| Reference | Reason for Exclusion |
|---|
| Aberg A, Rydhstroem H, Frid A. Impaired glucose tolerance associated with adverse pregnancy outcome: a population-based study in southern Sweden. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:77-83. [PMID: 11174484] | — |
| Aberg A, Westbom L. Association between maternal pre-existing or gestational diabetes and health problems in children. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90:746-50. [PMID: 11519976] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Adams KM, Li H, Nelson RL, Ogburn PL Jr, Danilenko-Dixon DR. Sequelae of unrecognized gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:1321-32. [PMID: 9662318] | Study design |
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| Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes in a high-risk population: using the fasting plasma glucose to simplify the diagnostic algorithm. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;120:39-44. [PMID: 15866084] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes: a reappraisal of HBA1c as a screening test. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84:1159-63. [PMID: 16305701] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes: dilemma caused by multiple international diagnostic criteria. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1731-6. [PMID: 6401320] | Prevalence outside United States |
| Agarwal MM, Hughes PF, Ezimokhai M. Screening for gestational diabetes in a high-risk population using fasting plasma glucose. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000;68:147-8. [PMID: 10717820] | Study design |
| Agarwal MM, Hughes PF, Punnose J, Ezimokhai M. Fasting plasma glucose as a screening test for gestational diabetes in a multi-ethnic, high-risk population. Diabet Med. 2000;17:720-6. [PMID: 11110505] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Agarwal MM, Punnose J, Dhatt GS. Gestational diabetes: implications of variation in post-partum follow-up criteria. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;113:149-53. [PMID: 15063951] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Agrawal RK, Lui K, Gupta JM. Neonatal hypoglycaemia in infants of diabetic mothers. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000;36:354-6. [PMID: 10940170] | Study design |
| Al Mahroos S, Nagalla DS, Yousif W, Sanad H. A population-based screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in non-diabetic women in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med. 2005;25:129-33. [PMID: 15977691] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Alberico S, Strazzanti C, De Santo D, De Seta F, Lenardon P, Bernardon M, et al. Gestational diabetes: universal or selective screening? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;16:331-7. [PMID: 15621551] | Natural history only |
| Baliutaviciene D, Petrenko V, Zalinkevicius R. Selective or universal diagnostic testing for gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;78:207-11. [PMID: 12384265] | Study design |
| Barahona MJ, Sucunza N, García-Patterson A, Hernandez M, Adelantado JM, Ginovart G, et al. Period of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis and maternal and fetal morbidity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84:622-7. [PMID: 15954869] | Study design |
| Barden A, Singh R, Walters BN, Ritchie J, Roberman B, Beilin LJ. Factors predisposing to pre-eclampsia in women with gestational diabetes. J Hypertens. 2004;22:2371-8. [PMID: 15614032] | Study design |
| Bartha JL, Martinez-Del-Fresno P, Comino-Delgado R. Early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus and prevention of diabetes-related complications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;109:41-4. [PMID: 12818441] | Study design |
| Beischer NA, Wein P, Sheedy MT, Steffen B. Identification and treatment of women with hyperglycaemia diagnosed during pregnancy can significantly reduce perinatal mortality rates. AustNZJ Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;36:239-47. [PMID: 8883743] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Benjamin F, Wilson SJ, Deutsch S, Seltzer VL, Droesch K, Droesch J. Effect of advancing pregnancy on the glucose tolerance test and on the 50-g oral glucose load screening test for gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68:362-5. [PMID: 3737059] | Prevalence-only data |
| Berger H, Crane J, Farine D, Armson A, De La RS, Keenan-Lindsay L et al. Maternal-Fetal Medicine Committee. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002;24:894-912. [PMID: 12417905] | Non–systematic review |
| Berkowitz GS, Roman SH, Lapinski RH, Alvarez M. Maternal characteristics, neonatal outcome, and the time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:976-82. [PMID: 1415436] | Study design |
