WPC>. 2BBcR Z33|[ "m^36Gff%==\o3=33ffffffffff33oooQzKfzztzp=o=o\%ffQi\=bp:6m:p\ifQUGpbbbX=o=o=3============i:fffffQ\\\\K:K:K:K:p\\\\ppppbfi\\b\zifffQQQQi\\\\bbbbbbppK:K:K:K:fmz:z:z:z:z:pppp\\QQQtUtUtUtUzGzGzGppppppbpXpXpXiz:pQtUzGbbi\pNo3o\6QNNfff=7f=f=%GGf//\\pp%G=ooee3o<gn|g|n|SR}{nnnRRnnnnnnnRRRRRRRRRRRRSS"m^*,:SS}z22K[*2**SSSSSSSSSS**[[[Collluldu}=Sudzudul_dzljj\2[2[KSSCVK2Q\/,Y/\KVSCE:\QuQQH2[2[2*222222222222V/lSlSlSlSlSwlClKlKlKlK=/=/=/=/z\uKuKuKuKz\z\z\z\jQlSuVuKuKjQuKdVlSlSlSlClClClCuVlKlKlKlKuQuQuQuQuQuQ}\}\=/=/=/=/SuYd/d/d/d/d/z\z\z\z\uKuK}lClClC_E_E_E_Ed:d:d:z\z\z\z\z\z\ujQ\H\H\HuVd/z\lC_Ed:jQjQuVuKz\N[*[K,C@@SSS2-}}S2ooS}2::S''KK\\:2[[RRk*[11RRRkskk[ZZ<[){kJ%>gwZZskkkkB{sssZZcJRRRkkkl_dRZ>\J\B\JlZoN21mRgR\lNaJlRsRSRYZB\BhVrNlRwgsg_BZ11RVVg_]Zk___________________BBBBBBBZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ111111111111RRRRRRRVVVVVVVVVVVVggggggggggggggggggggl\l2lhs2hR"X^?S}}SSS}?S?F}}}}}}}}}}SS}a}SFS}S}ooS}FSF}oaS}}}oc7cS?SS*SSSSSSSSSSF}}}}}oooooaFaFaFaF}}}}}}}}}}}}}oooooooo}}}}}}aFaFaFaF}FFFFF}}oooaaaaSSS}oooFoaS}}}NX?}S}}}}}}KS}K}KF}}}SS}}S}KF*RRdE|>gn|g|n|SR{nnnRRnnnnnnnRRRRRRRRRRRRSS2/#cccic"m^*2gwZZskkkkB{sssZZcJRRRkkkl_dRZ>\J\B\JlZoN21mRgR\lNaJlRsRSRYZB\BhVrNlRwgsg_BZ11RVVg_]Zk___________________BBBBBBBZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ111111111111RRRRRRRVVVVVVVVVVVVggggggggggggggggggggl\l2lhs2hR"m^3=Iff%==\o3=3offffffffff33oooQzKpzzz~~z=o=o\%ifQpQ=bp=:f=p\ifQQAp_\\U=o=o=3============f=iiiiiQQQQQK=K=K=K=p\\\\pppp~\ip\\~\\ziiiiQQQQpQQQQbbbbbbppK=K=K=K=pfz=z=z=z=z=pppp\\QQQzQzQzQzQ~A~A~Apppppp~\zUzUzUpz=pQzQ~A~\~\p\pNo3w\=QNNfffMDf=f=3GG\==\\pp%G=ooee3o<>RRR1,zzR1llRz199R&&IIZZ91YYQQi)Y00QQQiqiiYXX;Y(yiH$<euXXqiiii@yqqqXXaHQQQiiij]bQX.H1HEADER Level 1 (I) Circ U9d dt)I.؃  ,2 Opin InitInitial Opinion codes]pЊ #  ( (    П I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) I A 1 a (1)(a) i) a)@@Opin Init #  ( (     П I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) I A 1 a (1)(a) i) a)@@\Final Other ##  ( ( ` `  #\  PCsP# dd_P  <  i '  SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES  uB< * ` ` ( ( *(  _Pdd #[ P['CdP# I A 1 a (1)(a) i) a) I A 1 a (1)(a) i) a)*#[ P['CdP# ( ( , , 4 39 C No. 93!1260 4 !   J * #o P['Cn&P# ddh %k uB  ddh < #[ P['CdP#193!1260"DISSENT  uBn -UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ%l uB  ddh < #[ P['CdP#193!1260"DISSENT  uBn -UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ`Q؃ C UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v.  J /ALFONSO LOPEZ, Jr.  o  hhx   on writ of certiorari to the united states court ( of appeals for the fifth circuit 0 hxf #[ P['CdP# d [April 26, 1995] *,   #o P['Cn&P#  J 'Footnotes*#[ P['CdP# ff X01Í Í1*'(Í Í , , #o P['Cn&P#X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: subsequently corrected. See Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat., at 195 (holding that the commerce power extends to all the external concerns of the nation, and to those internal concerns which affect the States  J generally); United States v. Darby, 312 U.S., at  Jv 116!117 ( The conclusion is inescapable that Hammer v.  JN Dagenhart [the child labor case], was a departure from the principles which have prevailed in the interpretation of the Commerce Clause both before and since the  J decision .... It should be and now is overruled). Upholding this legislation would do no more than simply recognize that Congress had a rational basis for finding a significant connection between guns in or near schools and (through their effect on education) the interstate and foreign commerce they threaten. For these reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals. Respectfully, I dissent."   %k% uB  ddh < #[ P['CdP#+93!1260"APPENDIX TO DISSENT  uBn -UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ%l% uB  ddh < #[ P['CdP#+93!1260"APPENDIX TO DISSENT  uBn -UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ`Q؃4APPENDIX  J -Congressional Materialsă |((in reverse chronological order) Private Sector Management of Public Schools, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education and Related Agencies of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, 103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1994) (Senate Appropriations Committee Hearing (1994)). Children and Gun Violence, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993) (Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing (1993)). Keeping Every Child Safe: Curbing the Epidemic of Violence, Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources and the House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993). Recess from Violence: Making our Schools Safe, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Education, Arts and Humanities of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993) (Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee Hearing (1993)). Preparing for the Economy of the 21st Century, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992). "  ԌChildren Carrying Weapons: Why the Recent Increase, Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992). Youth Violence Prevention, Hearing before the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992). School Dropout Prevention and Basic Skills Improvement Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101!600, 2(a)(2), 104 Stat. 3042. 2(a)(2). Excellence in Mathematics, Science and Engineering Education Act of 1990, 104 Stat. 2883, 20 U.S.C. 5301(a)(5) (1988 ed., Supp. V). Oversight Hearing on Education Reform and American Business and the Implementation of the HawkinsStafford Amendments of 1988, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Training of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. (1990). U.S. Power in a Changing World, Report Prepared for the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., 43!66 (1990). Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the House Committee on the Judiciary, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. (1990) (House Judiciary Committee Hearing (1990)). Restoring American Productivity: The Role of Education and Human Resources, Hearing before the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).`"  ԌChildren and Guns, Hearing before the House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989) (House Select Committee Hearing (1989)). Education and Training for a Competitive America Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100!418, Title VI, 102 Stat. 1469. S. Rep. No. 100!222, (1987). Education and Training for American Competitiveness, Hearings before the House Committee on Education and Labor, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. (1987). Competitiveness and the Quality of the American Work Force, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Education and Health of the Joint Economic Committee, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., pts. 1 and 2 (1987). Oversight Hearing on Illiteracy, Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education of the House Committee on Education and Labor and the Subcommittee on Education, Arts and Humanities of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986). Oversight on Illiteracy in the United States, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986). Crime and Violence in the Schools, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. (1984). H.R. Rep. No. 98!6, pts. 1 and 2 (1983). `"  ԌS. Rep. No. 98!151, (1983). Education for Economic Security Act, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Education, Arts and Humanities of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. (1983). Pub. L. 93!380, 825, 88 Stat. 602 (1974). I. Clarke, Art and Industry: Instruction in Drawing Applied to the Industrial and Fine Arts, S. Exec. Doc. No. 209, 46th Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 2 (1891).  