed. Maximum
brake torque versus speed information is commonly published by the
engine manufacturer.
(C) Your algorithms. You may develop and use your own combination
of ECM signals to determine torque.
(iii) BSFC. Use one of the following:
(A) Use ECM engine speed and ECM fuel flow signals to interpolate
brake-specific fuel consumption data, which might be available from an
engine laboratory as a function of ECM engine speed and ECM fuel
signals.
(B) Use a single BSFC value that approximates the BSFC value over a
test interval (as defined in subpart K of this part). This value may be
a nominal BSFC value for all engine operation determined over one or
more laboratory duty cycles, or it may be any other BSFC that we
approve. If you use a nominal BSFC, we recommend that you select a
value based on the BSFC measured over laboratory duty cycles that best
represent the range of engine operation that defines a test interval
for field-testing.
(C) You may develop and use your own combination of ECM signals to
determine BSFC.
(iv) Other ECM signals. You may ask to use other ECM signals for
determining brake-specific emissions, such as ECM fuel flow or ECM air
flow. We must approve the use of such signals in advance.
(6) Permissible deviations. ECM signals may deviate from the
specifications of this part 1065, but the expected deviation must not
prevent you from demonstrating that you meet the applicable standards.
For example, your emission results may be sufficiently below an
applicable standard, such that the deviation would not significantly
change the result. As another example, a very low engine-coolant
temperature may define a logical statement that determines when a test
interval may start. In this case, even if the ECM's sensor for
detecting coolant temperature was not very accurate or repeatable, its
output would never deviate so far as to significantly affect when a
test interval may start.
Sec. 1065.920 PEMS Calibrations and verifications.
(a) Subsystem calibrations and verifications. Use all the
applicable calibrations and verifications in subpart D of this part,
including the linearity verifications in Sec. 1065.307, to calibrate
and verify PEMS. Note that a PEMS does not have to meet the system-
response specifications of Sec. 1065.308 if it meets the overall
verification described in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Overall verification. We require only that you maintain a
record showing that the particular make, model, and configuration of
your PEMS meets this verification. We recommend that you generate your
own record to show that your specific PEMS meets this verification, but
you may also rely on data and other information from the PEMS
manufacturer. If you upgrade or change the configuration of your PEMS,
your record must show that your new configuration meets this
verification. The verification consists of operating an engine over a
duty cycle in the laboratory and statistically comparing data generated
and recorded by the PEMS with data simultaneously generated and
recorded by laboratory equipment as follows:
(1) Mount an engine on a dynamometer for laboratory testing.
Prepare the laboratory and PEMS for emission testing, as described in
this part, to get simultaneous measurements. We recommend selecting an
engine with emission levels close to the applicable duty-cycle
standards, if possible.
(2) Select or create a duty cycle that has all the following
characteristics:
(i) Engine operation that represents normal in-use speeds, loads,
and degree of transient activity. Consider using data from previous
field tests to generate a cycle.
(ii) A duration of (20 to 40) min.
(iii) At least 50% of engine operating time must include at least
10 valid test intervals for calculating emission levels for field
testing. For example, for highway compression-ignition engines, select
a duty cycle in which at least 50% of the engine operating time can be
used to calculate valid NTE events.
(3) Starting with a warmed-up engine, run a valid emission test
with the duty cycle from paragraph (b)(2) of this section. The
laboratory and PEMS must both meet applicable validation requirements,
such as drift validation, hydrocarbon contamination validation, and
proportional validation.
(4) Determine the brake-specific emissions for each test interval
for both laboratory and the PEMS measurements, as follows:
(i) For both laboratory and PEMS measurements, use identical values
to determine the beginning and end of each test interval.
(ii) For both laboratory and PEMS measurements, use identical
values to determine total work over each test interval.
(iii) Apply any ``measurement allowance'' to the PEMS data. If the
measurement allowance is normally added to the standard, subtract the
measurement allowance from the PEMS brake-specific emission result.
(iv) Round results to the same number of significant digits as the
standard.
[[Page 40603]]
(5) Repeat the engine duty cycle and calculations until you have at
least 100 valid test intervals.
(6) For each test interval and emission, subtract the lab result
from the PEMS result.
(7) If for each constituent, the PEMS passes this verification if
any one of the following are true:
(i) 91% or more of the differences are zero or less than zero.
(ii) The entire set of test-interval results passes the 95%
confidence alternate-procedure statistics for field testing (t-test and
F-test) specified in subpart A of this part.
Sec. 1065.925 PEMS preparation for field testing.
Take the following steps to prepare PEMS for field testing:
(a) Verify that ambient conditions at the start of the test are
within the limits specified in the standard-setting part. Continue to
monitor these values to determine if ambient conditions exceed the
limits during the test.
(b) Install a PEMS and any accessories needed to conduct a field
test.
(c) Power the PEMS and allow pressures, temperatures, and flows to
stabilize to their operating set points.
(d) Bypass or purge any gaseous sampling PEMS instruments with
ambient air until sampling begins to prevent system contamination from
excessive cold-start emissions.
(e) Conduct calibrations and verifications.
(f) Operate any PEMS dilution systems at their expected flow rates
using a bypass.
(g) If you use a gravimetric balance to determine whether an engine
meets an applicable PM standard, follow the procedures for PM sample
preconditioning and tare weighing as described in Sec. 1065.590.
Operate the PM-sampling system at its expected flow rates using a
bypass.
(h) Verify the amount of contamination in the PEMS HC sampling
system as follows:
(1) Select the HC analyzers' ranges for measuring the maximum
concentration expected at the HC standard.
(2) Zero the HC analyzers using a zero gas introduced at the
analyzer port. When zeroing the FIDs, use the FIDs' burner air that
would be used for in-use measurements (generally either ambient air or
a portable source of burner air).
(3) Span the HC analyzers using span gas introduced at the analyzer
port. When spanning the FIDs, use the FIDs' burner air that would be
used in-use (for example, use ambient air or a portable source of
burner air).
(4) Overflow zero air at the HC probe or into a fitting between the
HC probe and the transfer line.
(5) Measure the HC concentration in the sampling system:
(i) For continuous sampling, record the mean HC concentration as
overflow zero air flows.
(ii) For batch sampling, fill the sample medium and record its mean
concentration.
(6) Record this value as the initial HC concentration,
xHCinit, and use it to correct measured values as described
in Sec. 1065.660.