| Berkus MD, Langer O, Piper JM, Luther MF. Efficiency of lower threshold criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:892-6. [PMID: 7501334] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Berkus MD, Langer O. Glucose tolerance test: degree of glucose abnormality correlates with neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:344-8. [PMID: 8437783] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Bertini AM, Silva JC, Taborda W, Becker F, Lemos Bebber FR, Zucco Viesi JM, et al. Perinatal outcomes and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. J Perinat Med. 2005;33:519-23. [PMID: 16318615] | Quality |
| Bhattacharya SM. Fasting or two-hour postprandial plasma glucose levels in early months of pregnancy as screening tools for gestational diabetes mellitus developing in later months of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2004;30:333-6. [PMID: 15238113] | Study design |
| Bhattacharya SM. Glucose screening test results in first and early third trimester of pregnancy: is there any correlation? J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2002;28:304-7. [PMID: 12512927] | Study design; did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Bito T, Nya ri T, Kova csL,Pal A. Oral glucose tolerance testing at gestational weeks . or 516 could predict or exclude subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus during the current pregnancy in high risk group. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;121:51-5. [PMID: 15989984] |
Not generalizable to U.S. population |
| Bo S, Menato G, Signorile A, Bardelli C, Lezo A, Gallo ML, et al. Obesity or diabetes: what is worse for the mother and for the baby? Diabetes Metab. 2003;29:175-8. [PMID: 12746640] | Study design |
| Boriboonhirunsarn D, Sunsaneevithayakul P, Nuchangrid M. Incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed before 20 weeks of gestation. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87:1017-21. [PMID: 15516000] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Kjos SL, Trigo E, Lee WP, Peters RK. Antepartum predictors of the development of type 2 diabetes in Latino women 11-26 months after pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:2430-6. [PMID: 10580433] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Buchbinder A, Miodovnik M, Khoury J, Sibai BM. Is the use of insulin lispro safe in pregnancy? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002;11:232-7. [PMID: 12375676] | Non–systematic review |
| Calle-Pascual AL, Bagazgoitia J, Calle JR, Charro A, Maran˜ es JP. Use of insulin lispro in pregnancy. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2000;13:173-7. [PMID: 10963394] | Non–systematic review |
| Carpenter MW, Coustan DR. Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;144:768-73. [PMID: 7148898] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Carr CA. Evidence-based diabetes screening during pregnancy. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2001;46:152-8. [PMID: 11480747] | Non–systematic review |
| Catalano PM, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Amini SB. Increased fetal adiposity: a very sensitive marker of abnormal in utero development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1698-704. [PMID: 14710101] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Chan BC, Lao TT. Gestational diabetes mellitus in women in the fourth decade—is treatment worthwhile? Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2005;60:112-6. [PMID: 15886486] | Study design |
| Chen X, Scholl TO, Stein TP. Association of elevated serum ferritin levels and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women: The Camden study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1077-82. [PMID: 16644640] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Cheng YW, Esakoff TF, Block-Kurbisch I, Ustinov A, Shafer S, Caughey AB. Screening or diagnostic: markedly elevated glucose loading test and perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:729-34. [PMID: 17127496] | Quality |
| Cheung NW, Byth K. Population health significance of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2005-9. [PMID: 12832303] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Contreras-Soto J, Forsbach G, Vazquez-Rosales J, Alvarez-Garcia C, Garcia G. Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and pregnancy in Mexico. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1991;34:205-10. [PMID: 1673935] | Did not use established screening criteria; prevalence outside United States |
| Conway DL, Gonzales O, Skiver D. Use of glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes: the San Antonio experience. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;15:51-5. [PMID: 15101612] | Study design |
| Coomarasamy A, Connock M, Thornton J, Khan KS. Accuracy of ultrasound biometry in the prediction of macrosomia: a systematic quantitative review. BJOG. 2005;112:1461-6. [PMID: 16225563] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Coustan DR, Imarah J. Prophylactic insulin treatment of gestational diabetes reduces the incidence of macrosomia, operative delivery, and birth trauma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150:836-42. [PMID: 6391174] | Study design |