J  'Other Federal Government Materialsă |((in reverse chronological order) U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, First Findings: The Educational Quality of the Workforce Employer Survey (Feb. 1995). Economic Report of the President 108 (Feb. 1994). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States (1993) (Statistical Abstract (1993)). U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Public School Education Financing for School Year 1989!90 (June 1993) (U.S. Dept. of Education (1993)). Economic Report of the President 101 (Feb. 1992). U.S. Dept. of Labor, Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills, Skills and Tasks For Jobs: A SCANS Report for America 2000 (1992). "  ԌU.S. Dept. of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Beyond the School Doors: The Literacy Needs of Job Seekers Served by the U.S. Department of Labor (Sept. 1992). U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, School Crime: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report (Sept. 1991) (U.S. Dept. of Justice (1991)). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population: Education in the United States 474 (Jan. 1994). U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Weapons in Schools, OJJDP Bulletin 1 (Oct. 1989) (U.S. Dept. of Justice (1989)). U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics 281, 561, 576 (Aug. 1989) (Handbook of Labor Statistics (1989)). Bishop, Incentives for Learning: Why American High School Students Compare So Poorly to their Counterparts Overseas, in 1 U.S. Dept. of Labor, Commission on Workforce Quality & Labor Market Efficiency, Investing in People 1 (1989). Rumberger & Levin, Schooling for the Modern Workplace, in 1 U.S. Dept. of Labor, Commission on Workforce Quality and Labor Market Efficiency, Investing in People 85 (Sept. 1989). U.S. Dept. of Education and U.S. Department of Labor, The Bottom Line: Basic Skills in the Workplace 12 (1988). "  ԌU.S. Dept. of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Estimating Educational Attainment of Future Employment Demand for States (Oct. 1981) (U.S. Dept. of Labor (1981)). U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Education, Violent Schools"Safe Schools: The Safe School Study Report to Congress (1978) (U.S. Dept. of Health (1978)). U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship, Apprenticeship Past and Present (1950) (U.S. Dept. of Labor (1950)).  J  (Other Readily Available Materialsă -(in alphabetical order) Akin & Garfinkel, School Expenditures and the Economic Returns to Schooling, 12 J. Human Resources 462 (1977). American Council on Education, BusinessHigher Education Forum, America's Competitive Challenge: A Report to the President of the United States (Apr. 1983). P. Applebome, Employers Wary of School System, N. Y. Times, Feb. 20, 1995, p. A1, col. 1. Are Real Estate Firms Ready to Ride on the Infobahn?: Information Highway of Technology, National Real Estate Investor, Oct. 1994, p. 6. Aring, What the `V' Word is Costing America's Economy: Vocational Education, 74 Phi Delta Kappan 396 (1993). G. Atkinson, The Economics of Education (1983). `"  ԌBecker, The Adam Smith Address: Education, Labor Force Quality, and the Economy, Business Economics, Jan. 1992, p. 7 (Becker (1992)). G. Becker, Human Capital (3d ed. 1993) (Becker (1993)). I. Berg, Education and Jobs: The Great Training Robbery (1970). Berryman, The Economy, Literacy Requirements, and AtRisk Adults, in Literacy and the Marketplace: Improving the Literacy of LowIncome Single Mothers 22 (June 1989). Bishop, Is the Test Score Decline Responsible for the Productivity Growth Decline, 79 Am. Econ. Rev. 178 (Mar. 1989). Bishop, High School Performance and Employee Recruitment, 13 J. Labor Research 41 (1992). Blackburn, What Can Explain the Increase in Earnings Inequality Among Males?, 29 Industrial Relations 441 (1990). Boissiere, Knight & Sabot, Earnings, Schooling, Ability and Cognitive Skills, 75 Am. Econ. Rev. 1016 (1985). A. Bolino, A Century of Human Capital by Education and Training (1989) (Bolino). Boyle, Expansion Management's Education Quotient, Economic Development Rev., Winter 1992, pp. 23!25 (Boyle). Brandel, Wake Up Get Smart, New England Business, May 1991, p. 46.