(7) If the initial HC concentration exceeds the greater of the
following values, determine the source of the contamination and take
corrective action, such as purging the system or replacing contaminated
portions:
(i) 2% of the flow-weighted mean concentration expected at the
standard or measured during testing.
(ii) 2 [mu]mol/mol.
(8) If corrective action does not resolve the deficiency, you use a
contaminated HC system if it does not prevent you from demonstrating
compliance with the applicable emission standards.
Sec. 1065.930 Engine starting, restarting, and shutdown.
Unless the standard-setting part specifies otherwise, start,
restart, and shut down the test engine for field testing as follows:
(a) Start or restart the engine as described in the owners manual.
(b) If the engine does not start after 15 seconds of cranking, stop
cranking and determine the reason it failed to start. However, you may
crank the engine longer than 15 seconds, as long as the owners manual
or the service-repair manual describes the longer cranking time as
normal.
(c) Respond to engine stalling with the following steps:
(1) If the engine stalls during a required warm-up before emission
sampling begins, restart the engine and continue warm-up.
(2) If the engine stalls at any other time after emission sampling
begins, restart the engine and continue testing.
(d) Shut down and restart the engine according to the
manufacturer's specifications, as needed during normal operation in-
use, but continue emission sampling until the field test is complete.
Sec. 1065.935 Emission test sequence for field testing.
(a) Time the start of field testing as follows:
(1) If the standard-setting part requires only hot-stabilized
emission measurements, operate the engine in-use until the engine
coolant, block, or head absolute temperature is within ±10%
of its mean value for the previous 2 min or until an engine thermostat
controls engine temperature with coolant or air flow.
(2) If the standard-setting part requires hot-start emission
measurements, shut down the engine after at least 2 min at the
temperature tolerance specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
Start the field test within 20 min of engine shutdown.
(3) If the standard-setting part requires cold-start emission
measurements, proceed to the steps specified in paragraph (b) of this
section.
(b) Take the following steps before emission sampling begins:
(1) For batch sampling, connect clean storage media, such as
evacuated bags or tare-weighed PM sample media.
(2) Operate the PEMS according to the instrument manufacturer's
instructions and using good engineering judgment.
(3) Operate PEMS heaters, dilution systems, sample pumps, cooling
fans, and the data-collection system.
(4) Pre-heat or pre-cool PEMS heat exchangers in the sampling
system to within their tolerances for operating temperatures.
(5) Allow all other PEMS components such as sample lines, filters,
and pumps to stabilize at operating temperature.
(6) Verify that no significant vacuum-side leak exists in the PEMS,
as described in Sec. 1065.345.
(7) Adjust PEMS flow rates to desired levels, using bypass flow if
applicable.
(8) Zero and span all PEMS gas analyzers using NIST-traceable gases
that meet the specifications of Sec. 1065.750.
(c) Start testing as follows:
(1) Before the start of the first test interval, zero or re-zero
any PEMS electronic integrating devices, as needed.
(2) If the engine is already running and warmed up and starting is
not part of field testing, start the field test by simultaneously
starting to sample exhaust, record engine and ambient data, and
integrate measured values using a PEMS.
(3) If engine starting is part of field testing, start field
testing by simultaneously starting to sample from the exhaust system,
record engine and ambient data, and integrate measured values using a
PEMS. Then start the engine.
(d) Continue the test as follows:
(1) Continue to sample exhaust, record data and integrate measured
values throughout normal in-use operation of the engine.
[[Page 40604]]
(2) Between each test interval, zero or re-zero any electronic
integrating devices, and reset batch storage media, as needed.
(3) The engine may be stopped and started, but continue to sample
emissions throughout the entire field test.
(4) Conduct periodic verifications such as zero and span
verifications on PEMS gas analyzers, as recommended by the PEMS
manufacturer or as indicated by good engineering judgment. Results from
these verifications will be used to calculate and correct for drift
according to paragraph (g) of this section. Do not include data
recorded during verifications in emission calculations.
(5) You may periodically condition and analyze batch samples in-
situ, including PM samples; for example you may condition an inertial
PM balance substrate if you use an inertial balance to measure PM.
(6) You may have personnel monitoring and adjusting the PEMS during
a test, or you may operate the PEMS unattended.
(e) Stop testing as follows
(1) Continue sampling as needed to get an appropriate amount of
emission measurement, according to the standard setting part. If the
standard-setting part does not describe when to stop sampling, develop
a written protocol before you start testing to establish how you will
stop sampling. You may not determine when to stop testing based on
measured values.
(2) At the end of the field test, allow the sampling systems'
response times to elapse and then stop sampling. Stop any integrators
and indicate the end of the test cycle on the data-collection medium.
(3) You may shut down the engine before or after you stop sampling.
(f) For any proportional batch sample, such as a bag sample or PM
sample, verify for each test interval whether or not proportional
sampling was maintained according to Sec. 1065.545. Void the sample
for any test interval that did not maintain proportional sampling
according to Sec. 1065.545.
(g) Take the following steps after emission sampling is complete:
(1) As soon as practical after the emission sampling, analyze any
gaseous batch samples.
(2) If you used dilution air, either analyze background samples or
assume that background emissions were zero. Refer to Sec. 1065.140 for
dilution-air specifications.
(3) After quantifying all exhaust gases, record mean analyzer
values after stabilizing a zero gas to each analyzer, then record mean
analyzer values after stabilizing the span gas to the analyzer.
Stabilization may include time to purge an analyzer of any sample gas,
plus any additional time to account for analyzer response. Use these
recorded values to correct for drift as described in Sec. 1065.550.
(4) Invalidate any test intervals that do not meet the range
criteria in Sec. 1065.550. Note that it is acceptable that analyzers
exceed 100% of their ranges when measuring emissions between test
intervals, but not during test intervals. You do not have to retest an
engine in the field if the range criteria are not met.
(5) Invalidate any test intervals that do not meet the drift
criterion in Sec. 1065.550. For test intervals that do meet the drift
criterion, correct those test intervals for drift according to Sec.
1065.672 and use the drift corrected results in emissions calculations.
(6) Unless you weighed PM in-situ, such as by using an inertial PM
balance, place any used PM samples into covered or sealed containers
and return them to the PM-stabilization environment and weigh them as
described in Sec. 1065.595.
Sec. 1065.940 Emission calculations.
Perform emission calculations as described in Sec. 1065.650 to
calculate brake-specific emissions for each test interval using any
applicable information and instructions in the standard-setting part.