| Coustan DR. Management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a self-fulfilling prophecy? [Editorial]. JAMA. 1996;275:1199-200. [PMID: 8609690] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Culligan PJ, Myers JA, Goldberg RP, Blackwell L, Gohmann SF, Abell TD. Elective cesarean section to prevent anal incontinence and brachial plexus injuries associated with macrosomia—a decision analysis. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2005;16:19-28; discussion 28. [PMID: 15647962] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Cundy T, Gamble G, Townend K, Henley PG, MacPherson P, Roberts AB. Perinatal mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2000;17:33-9. [PMID: 10691157] | Study design |
| Dablea D, Snell-Bergeon JK, Hartsfield CL, Bischoff KJ, Hamman RF, McDuffie RS. Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:579-84. [PMID: 15735191] | Prevalence-only data |
| Dang K, Homko C, Reece EA. Factors associated with fetal macrosomia in offspring of gestational diabetic women. J Matern Fetal Med. 2000;9:114-7. [PMID: 10902825] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Davey RX, Hamblin PS. Selective versus universal screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: an evaluation of predictive risk factors. Med J Aust. 2001;174:118-21. [PMID: 11247613] | Study design |
| De Muylder X. Perinatal complications of gestational diabetes: the influence of the timing of the diagnosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1984;18:35-42. [PMID: 6500149] | Study design |
| de Sereday MS, Damiano MM, Gonza´ lez CD, Bennett PH. Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in relation to pregnancy outcome. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17:115-9. [PMID: 12738394] | Did not report sensitivity and specificity criteria to assess specified health outcomes |
| Deerochanawong C, Putiyanun C, Wongsuryrat M, Serirat S, Jinayon P. Comparison of National Diabetes Data Group and World Health Organization criteria for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1070-3. [PMID: 8877291] | Did not report sensitivity and specificity criteria to assess specified health outcomes |
| Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Miccoli R, Cuccuru I, Ghio A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;62:131-7. [PMID: 14581150] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Di Cianni G, Benzi L, Bottone P, Volpe L, Orsini P, Murru S, et al. Neonatal outcome and obstetric complications in women with gestational diabetes: effects of maternal body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996;20:445-9. [PMID: 8696423] | Study design |
| Di Cianni G, Miccoli R, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Ghio A, Giovannitti MG, et al. Maternal triglyceride levels and newborn weight in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. Diabet Med. 2005;22:21-5. [PMID: 15606686] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Miccoli R, Cuccuru I, Ghio A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;62:131-7. [PMID: 14581150] | Study design; prevalence outside United States |
| Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Antoniou G, Baghurst P, Robinson JS. Screening for gestational diabetes: the effect of varying blood glucose definitions in the prediction of adverse maternal and infant health outcomes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:307-12. [PMID: 17627686] | Quality |
| Dong ZG, Beischer NA, Wein P, Sheedy MT. Value of early glucose tolerance testing in women who had gestational diabetes in their previous pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;33:350-7. [PMID: 8179539] | Study design |
| Dornan T, Hollis S. Critical appraisal of published research evidence: treatment of gestational diabetes. Diabet Med. 2001;Suppl 3:1-5. [PMID: 11534305] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Dornhorst A, Frost G. The principles of dietary management of gestational diabetes: reflection on current evidence. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2002;15:145-56; quiz 157-9. [PMID: 11972744] | Non–systematic review |
| Dornhorst A. A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2001;Suppl 3:12-4. [PMID: 11534307] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Drexel H, Bichler A, Sailer S, Breier C, Lisch HJ, Braunsteiner H, et al. Prevention of perinatal morbidity by tight metabolic control in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1988;11:761-8. [PMID: 3073066] | Study design |
| El-Sayed YY, Lyell DJ. New therapies for the pregnant patient with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2001;3:635-40. [PMID: 11911177] | Non–systematic review |
| Erem C, Cihanyurdu N, Deger O, Karahan C, Can G, Telatar M. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in northeastern Turkey (Trabzon City). Eur J Epidemiol. 2003;18:39-43. [PMID: 12705622] | Study design |