`"  ԌCallahan & Rivara, Urban High School Youth and Handguns: A SchoolBased Survey, 267 JAMA 3038 (1992). Card & Krueger, Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States, 100 J. Pol. Econ. 1 (1992). A. Carnevale, America and the New Economy: How New Competitive Standards are Radically Changing American Workplaces (1991). A. Carnevale and J. Porro, Quality Education: School Reform for the New American Economy 31!32 (1994). Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, Caught in the Crossfire: A Report on Gun Violence in our Nation's Schools (Sept. 1990). Centers For Disease Control, Leads from the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 266 JAMA 2342 (1991) (Centers for Disease Control). Chubb & Hanushek, Reforming Educational Reform, in Setting National Priorities 213 (H. Aaron ed. 1990) (Chubb & Hanushek). J. Chubb & T. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools (1990) (Chubb & Moe). Coffee, Survey: Worker Skills, Training More Important in Site Selection, Site Selection, April 1993, p. 296 (Coffee). E. Cohn, Economics of Education (1979). "  ԌCouncil on Competitiveness, Competitiveness Index 5 (July 1994). Council on Competitiveness, Elevating the Skills of the American Workforce (May 1993). Council on Competitiveness, Governing America: A Competitiveness Policy Agenda for The New Administration 33!39 (1989). R. Cyert & D. Mowery, Technology and Employment: Innovation and Growth in the U.S. Economy (1987) (Cyert & Mowery). J. Cynoweth, Enhancing Literacy for Jobs and Productivity: Council of State Policy and Planning Agencies Report (1994). J. Davis & J. Morrall, Evaluating Educational Investment (1974) (Davis & Morrall). Denison, Education and Growth, in Economics and Education 237 (D. Rogers & H. Ruchlin eds. 1971) (Denison). M. Dertouzos, R. Lester, & R. Solow, MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity, Made In America: Regaining the Productive Edge (1989). A. DeYoung, Economics and American Education: A Historical and Critical Overview of the Impact of Economic Theories on Schooling in the United States (1989). Downs, America's Educational Failures Will Hurt Real Estate, National Real Estate Investor, Aug. 1988, p. 34. `"  ԌDoyle, The Role of Private Sector Management in Public Education, 76 Phi Delta Kappan 128 (1994). Education and Economic Development (C. Anderson & M. Bowman eds. 1965). Education Commission of the States, Task Force on Education for Economic Growth, Action for Excellence (June 1983). Educational Testing Service, Developing the Skills and Knowledge of the Workforce (1993). Finding What Really Works in Education, Chief Executive, May 1994, p. 48. Ganderton & Griffin, Impact of Child Quality on Earnings: The ProductivityofSchooling Hypothesis, 11 Contemporary Policy Issues 39 (July 1993). Garver, Success Story!: The Evolution of Economic Development in Broward County, Florida, 11 Economic Development Review 85 (Summer 1993). Gibbs, Schools for Profit, Time, Oct. 17, 1994, p. 48 (Gibbs). Gintis, Education, Technology, and the Characteristics of Worker Productivity, 61 Am. Econ. Rev. 266 (1971). Glazer, A Human Capital Policy for the Cities, Public Interest, Summer 1993, p. 27. Glazer, Violence in Schools: Can Anything be Done to Curb the Growing Violence?, CQ Researcher, Sept. 11, 1992, pp. 785!808. `"  ԌE. Gordon, J. Ponticell & R. Morgan, Closing the Literacy Gap in American Business 23 (1991) (Gordon, Ponticell, & Morgan). E. Hanushek, Making Schools Work: Improving Performance and Controlling Costs (1994) (Hanushek). Henkoff, Where Will the Jobs Come From?, Fortune, Oct. 19, 1992, p. 58 (Henkoff). Herbert, Reading, Writing, Reloading, N. Y. Times, Dec. 14, 1994, p. A23, col. 1. Industry's New Schoolhouse, N. Y. Times, Jan. 9, 1994, section 4A, p. 22, col. 3, Education Life Supp. Introducing the EQ (Education Quotient), Expansion Management, Sept/Oct. 1991, pp. 18!24. Investment in Education: The EquityEfficiency Quandary (T. Schultz ed. 1972). Itzkoff, America's Unspoken Economic Dilemma: Falling Intelligence Levels, 18 J. Social, Pol. & Econ. Studies 311 (1993).  