Subpart K--Definitions and Other Reference Information
Sec. 1065.1001 Definitions.
The definitions in this section apply to this part. The definitions
apply to all subparts unless we note otherwise. All undefined terms
have the meaning the Act gives them. The definitions follow:
300 series stainless steel means any stainless steel alloy with a
Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys number designated from
S30100 to S39000. For all instances in this part where we specify 300
series stainless steel, such parts must also have a smooth inner-wall
construction. We recommend an average roughness, Ra, no
greater than 4 [mu]m.
Accuracy means the absolute difference between a reference quantity
and the arithmetic mean of ten mean measurements of that quantity.
Determine instrument accuracy, repeatability, and noise from the same
data set. We specify a procedure for determining accuracy in Sec.
1065.305.
Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q.
Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design
that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access)
and that, if adjusted, may affect emissions or engine performance
during emission testing or normal in-use operation. This includes, but
is not limited to, parameters related to injection timing and fueling
rate. In some cases, this may exclude a parameter that is difficult to
access if it cannot be adjusted to affect emissions without
significantly degrading engine performance, or if it will not be
adjusted in a way that affects emissions during in-use operation.
Aerodynamic diameter means the diameter of a spherical water
droplet that settles at the same constant velocity as the particle
being sampled.
Aftertreatment means relating to a catalytic converter, particulate
filter, or any other system, component, or technology mounted
downstream of the exhaust valve (or exhaust port) whose design function
is to decrease emissions in the engine exhaust before it is exhausted
to the environment. Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) and turbochargers
are not aftertreatment.
Allowed procedures means procedures that we either specify in this
part 1065 or in the standard-setting part or approve under Sec.
1065.10.
Alternate procedures means procedures allowed under Sec.
1065.10(c)(7).
Applicable standard means an emission standard to which an engine
is subject; or a family emission limit to which an engine is certified
under an emission credit program in the standard-setting part.
Aqueous condensation means the precipitation of water-containing
constituents from a gas phase to a liquid phase. Aqueous condensation
is a function of humidity, pressure, temperature, and concentrations of
other constituents such as sulfuric acid. These parameters vary as a
function of engine intake-air humidity, dilution-air humidity, engine
air-to-fuel ratio, and fuel composition--including the amount of
hydrogen and sulfur in the fuel.
Atmospheric pressure means the wet, absolute, atmospheric static
pressure. Note that if you measure atmospheric pressure in a duct, you
must ensure that there are negligible pressure losses between the
atmosphere and your measurement location, and you must account for
changes in the duct's static pressure resulting from the flow.
Auto-ranging means a gas analyzer function that automatically
changes the analyzer digital resolution to a larger range of
concentrations as the concentration approaches 100% of the analyzer's
current range. Auto-ranging
[[Page 40605]]
does not mean changing an analog amplifier gain within an analyzer.
Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that
senses temperature, motive speed, engine RPM, transmission gear, or any
other parameter for the purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or
deactivating the operation of any part of the emission-control system.
Brake power has the meaning given in the standard-setting part. If
it is not defined in the standard-setting part, brake power means the
usable power output of the engine, not including power required to
fuel, lubricate, or heat the engine, circulate coolant to the engine,
or to operate aftertreatment devices. If the engine does not power
these accessories during a test, subtract the work required to perform
these functions from the total work used in brake-specific emission
calculations. Subtract engine fan work from total work only for air-
cooled engines.
C1 equivalent (or basis) means a convention of
expressing HC concentrations based on the total number of carbon atoms
present, such that the C1 equivalent of a molar HC
concentration equals the molar concentration multiplied by the mean
number of carbon atoms in each HC molecule. For example, the
C1 equivalent of 10 [mu]mol/mol of propane
(C3H8) is 30 [mu]mol/mol. C1
equivalent molar values may be denoted as ``ppmC'' in the standard-
setting part.
Calibration means the process of setting a measurement system's
response so that its output agrees with a range of reference signals.
Contrast with ``verification''.
Certification means relating to the process of obtaining a
certificate of conformity for an engine family that complies with the
emission standards and requirements in the standard-setting part.
Compression-ignition means relating to a type of reciprocating,
internal-combustion engine that is not a spark-ignition engine.
Confidence interval means the range associated with a probability
that a quantity will be considered statistically equivalent to a
reference quantity.
Constant-speed engine means an engine whose certification is
limited to constant-speed operation. Engines whose constant-speed
governor function is removed or disabled are no longer constant-speed
engines.
Constant-speed operation means engine operation with a governor
that automatically controls the operator demand to maintain engine
speed, even under changing load. Governors do not always maintain speed
exactly constant. Typically speed can decrease (0.1 to 10)% below the
speed at zero load, such that the minimum speed occurs near the
engine's point of maximum power.
Coriolis meter means a flow-measurement instrument that determines
the mass flow of a fluid by sensing the vibration and twist of
specially designed flow tubes as the flow passes through them. The
twisting characteristic is called the Coriolis effect. According to
Newton's Second Law of Motion, the amount of sensor tube twist is
directly proportional to the mass flow rate of the fluid flowing
through the tube. See Sec. 1065.220.
Designated Compliance Officer means the Manager, Engine Programs
Group (6405-J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania
Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.
Dewpoint means a measure of humidity stated as the equilibrium
temperature at which water condenses under a given pressure from moist
air with a given absolute humidity. Dewpoint is specified as a
temperature in [deg]C or K, and is valid only for the pressure at which
it is measured. See Sec. 1065.645 to determine water vapor mole
fractions from dewpoints using the pressure at which the dewpoint is
measured.
Discrete-mode means relating to a discrete-mode type of steady-
state test, as described in the standard-setting part.
Dispersion means either:
(1) The broadening and lowering of a signal due to any fluid
capacitance, fluid mixing, or electronic filtering in a sampling
system. (Note: To adjust a signal so its dispersion matches that of
another signal, you may adjust the system's fluid capacitance, fluid
mixing, or electronic filtering.)
(2) The mixing of a fluid, especially as a result of fluid
mechanical forces or chemical diffusion.
Drift means the difference between a zero or calibration signal and
the respective value reported by a measurement instrument immediately
after it was used in an emission test, as long as you zeroed and
spanned the instrument just before the test.