| Ertunc D, Tok E, Dilek U, Pata O, Dilek S. The effect of carbohydrate intolerance on neonatal birth weight in pregnant women without gestational diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med. 2004;24:280-3. [PMID: 15387495] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Esakoff TF, Cheng YW, Caughey AB. Screening for gestational diabetes: different cut-offs for different ethnicities? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:1040-4. [PMID: 16157108] | Did not report sensitivity and specificity criteria to assess specified health outcomes |
| Fedele D, Lapolla A. A protocol of screening of gestational diabetes mellitus. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1997;33:383-7. [PMID: 9542267] | Prevelence-only data |
| Feig DS, Briggs GG, Koren G. Oral antidiabetic agents in pregnancy and lactation: a paradigm shift? Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:1174-80. [PMID: 17535842] | Study design |
| Feig DS, Chen E, Naylor CD. Self-perceived health status of women three to five years after the diagnosis of gestational diabetes: a survey of cases and matched controls. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:386-93. [PMID: 9500504] | Quality |
| Feig DS, Razzaq A, Sykora K, Hux JE, Anderson GM. Trends in deliveries, prenatal care, and obstetrical complications in women with pregestational diabetes: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada, 1996-2001. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:232-5. [PMID: 16443865] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Quesenberry CP, Selby JV. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus detected by the national diabetes data group or the carpenter and coustan plasma glucose thresholds. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1625-30. [PMID: 12196438] | Prevelence-only data |
| Ferrara A, Kahn HS, Quesenberry CP, Riley C, Hedderson MM. An increase in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus: Northern California, 1991-2000. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:526-33. [PMID: 14990417] | Prevelence-only data |
| Fink K, Clark B. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:1187-8. [PMID: 15023021] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Fotinos C, Dodson S, French L. Clinical inquiries. Does tight control of blood glucose in pregnant women with diabetes improve neonatal outcomes? J Fam Pract. 2004;53:838-41. [PMID: 15469784] | Non–systematic review |
| Gabbe SG, Mestman JG, Freeman RK, Anderson GV, Lowensohn RI. Management and outcome of class A diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;127:465-9. [PMID: 836643] | Study design |
| García-Patterson A, Erdozain L, Ginovart G, Adelantado JM, Cubero JM, Gallo G, et al. In human gestational diabetes mellitus congenital malformations are related to pre-pregnancy body mass index and to severity of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2004;47:509-14. [PMID: 14770278] | Study design |
| García-Patterson A, Martín E, Ubeda J, María MA, de Leiva A, Corcoy R. Evaluation of light exercise in the treatment of gestational diabetes [Letter]. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:2006-7. [PMID: 11679479] | Study design |
| Garner P, Okun N, Keely E, Wells G, Perkins S, Sylvain J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of strict glycemic control and tertiary level obstetric care versus routine obstetric care in the management of gestational diabetes: a pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:190-5. [PMID: 9240606] | Did not use established screening criteria |
| Gezer A, Esen F, Mutlu H, Ozt¨urk E, Ocak V. Prognosis of patients with positive screening but negative diagnostic test for gestational diabetes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2002;266:201-4. [PMID: 12192479] | Study design |
| Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman S, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA. Maternal gestational diabetes, birth weight, and adolescent obesity. Pediatrics. 2003;111:e221-6. [PMID: 12612275] | Study design |
| Giuffrida FM, Castro AA, Atallah AN, Dib SA. Diet plus insulin compared to diet alone in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36:1297-300. [PMID: 14502360] | Quality |
| Glueck CJ, Bornovali S, Pranikoff J, Goldenberg N, Dharashivkar S, Wang P. Metformin, pre-eclampsia, and pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabet Med. 2004;21:829-36. [PMID: 15270785] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N, Pranikoff J, Loftspring M, Sieve L, Wang P. Height, weight, and motor-social development during the first 18 months of life in 126 infants born to 109 mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome who conceived on and continued metformin through pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1323-30. [PMID: 15117896] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Glueck CJ, Wang P, Goldenberg N, Sieve-Smith L. Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2858-64. [PMID: 12407039] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Gokcel A, Bagis T, Killicadag EB, Tarim E, Guvener N. Comparison of the criteria forgestational diabetes mellitus by NDDG and Carpenter and Coustan, and the outcomes of pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25:357-61. [PMID: 12030608] | Study design |