Johnson, The Private Sector Should Help U.S. Schools, Financier, Sept. 1991, p. 34. Johnson & Stafford, Social Returns to Quantity and Quality of Schooling, 8 J. Human Resources 139 (1973). W. Johnston & A. Packer, Workforce 2000: Work and Workers for the Twentyfirst Century (1987). "  ԌJorgenson, The Contribution of Education to U.S. Economic Growth, 1948!73, in Education and Economic Productivity 95 (E. Dean ed. 1984). Kirkland, Are Service Jobs Good Jobs?, Fortune, June 10, 1985, p. 38. J. Kozol, Illiterate America 13 (1985). J. Kozol, Where Stands the Republic: Illiteracy: A Warning and a Challenge to the Nation's Press 9 (1986). M. Levin & A. Shank, Educational Investment in an Urban Society: Costs, Benefits, and Public Policy (1970). Link & Ratledge, Social Returns to Quantity and Quality of Education: A Further Statement, 10 J. Human Resources 78 (1975). Lyne, The Skills Gap: U.S. WorkForce Woes Complicate BusinessLocation Equation, Site Selection, Aug. 1992, p. 642. MacCormack, Newman, & Rosenfield, The New Dynamics of Global Manufacturing Site Location, 35 Sloan Management Review, No. 4, p.69 (1994) (MacCormack Newman, & Rosenfield). F. Machlup, Education and Economic Growth (1970). Markey, The Labor Market Problems of Today's High School Dropouts, Monthly Labor Review, June 1988, p. 36. "  ԌMarshall, The Implications of Internationalization for Labor Market Institutions and Industrial Relations Systems, in Rethinking Employment Policy 205 (D. Bawden & F. Skidmore eds. 1989) (Marshall). R. Marshall & M. Tucker, Thinking for a Living: Work, Skills, and the Future of the American Economy 33 (1992) (Marshall & Tucker). Maturi, The Workforce Lure: Education/Training Carries More Weight in Siting Decisions, Industry Week, May 16, 1994, pp. 65!68 (Maturi). M. Maurice, F. Sellier, & J. Silvestre, The Social Foundations of Industrial Power: A Comparison of France and Germany (1986). Mikulecky, Job Literacy: The Relationship Between School Preparation and Workplace Actuality, 17 Reading and Research Quarterly 400 (1982). Mikulecky & Ehlinger, The Influence of Metacognitive Aspects of Literacy on Job Performance of Electronics Technicians, 18 J. Reading Behavior 41 (1986). MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity, Education and Training in the United States: Developing the Human Resources We Need for Technological Advance and Competitiveness, in 2 Working Papers of the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity (1989) (MIT). Mitchell, The Impact of International Trade on U.S. Employment, in American Labor in a Changing World Economy 5 (W. Morehouse ed. 1978). Morgan & Sirageldin, A Note on the Quality Dimension in Education, 76 J. Pol. Econ. 1069 (1968).`"  ԌNational Academy of Education, Economic Dimensions of Education (1979). National Center on Education and the Economy, America's Choice: High Skills or Low Wages! (1990) (National Center). National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk 8!9 (Apr. 1983). National Commission on Jobs and Small Business, Making America Work Again: Jobs, Small Business, and the International Challenge (1987). National Governor's Association, Making America Work 35!36, 77!96 (1987). National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief, J. Toby, Violence in Schools 3 (Dec. 1983). National School Safety Center, Weapons in Schools (May 1989). Neef & Kask, Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs in 14 Economies, Monthly Labor Review, Dec. 1991, p. 24 (Neef & Kask). Neff, Recharging U.S. Competitiveness: Perhaps We Should Use Germany's Education System as a Benchmark, Industry Week, Jan. 20, 1992, p. 21. O'Connor, Education's Significance as QualityOfLife Location Factor Parallels Nationwide Reformist Movement, Site Selection Handbook, Aug. 1988, p. 846. M. O'Donoghue, Economic Dimensions in Education (1971).