Duty cycle means a series of speed and torque values (or power
values) that an engine must follow during a laboratory test. Duty
cycles are specified in the standard-setting part. A single duty cycle
may consist of one or more test intervals. For example, a duty cycle
may be a ramped-modal cycle, which has one test interval; a cold-start
plus hot-start transient cycle, which has two test intervals; or a
discrete-mode cycle, which has one test interval for each mode.
Electronic control module means an engine's electronic device that
uses data from engine sensors to control engine parameters.
Emission-control system means any device, system, or element of
design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants
from an engine.
Emission-data engine means an engine that is tested for
certification. This includes engines tested to establish deterioration
factors.
Emission-related maintenance means maintenance that substantially
affects emissions or is likely to substantially affect emission
deterioration.
Engine means an engine to which this part applies.
Engine family means a group of engines with similar emission
characteristics throughout the useful life, as specified in the
standard-setting part.
Engine governed speed means the engine operating speed when it is
controlled by the installed governor.
Exhaust-gas recirculation means a technology that reduces emissions
by routing exhaust gases that had been exhausted from the combustion
chamber(s) back into the engine to be mixed with incoming air before or
during combustion. The use of valve timing to increase the amount of
residual exhaust gas in the combustion chamber(s) that is mixed with
incoming air before or during combustion is not considered exhaust-gas
recirculation for the purposes of this part.
Fall time, t90-10, means the time interval of a
measurement instrument's response after any step decrease to the input
between the following points:
(1) The point at which the response has fallen 10% of the total
amount it will fall in response to the step change.
(2) The point at which the response has fallen 90% of the total
amount it will fall in response to the step change.
Flow-weighted mean means the mean of a quantity after it is
weighted proportional to a corresponding flow rate. For example, if a
gas concentration is measured continuously from the raw exhaust of an
engine, its flow-weighted mean concentration is the sum of the products
of each recorded concentration times its respective exhaust flow rate,
divided by the sum of the recorded flow rates. As another example, the
bag concentration from a CVS system is the same as the flow-weighted
mean concentration, because the CVS system itself flow-weights the bag
concentration.
Fuel type means a general category of fuels such as gasoline or
LPG. There can be multiple grades within a single type
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of fuel, such as all-season and winter-grade gasoline.
Good engineering judgment means judgments made consistent with
generally accepted scientific and engineering principles and all
available relevant information. See 40 CFR 1068.5 for the
administrative process we use to evaluate good engineering judgment.
HEPA filter means high-efficiency particulate air filters that are
rated to achieve a minimum initial particle-removal efficiency of
99.97% using ASTM F 1471-93 (incorporated by reference in Sec.
1065.1010).
Hydraulic diameter means the diameter of a circle whose area is
equal to the area of a noncircular cross section of tubing, including
its wall thickness. The wall thickness is included only for the purpose
of facilitating a simplified and nonintrusive measurement.
Hydrocarbon (HC) means THC, THCE, NMHC, or NMHCE, as applicable.
Hydrocarbon generally means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission
standards are based for each type of fuel and engine.
Identification number means a unique specification (for example, a
model number/serial number combination) that allows someone to
distinguish a particular engine from other similar engines.
Idle speed means the lowest engine speed with minimum load (greater
than or equal to zero load), where an engine governor function controls
engine speed. For engines without a governor function that controls
idle speed, idle speed means the manufacturer-declared value for lowest
engine speed possible with minimum load. Note that warm idle speed is
the idle speed of a warmed-up engine.
Intermediate test speed has the meaning given in Sec. 1065.610.
Linearity means the degree to which measured values agree with
respective reference values. Linearity is quantified using a linear
regression of pairs of measured values and reference values over a
range of values expected or observed during testing. Perfect linearity
would result in an intercept, a0, equal to zero, a slope,
a1, of one, a coefficient of determination, r \2\, of one,
and a standard error of the estimate, SEE, of zero. The term
``linearity'' is not used in this part to refer to the shape of a
measurement instrument's unprocessed response curve, such as a curve
relating emission concentration to voltage output. A properly
performing instrument with a nonlinear response curve will meet
linearity specifications.
Manufacturer has the meaning given in section 216(1) of the Act. In
general, this term includes any person who manufactures an engine or
vehicle for sale in the United States or otherwise introduces a new
nonroad engine into commerce in the United States. This includes
importers who import engines or vehicles for resale.
Maximum test speed has the meaning given in Sec. 1065.610.
Maximum test torque has the meaning given in Sec. 1065.610.
NIST-traceable means relating to a standard value that can be
related to NIST-stated references through an unbroken chain of
comparisons, all having stated uncertainties, as specified in NIST
Technical Note 1297 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010).
Allowable uncertainty limits specified for NIST-traceability refer to
the propagated uncertainty specified by NIST. You may ask to use other
internationally recognized standards that are equivalent to NIST
standards.
Noise means the precision of 30 seconds of updated recorded values
from a measurement instrument as it quantifies a zero or reference
value. Determine instrument noise, repeatability, and accuracy from the
same data set. We specify a procedure for determining noise in Sec.
1065.305.
Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) means the sum of all hydrocarbon
species except methane. Refer to Sec. 1065.660 for NMHC determination.
Nonmethane hydrocarbon equivalent (NMHCE) means the sum of the
carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated nonmethane hydrocarbons,
alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured
separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as exhaust
nonmethane hydrocarbon from petroleum-fueled engines. The hydrogen-to-
carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1.
Nonroad means relating to nonroad engines.
Nonroad engine has the meaning we give in 40 CFR 1068.30. In
general this means all internal-combustion engines except motor vehicle
engines, stationary engines, engines used solely for competition, or
engines used in aircraft.
Open crankcase emissions means any flow from an engine's crankcase
that is emitted directly into the environment. Crankcase emissions are
not ``open crankcase emissions'' if the engine is designed to always
route all crankcase emissions back into the engine (for example,
through the intake system or an aftertreatment system) such that all
the crankcase emissions, or their products, are emitted into the
environment only through the engine exhaust system.
Operator demand means an engine operator's input to control engine
output. The ``operator'' may be a person (i.e., manual), or a governor
(i.e., automatic) that mechanically or electronically signals an input
that demands engine output. Input may be from an accelerator pedal or
signal, a throttle-control lever or signal, a fuel lever or signal, a
speed lever or signal, or a governor setpoint or signal. Output means
engine power, P, which is the product of engine speed, fn,
and engine torque, T.