| Gonza´ lez C, Santoro S, Salzberg S, Di Girolamo G, Alvarin˜ as J. Insulin analogue therapy in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:735-42. [PMID: 15934900] | Non–systematic review |
| Gray-Donald K, Robinson E, Collier A, David K, Renaud L, Rodrigues S. Intervening to reduce weight gain in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus in Cree communities: an evaluation. CMAJ. 2000;163:1247-51. [PMID: 11107459] | Study design |
| Greene MF. Oral hypoglycemic drugs for gestational diabetes [Editorial]. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1178-9. [PMID: 11036125] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Griffin ME, Coffey M, Johnson H, Scanlon P, Foley M, Stronge J, et al. Universal vs. risk factor-based screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: detection rates, gestation at diagnosis and outcome. Diabet Med. 2000;17:26-32. [PMID: 10691156] | Quality |
| Gruendhammer M, Brezinka C, Lechleitner M. The number of abnormal plasma glucose values in the oral glucose tolerance test and the feto-maternal outcome of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;108:131-6. [PMID: 12781399] | Study design |
| Hadden D. Evidence-based screening for gestational diabetes? Diabet Med. 2000;17:402-4. [PMID: 10872544] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Hague WM, Davoren PM, Oliver J, Rowan J. Contraindications to use of metformin. Metformin may be useful in gestational diabetes [Letter]. BMJ. 2003;326:762; author reply 762. [PMID: 12680386] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;78:69-77. [PMID: 12113977] | Study design |
| Harlass FE, Brady K, Read JA. Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:564-8. [PMID: 1992702] | Quality |
| Hassan A. Screening of pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2005;17:54-8. [PMID: 16092653] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Hedderson MM, Ferrara A, Sacks DA. Gestational diabetes mellitus and lesser degrees of pregnancy hyperglycemia: association with increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:850-6. [PMID: 14551018] | Study design |
| Hellmuth E, Damm P, Mølsted-Pedersen L. Oral hypoglycaemic agents in 118 diabetic pregnancies. Diabet Med. 2000;17:507-11. [PMID: 10972579] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Hill JC, Krishnaveni GV, Annamma I, Leary SD, Fall CH. Glucose tolerance in pregnancy in South India: relationships to neonatal anthropometry. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84:159-65. [PMID: 15683377] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Hiramatsu Y, Masuyama H, Mizutani Y, Kudo T, Oguni N, Oguni Y. Heavy-for-date infants: their backgrounds and relationship with gestational diabetes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2000;26:193-8. [PMID: 10932981] | Study design |
| Homko CJ, Reece EA. To screen or not to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus. The clinical quagmire. Clin Perinatol. 2001;28:407-17. [PMID: 11499061] | Non–systematic review |
| Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece AE. Is there a role for oral antihyperglycemics in gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy? Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3:133-9. [PMID: 16026109] | Non–systematic review |
| Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece EA. The impact of self-monitoring of blood glucose on self-efficacy and pregnancy outcomes in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2002;28:435-43. [PMID: 12073958] | Not 1 of the included treatments |
| Hong PL, Benjamin F, Deutsch S. First prenatal visit glucose screening. Am J Perinatol. 1989;6:433-6. [PMID: 2789541] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Hughes PF, Agarwal M, Newman P, Morrison J. Screening for gestational diabetes in a multi-ethnic population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:73-8. [PMID: 7587916] | Natural history only |
| Hunger-Dathe W, Volk K, Braun A, S¨amann A, M¨uller UA, Peiker G, et al. Perinatal morbidity in women with undiagnosed gestational diabetes in northern thuringia in Germany. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2005;113:160-6. [PMID: 15789275] | Study design |
| Jacobson GF, Ramos GA, Ching JY, Kirby RS, Ferrara A, Field DR. Comparison of glyburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetes in a large managed care organization. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:118-24. [PMID: 16021069] | Study design |