` "  ԌOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education and the Economy in a Changing Society (1989). Overman, Skilled States Lure New Business, HRMagazine, Jan. 1994, pp. 61!62 (Overman). Packer, Taking Action on the SCANS Report, Educational Leadership, Mar. 1992, p. 27. R. Perlman, The Economics of Education: Conceptual Problems and Policy Issues (1973). R. Price, Fighting Violence with `All the Mushy Stuff,' USA Today, May 9, 1994, p. 9A. D. ProthrowStith, Deadly Consequences (1991). G. Psacharopoulos, Returns to Education: An International Comparison (1973). M. Rasell & E. Appelbaum, Investment in Learning: An Assessment of the Economic Return (1992). Ray & Mickelson, Corporate Leaders, Resistant Youth, and School Reform in Sunbelt City: The Political Economy of Education, 37 Social Problems 178 (1990). R. Reich, The Work of Nations (1991). D. Riddle, ServiceLed Growth: The Role of the Service Sector in World Development (1986). W. Rorabaugh, The Craft Apprentice: From Franklin to the Machine Age in America (1986) (Rorabaugh). !"  ԌRumberger & Daymont, The Economic Value of Academic and Vocational Training Acquired in High School, in Youth and the Labor Market 157 (M. Borus ed. 1984). Ruttenberg, The Limited Promise of Public Health Methodologies to Prevent Youth Violence, 103 Yale L. J. 1885 (1994). Ryscavage & Henle, Earnings Inequality Accelerates in the 1980's, Monthly Labor Review, Dec. 1990, p. 3. T. Schultz, Education and Productivity (Report Prepared for the National Commission on Productivity, 1971). Schultz, Investment in Human Capital, American Economic Review, Mar. 1961, p. 3, reprinted in 1 Economics of Education 13 (M. Blaug ed. 1968) (Schultz (1961)). S. Seninger, Labor Force Policies for Regional Economic Development: The Role of Employment and Training Programs (1989).  Jh R. Seybolt, Apprenticeship & Apprenticeship Education in Colonial New England & New York (1917) (Seybolt). Sheley, McGee, & Wright, GunRelated Violence in and Around InnerCity Schools, 146 Am. J. Diseases in Children 677 (1992) (Sheley, McGee, & Wright). Stone & Boundy, School Violence: The Need for a Meaningful Response, 28 Clearinghouse Review 453 (1994). Strane, Locating in Rural America Could be a Competitive Advantage, Telemarketing, Oct. 1993, p. 92. `""  ԌR. Sturm, How Do Education and Training Affect a Country's Economic Performance? A Literature Survey. (1993). A Survey of The Global Economy, The Economist, Oct. 1, 1994, p.70!37 (Survey of Global Economy). Swaim & Podgursky, Do MoreEducated Workers Fare Better Following Job Displacement?, Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1989, p. 43. Tremblay, The Impact of School and College Expenditures on the Wages of Southern and NonSouthern Workers, 7 J. Labor Research 201 (1986). J. Vaizey, The Economics of Education (1973). J. Vaizey, The Political Economy of Human Capital (1973). Vallens, Global Economy May Dictate More Spending for Training, Modern Plastics, Nov. 1993, p. 19. Wachtel, The Effect on Earnings of School and College Investment Expenditures, 58 Review of Economics & Statistics 326, 330 (1976). Weiner & Siler, Trained to Order, Forbes, June 26, 1989, pp. 73!78. L. Wheat, Urban Growth in the Nonmetropolitan South 65 (1976). Wirth, Education and Work: The Choices We Face, Phi Delta Kappan, Jan. 1993, p. 361. A. Wirth, Education and Work for the Year 2000 (1992).`#"  ԌL. Wise, Labor Market Policies and Employment Patterns in the United States 50 (1989).