Oxides of nitrogen means compounds containing only nitrogen and
oxygen as measured by the procedures specified in this part, except as
specified in the standard-setting part. Oxides of nitrogen are
expressed quantitatively as if the NO is in the form of NO2,
such that you use an effective molar mass for all oxides of nitrogen
equivalent to that of NO2.
Oxygenated fuels means fuels composed of oxygen-containing
compounds, such as ethanol or methanol. Testing engines that use
oxygenated fuels generally requires the use of the sampling methods in
subpart I of this part. However, you should read the standard-setting
part and subpart I of this part to determine appropriate sampling
methods.
Partial pressure means the pressure, p, attributable to a single
gas in a gas mixture. For an ideal gas, the partial pressure divided by
the total pressure is equal to the constituent's molar concentration,
x.
Percent (%) means a representation of exactly 0.01. Significant
digits for the product of % and another value are defined as follows:
(1) Where we specify some percentage of a total value, the
calculated value has the same number of significant digits as the total
value. For example, 2% is exactly 0.02 and 2% of 101.3302 equals
2.026604.
(2) In other cases, determine the number of significant digits
using the same method as you would use for determining the number of
significant digits of a fractional value.
Portable emission measurement system (PEMS) means a measurement
system consisting of portable equipment that can be used to generate
brake-specific emission measurements during field testing or laboratory
testing.
Precision means two times the standard deviation of a set of
measured values of a single zero or reference quantity.
Procedures means all aspects of engine testing, including the
equipment specifications, calibrations, calculations and other
protocols and specifications
[[Page 40607]]
needed to measure emissions, unless we specify otherwise.
Proving ring is a device used to measure static force based on the
linear relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material.
It is typically a steel alloy ring, and you measure the deflection
(strain) of its diameter when a static force (stress) is applied across
its diameter.
PTFE means polytetrafluoroethylene, commonly known as Teflon\TM\.
Ramped-modal means relating to a ramped-modal type of steady-state
test, as described in the standard-setting part.
Regression statistics means any of the set of statistics specified
in Sec. 1065.602(i) through (l).
Repeatability means the precision of ten mean measurements of a
reference quantity. Determine instrument repeatability, accuracy, and
noise from the same data set. We specify a procedure for determining
repeatability in Sec. 1065.305.
Revoke has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
Rise time, t10-90, means the time interval of a
measurement instrument's response after any step increase to the input
between the following points:
(1) The point at which the response has risen 10% of the total
amount it will rise in response to the step change.
(2) The point at which the response has risen 90% of the total
amount it will rise in response to the step change.
Roughness (or average roughness, Ra) means the size of finely
distributed vertical surface deviations from a smooth surface, as
determined when traversing a surface. It is an integral of the absolute
value of the roughness profile measured over an evaluation length.
Round means to round numbers according to NIST SP 811 (incorporated
by reference in Sec. 1065.1010), unless otherwise specified.
Scheduled maintenance means adjusting, repairing, removing,
disassembling, cleaning, or replacing components or systems
periodically to keep a part or system from failing, malfunctioning, or
wearing prematurely. It also may mean actions you expect are necessary
to correct an overt indication of failure or malfunction for which
periodic maintenance is not appropriate.
Shared atmospheric pressure meter means an atmospheric pressure
meter whose output is used as the atmospheric pressure for an entire
test facility that has more than one dynamometer test cell.
Shared humidity measurement means a humidity measurement that is
used as the humidity for an entire test facility that has more than one
dynamometer test cell.
Span means to adjust an instrument so that it gives a proper
response to a calibration standard that represents between 75% and 100%
of the maximum value in the instrument range or expected range of use.
Spark-ignition means relating to a gasoline-fueled engine or any
other type of engine with a spark plug (or other sparking device) and
with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical
Otto combustion cycle. Spark-ignition engines usually use a throttle to
regulate intake air flow to control power during normal operation.
Special procedures means procedures allowed under Sec.
1065.10(c)(2).
Specified procedures means procedures we specify in this part 1065
or the standard-setting part. Other procedures allowed or required by
Sec. 1065.10(c) are not specified procedures.
Standard deviation has the meaning given in Sec. 1065.602. Note
this is the standard deviation for a non-biased sample.
Standard-setting part means the part in the Code of Federal
Regulations that defines emission standards for a particular engine.
See Sec. 1065.1(a).
Steady-state means relating to emission tests in which engine speed
and load are held at a finite set of nominally constant values. Steady-
state tests are either discrete-mode tests or ramped-modal tests.
Stoichiometric means relating to the particular ratio of air and
fuel such that if the fuel were fully oxidized, there would be no
remaining fuel or oxygen. For example, stoichiometric combustion in a
gasoline-fueled engine typically occurs at an air-to-fuel mass ratio of
about 14.7:1.
Storage medium means a particulate filter, sample bag, or any other
storage device used for batch sampling.
Test engine means an engine in a test sample.
Test interval means a duration of time over which you determine
brake-specific emissions. For example, the standard-setting part may
specify a complete laboratory duty cycle as a cold-start test interval,
plus a hot-start test interval. As another example, a standard-setting
part may specify a field-test interval, such as a ``not-to-exceed''
(NTE) event, as a duration of time over which an engine operates within
a certain range of speed and torque. In cases where multiple test
intervals occur over a duty cycle, the standard-setting part may
specify additional calculations that weight and combine results to
arrive at composite values for comparison against the applicable
standards.
Test sample means the collection of engines selected from the
population of an engine family for emission testing.
Tolerance means the interval in which 95% of a set of recorded
values of a certain quantity must lie, with the remaining 5% of the
recorded values deviating from the tolerance interval only due to
measurement variability. Use the specified recording frequencies and
time intervals to determine if a quantity is within the applicable
tolerance. For parameters not subject to measurement variability,
tolerance means an absolute allowable range.
Total hydrocarbon (THC) means the combined mass of organic
compounds measured by the specified procedure for measuring total
hydrocarbon, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass
ratio of 1.85:1.
Total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE) means the sum of the carbon
mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and
aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as
contained in a gas sample, expressed as exhaust hydrocarbon from
petroleum-fueled engines. The hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the
equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1.
United States means the States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Useful life means the period during which a new engine is required
to comply with all applicable emission standards. The standard-setting
part defines the specific useful-life periods for individual engines.
Variable-speed engine means an engine that is not a constant-speed
engine.
Vehicle means any vehicle, vessel, or type of equipment using
engines to which this part applies. For purposes of this part, the term
``vehicle'' may include nonmotive machines or equipment such as a pump
or generator.
Verification means to evaluate whether or not a measurement
system's outputs agree with a range of applied reference signals to
within one or more predetermined thresholds for acceptance. Contrast
with ``calibration''.
We (us, our) means the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency and any authorized representatives.
Zero means to adjust an instrument so it gives a zero response to a
zero calibration standard, such as purified nitrogen or purified air
for measuring concentrations of emission constituents.
[[Page 40608]]
Zero gas means a gas that yields a zero response in an analyzer.
This may either be purified nitrogen, purified air, a combination of
purified air and purified nitrogen. For field testing, zero gas may
include ambient air.
Sec. 1065.1005 Symbols, abbreviations, acronyms, and units of
measure.
The procedures in this part generally follow the International
System of Units (SI), as detailed in NIST Special Publication 811, 1995
Edition, ``Guide for the Use of the International System, of Units
(SI),'' which we incorporate by reference in Sec. 1065.1010. See Sec.
1065.25 for specific provisions related to these conventions. This
section summarizes the way we use symbols, units of measure, and other
abbreviations.
(a) Symbols for quantities. This part uses the following symbols
and units of measure for various quantities:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symbol Quantity Unit Unit symbol Base SI units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%............. percent............. 0.01................ %................... 10-2
[alpha]....... atomic hydrogen to mole per mole....... mol/mol............. 1
carbon ratio.
A............. area................ square meter........ m\2\................ m\2\
a0............ intercept of least
squares regression.
a1............ slope of least
squares regression.
[beta]........ ratio of diameters.. meter per meter..... m/m................. 1
[beta]........ atomic oxygen to mole per mole....... mol/mol............. 1
carbon ratio.
C#............ number of carbon
atoms in a molecule.
D............. diameter............ meter............... m................... m
DF............ dilution air mole per mol........ mol/mol............. 1
fraction.
[egr]......... error between a
quantity and its
reference.
e............. brake-specific basis gram per kilowatt g/(kW[middot]h)..... g[middot]3.6-
hour. 1[middot]10\6\[middot]m-
2[middot]kg[middot]s\2\
F............. F-test statistic....
f............. frequency........... hertz............... Hz.................. s-1
fn............ rotational frequency revolutions per rev/min............. 2[middot]pi[middot]60-
(shaft). minute. 1[middot]s-1
[gamma]....... ratio of specific (joule per kilogram (J/(kg[middot]K))/(J/ 1
heats. kelvin) per (joule (kg[middot]K)).
per kilogram
kelvin).
K............. correction factor... .................... .................... 1
l............. length.............. meter............... m................... m
[mu].......... viscosity, dynamic.. pascal second....... Pa[middot]s......... m-1[middot]kg[middot]s-1
M............. molar mass\1\....... gram per mole....... g/mol............... 10-3[middot]kg[middot]mol-1
m............. mass................ kilogram............ kg.................. kg
m............. mass rate........... kilogram per second. kg/s................ kg[middot]s-1
[b.nu]........ viscosity, kinematic meter squared per m\2\/s.............. m\2\[middot]s-1
second.
N............. total number in
series.
n............. amount of substance. mole................ mol................. mol
n............. amount of substance mole per second..... mol/s............... mol[middot]s-1
rate.
P............. power............... kilowatt............ kW.................. 10\3\[middot]m\2\[middot]kg[mi
ddot]s-3
PF............ penetration fraction
p............. pressure............ pascal.............. Pa.................. m-1[middot]kg[middot]s-2
[rho]......... mass density........ kilogram per cubic kg/m\3\............. kg[middot]m-3
meter.
r............. ratio of pressures.. pascal per pascal... Pa/Pa............... 1
r\2\.......... coefficient of
determination.
Ra............ average surface micrometer.......... [mu]m............... m-6
roughness.
Re#........... Reynolds number.....
RF............ response factor.....
[sigma]....... non-biased standard
deviation.
SEE........... standard estimate of
error.
T............. absolute temperature kelvin.............. K................... K
T............. Celsius temperature. degree Celsius...... [deg]C.............. K-273.15
T............. torque (moment of newton meter........ N[middot]m.......... m\2\[middot]kg[middot]s-2
force).
t............. time................ second.............. s................... s
[Delta]t...... time interval, second.............. s................... s
period, 1/frequency.
V............. volume.............. cubic meter......... m\3\................ m\3\
V............. volume rate......... cubic meter per m\3\/s.............. m\3\[middot]s-1
second.
W............. work................ kilowatt hour....... kW[middot]h......... 3.6[middot]10-
6[middot]m\2\[middot]kg[middo
t]s-2
x............. amount of substance mole per mole....... mol/mol............. 1
mole fraction \2\.
X............. flow-weighted mean mole per mole....... mol/mol............. 1
concentration.
y............. generic variable....
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ See paragraph (f)(2) of this section for the values to use for molar masses. Note that in the cases of NOX
and HC, the regulations specify effective molar masses based on assumed speciation rather than actual
speciation.
\2\ Note that mole fractions for THC, THCE, NMHC, NMHCE, and NOTHC are expressed on a C1 equivalent basis.
(b) Symbols for chemical species. This part uses the following
symbols for chemical species and exhaust constituents:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symbol Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ar............................... argon.
C................................ carbon.
CH4.............................. methane.
C2H6............................. ethane.
C3H8............................. propane.
C4H10............................ butane
C5H12............................ pentane.
CO............................... carbon monoxide.
CO2.............................. carbon dioxide.
H................................ atomic hydrogen
H2............................... molecular hydrogen.
H2O.............................. water.
He............................... helium.
[[Page 40609]]
\85\Kr........................... krypton 85.
N2............................... molecular nitrogen.
NMHC............................. nonmethane hydrocarbon.
NMHCE............................ nonmethane hydrocarbon equivalent.
NO............................... nitric oxide.
NO2.............................. nitrogen dioxide.
NOX.............................. oxides of nitrogen.
NOTHC............................ nonoxygenated hydrocarbon.
O2............................... molecular oxygen.
OHC.............................. oxygenated hydrocarbon.
\210\Po.......................... polonium 210.
PM............................... particulate mass.
S................................ sulfur.
THC.............................. total hydrocarbon.
ZrO2............................. zirconium dioxide.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Prefixes. This part uses the following prefixes to define a
quantity:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symbol Quantity Value
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[mu]....................... micro........................... 10-\6\
m.......................... milli........................... 10-\3\
c.......................... centi........................... 10-\2\
k.......................... kilo............................ 10\3\
M.......................... mega............................ 10\6\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Superscripts. This part uses the following superscripts to
define a quantity:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Superscript Quantity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
overbar (such as y)................... arithmetic mean.
overdot (such as y)................... quantity per unit time.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(e) Subscripts. This part uses the following subscripts to define a
quantity:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subscript Quantity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
abs.............................. absolute quantity.
act.............................. actual condition.
air.............................. air, dry
atmos............................ atmospheric.
cal.............................. calibration quantity.
CFV.............................. critical flow venturi.
cor.............................. corrected quantity.
dil.............................. dilution air.
dexh............................. diluted exhaust.
exh.............................. raw exhaust.
exp.............................. expected quantity.
i................................ an individual of a series.
idle............................. condition at idle.
in............................... quantity in.
init............................. initial quantity, typically before an
emission test.
j................................ an individual of a series.
max.............................. the maximum (i.e., peak) value
expected at the standard over a test
interval; not the maximum of an
instrument range.
meas............................. measured quantity.
out.............................. quantity out.
part............................. partial quantity.
PDP.............................. positive-displacement pump.
ref.............................. reference quantity.
rev.............................. revolution.
sat.............................. saturated condition.
slip............................. PDP slip.
span............................. span quantity.
SSV.............................. subsonic venturi.
std.............................. standard condition.
test............................. test quantity.
uncor............................ uncorrected quantity.
zero............................. zero quantity.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(f) Constants. (1) This part uses the following constants for the
composition of dry air:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symbol Quantity Mol/mol
------------------------------------------------------------------------
xArair.................... amount of argon in dry air..... 0.00934
xCO2air................... amount of carbon dioxide in dry 0.000375
air.
xN2air.................... amount of nitrogen in dry air.. 0.78084
xO2air.................... amount of oxygen in dry air.... 0.209445
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) This part uses the following molar masses or effective molar
masses of chemical species:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
g/mol (10-
Symbol Quantity 3[middot]kg[middot]mol-
1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mair................ molar mass of dry air \1\ 28.96559
MAr................. molar mass of argon...... 39.948
MC.................. molar mass of carbon..... 12.0107
MCO................. molar mass of carbon 28.0101
monoxide.
MCO2................ molar mass of carbon 44.0095
dioxide.
MH.................. molar mass of atomic 1.00794
hydrogen.
MH2................. molar mass of molecular 2.01588
hydrogen.
MH2O................ molar mass of water...... 18.01528
MHe................. molar mass of helium..... 4.002602
MN.................. molar mass of atomic 14.0067
nitrogen.
MN2................. molar mass of molecular 28.0134
nitrogen.
MNMHC............... effective molar mass of 13.875389
nonmethane hydrocarbon
\2\.
MNMHCE.............. effective molar mass of 13.875389
nonmethane equivalent
hydrocarbon \2\.
MNOX................ effective molar mass of 46.0055
oxides of nitrogen \3\.
MO.................. molar mass of atomic 15.9994
oxygen.
MO2................. molar mass of molecular 31.9988
oxygen.
MC3H8............... molar mass of propane.... 44.09562
MS.................. molar mass of sulfur..... 32.065
MTHC................ effective molar mass of 13.875389
total hydrocarbon \2\.
MTHCE............... effective molar mass of 13.875389
total hydrocarbon
equivalent \2\.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ See paragraph (f)(1) of this section for the composition of dry air.
\2\ The effective molar masses of THC, THCE, NMHC, and NMHCE are defined
by an atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, [agr], of 1.85.
\3\ The effective molar mass of NOX is defined by the molar mass of
nitrogen dioxide, NO2.
(3) This part uses the following molar gas constant for ideal
gases:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
J/(mol) [middot]
K) (10)-3
Symbol Quantity (m2[middot]kg[middot]S-2 mol-1[middot]
K-1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
R........... molar gas 8.314472
constant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) This part uses the following ratios of specific heats for
dilution air and diluted exhaust:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[J/
(kg[middot]K)]/
Symbol Quantity [J/
(kg[middot]K)]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[gamma]air.............. ratio of specific heats for 1.399
intake air or dilution air.
[gamma]dil.............. ratio of specific heats for 1.399
diluted exhaust.
[[Page 40610]]
[gamma]exh.............. ratio of specific heats for 1.385
raw exhaust.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(g) Other acronyms and abbreviations. This part uses the following
additional abbreviations and acronyms:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASTM............................ American Society for Testing and
Materials.
BMD............................. bag mini-diluter.
BSFC............................ brake-specific fuel consumption.
CARB............................ California Air Resources Board.
CFR............................. Code of Federal Regulations.
CFV............................. critical-flow venturi.
CI.............................. compression-ignition.
CLD............................. chemiluminescent detector.
CVS............................. constant-volume sampler.
DF.............................. deterioration factor.
ECM............................. electronic control module.
EFC............................. electronic flow control.
EGR............................. exhaust gas recirculation.
EPA............................. Environmental Protection Agency.
FID............................. flame-ionization detector.
IBP............................. initial boiling point.
ISO............................. International Organization for
Standardization.
LPG............................. liquefied petroleum gas.
NDIR............................ nondispersive infrared.
NDUV............................ nondispersive ultraviolet.
NIST............................ National Institute for Standards and
Technology.
PDP............................. positive-displacement pump.
PEMS............................ portable emission measurement system.
PFD............................. partial-flow dilution.
PMP............................. Polymethylpentene.
pt.............................. a single point at the mean value
expected at the standard.
PTFE............................ polytetrafluoroethylene (commonly
known as Teflon\TM\).
RE.............................. rounding error.
RMC............................. ramped-modal cycle.
RMS............................. root-mean square.
RTD............................. resistive temperature detector.
SSV............................. subsonic venturi.
SI.............................. spark-ignition.
UCL............................. upper confidence limit.
UFM............................. ultrasonic flow meter.
U.S.C........................... United States Code.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec. 1065.1010 Reference materials.
Documents listed in this section have been incorporated by
reference into this part. The Director of the Federal Register approved
the incorporation by reference as prescribed in 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1
CFR part 51. Anyone may inspect copies at the U.S. EPA, Air and
Radiation Docket and Information Center, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW.,
Room B102, EPA West Building, Washington, DC 20460 or at the National
Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the
availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to:
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
(a) ASTM material. Table 1 of this section lists material from the
American Society for Testing and Materials that we have incorporated by
reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material.
The second column lists the sections of this part where we reference
it. Anyone may purchase copies of these materials from the American
Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., P.O. Box C700,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428 or http://www.astm.com. Table 1 follows:
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.1010.--ASTM Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document number and name Part 1065 reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASTM D 86-04b, Standard Test Method for 1065.703, 1065.710
Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Atmospheric Pressure..........................
ASTM D 93-02a, Standard Test Methods for Flash 1065.703
Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester.....
ASTM D 287 92 (Reapproved 2000), Standard Test 1065.703
Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)........
ASTM D 323-99a, Standard Test Method for Vapor 1065.710
Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)..
ASTM D 445-04, Standard Test Method for 1065.703
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque
Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
Viscosity)....................................
ASTM D 613-03b, Standard Test Method for Cetane 1065.703
Number of Diesel Fuel Oil.....................
ASTM D 910-04a, Standard Specification for 1065.701
Aviation Gasolines............................
ASTM D 975-04c, Standard Specification for 1065.701
Diesel Fuel Oils..............................
ASTM D 1266-98 (Reapproved 2003), Standard Test 1065.710
Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method).......................................
ASTM D 1267-02, Standard Test Method for Gage 1065.720
Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
Gases (LP-Gas Method).........................
ASTM D 1319-03, Standard Test Method for 1065.710
Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products
by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption...........
ASTM D 1655-04a, Standard Specification for 1065.701
Aviation Turbine Fuels........................
ASTM D 1837-02a, Standard Test Method for 1065.720
Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases..
ASTM D 1838-03, Standard Test Method for Copper 1065.720
Strip Corrosion by Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
Gases.........................................
ASTM D 1945-03, Standard Test Method for 1065.715
Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography.
ASTM D 2158-04, Standard Test Method for 1065.720
Residues in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases....
ASTM D 2163-91 (Reapproved 1996), Standard Test 1065.720
Method for Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum
(LP) Gases and Propene Concentrates by Gas
Chromatography................................
ASTM D 2598-02, Standard Practice for 1065.720
Calculation of Certain Physical Properties of
Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases from
Compositional Analysis........................
ASTM D 2622-03, Standard Test Method for Sulfur 1065.703
in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry...............
ASTM D 2713-91 (Reapproved 2001), Standard Test 1065.720
Method for Dryness of Propane (Valve Freeze
Method).......................................
ASTM D 2784-98 (Reapproved 2003), Standard Test 1065.720
Method for Sulfur in Liquefied Petroleum Gases
(Oxy-Hydrogen Burner or Lamp).................
ASTM D 2880-03, Standard Specification for Gas 1065.701
Turbine Fuel Oils.............................
ASTM D 2986-95a (Reapproved 1999), Standard 1065.170
Practice for Evaluation of Air Assay Media by
the Monodisperse DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) Smoke
Test..........................................
ASTM D 3231-02, Standard Test Method for 1065.710
Phosphorus in Gasoline........................
ASTM D 3237-02, Standard Test Method for Lead 1065.710
in Gasoline By Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
ASTM D 4814-04b, Standard Specification for 1065.701
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.........
ASTM D 5186-03, Standard Test Method for 1065.703
Determination of the Aromatic Content and
Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel Fuels
and Aviation Turbine Fuels By Supercritical
Fluid Chromatography..........................
ASTM D 5797-96 (Reapproved 2001), Standard 1065.701
Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70-M85) for
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.............
[[Page 40611]]
ASTM D 5798-99 (Reapproved 2004), Standard 1065.701
Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.............
ASTM D 6615-04a, Standard Specification for Jet 1065.701
B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel..............
ASTM D 6751-03a, Standard Specification for 1065.701
Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle
Distillate Fuels..............................
ASTM D 6985-04a, Standard Specification for 1065.701
Middle Distillate Fuel Oil Military Marine
Applications..................................
ASTM F 1471-93 (Reapproved 2001), Standard Test 1065.1001
Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-
Efficiency Particulate Air Filter System......
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) ISO material. Table 2 of this section lists material from the
International Organization for Standardization that we have
incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name
of the material. The second column lists the section of this part where
we reference it. Anyone may purchase copies of these materials from the
International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-
1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland or http://www.iso.org. Table 2 follows:
Table 2 of Sec. 1065.1010.--ISO Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document number and name Part 1065 reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISO 14644-1, Cleanrooms and associated 1065.190
controlled environments.......................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) NIST material. Table 3 of this section lists material from the
National Institute of Standards and Technology that we have
incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name
of the material. The second column lists the section of this part where
we reference it. Anyone may purchase copies of these materials from the
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 or download them free
from the Internet at http://www.nist.gov. Table 3 follows:
Table 3 of Sec. 1065.1010. NIST Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document number and name Part 1065 reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, 1065.20, 1065.1001,
Guide for the Use of the International System 1065.1005
of Units (SI), Barry N. Taylor, Physics
Laboratory....................................
NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994 Edition, 1065.1001
Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the
Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, Barry
N. Taylor and Chris E. Kuyatt.................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) SAE material. Table 4 of this section lists material from the
Society of Automotive Engineering that we have incorporated by
reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material.
The second column lists the sections of this part where we reference
it. Anyone may purchase copies of these materials from the Society of
Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096 or
http://www.sae.org. Table 4 follows:
Table 4 of Sec. 1065.1010. SAE Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 1065
Document number and name reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
``Optimization of Flame Ionization Detector for 1065.360
Determination of Hydrocarbon in Diluted Automotive
Exhausts,'' Reschke Glen D., SAE 770141...................
``Relationships Between Instantaneous and Measured 1065.309
Emissions in Heavy Duty Applications,'' Ganesan B. and
Clark N. N., West Virginia University, SAE 2001-01-3536...
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(e) California Air Resources Board material. Table 5 of this
section lists material from the California Air Resources Board that we
have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and
name of the material. The second column lists the sections of this part
where we reference it. Anyone may get copies of these materials from
the California Air Resources Board 9528 Telstar Ave., El Monte,
California 91731. Table 5 follows:
[[Page 40612]]
Table 5 of Sec. 1065.1010. California Air Resources Board Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 1065
Document number and name reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
``California Non-Methane Organic Gas Test Procedures,'' 1065.805
Amended July 30, 2002, Mobile Source Division, California
Air Resources Board.......................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[FR Doc. 05-11534 Filed 7-12-05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-U
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