| Jensen DM, Damm P, Sørensen B, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Westergaard JG, Klebe J, et al. Clinical impact of mild carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy: a study of 2904 nondiabetic Danish women with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:413-9. [PMID: 11518901] | Study design |
| Jensen DM, Damm P, Sørensen B, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Westergaard JG, Korsholm L, et al. Proposed diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus according to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Maternal and perinatal outcomes in 3260 Danish women. Diabet Med. 2003;20:51-7. [PMID: 12519320] | Study design |
| Jensen DM, Damm P, Sørensen B, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Westergaard JG, Ovesen P, et al. Pregnancy outcome and prepregnancy body mass index in 2459 glucose-tolerant Danish women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:239-44. [PMID: 12861169] | Study design |
| Jensen DM, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Beck-Nielsen H, Westergaard JG, Ovesen P, Damm P. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus by a model based on risk indicators: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1383-8. [PMID: 14634573] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Jensen DM, Sørensen B, Feilberg-Jørgensen N, Westergaard JG, Beck-Nielsen H. Maternal and perinatal outcomes in 143 Danish women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 143 controls with a similar risk profile. Diabet Med. 2000;17:281-6. [PMID: 10821294] | Study design |
| Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-del-Castillo JD, Lardelli-Claret P, García-Martàn M, Galvez-Vargas R. Predictive value of a screen for gestational diabetes mellitus: influence of associated risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79:991-8. [PMID: 11081686] |
Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-del-Castillo Jde D, García-Martín M, Lardelli-Claret P, Galvez-Vargas R. Impact of different levels of carbohydrate intolerance on neonatal outcomes classically associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;102:36-41. [PMID: 12039087] |
Study design |
| Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-Del-Castillo JD, García-Martín M, Lardelli-Claret P, Galvez-Vargas R. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: variations related to screening strategy used. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146:831-7. [PMID: 12039704] |
Prevalence outside United States |
| Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-del-Castillo JD, Lardelli-Claret P, García-Martín M, Galvez-Vargas R. Predictive value of a screen for gestational diabetes mellitus: influence of associated risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79:991-8. [PMID: 11081686] |
Study design |
| Joffe GM, Esterlitz JR, Levine RJ, Clemens JD, Ewell MG, Sibai BM, et al. The relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in healthy nulliparous women. Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention (CPEP) Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:1032-7. [PMID: 9790393] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Jørgensen LG, Schytte T, Brandslund I, Stahl M, Petersen PH, Andersen B. Fasting and post-glucose load—reference limits for peripheral venous plasma glucose concentration in pregnant women. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41:187-99. [PMID: 12667006] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Jovanovic L, Knopp RH, Brown Z, Conley MR, Park E, Mills JL et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study Group. Declining insulin requirement in the late first trimester of diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1130-6. [PMID: 11423491] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Jovanovic L, Knopp RH, Kim H, Cefalu WT, Zhu XD, Lee YJ, et al. Elevated pregnancy losses at high and low extremes of maternal glucose in early normal and diabetic pregnancy: evidence for a protective adaptation in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1113-7. [PMID: 15855575] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Juntarat W, Rueangchainikhom W, Promas S. 50-grams glucose challenge test for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus in high risk pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90:617-23. [PMID: 17487113] | Did not report sensitivity and specificity criteria to assess specified health outcomes |
| Kalter H. The non-teratogenicity of gestational diabetes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1998;12:456-8. [PMID: 9805717] | Study design |
| Kerbel D, Glazier R, Holzapfel S, Yeung M, Lofsky S. Adverse effects of screening for gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study in Toronto, Canada. J Med Screen. 1997;4:128-32. [PMID: 9368868] | Quality |
| Keshavarz M, Cheung NW, Babaee GR, Moghadam HK, Ajami ME, Shariati M. Gestational diabetes in Iran: incidence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;69:279-86. [PMID: 16098925] | Natural history only |
| Kestila KK, Ekblad UU, Ronnemaa T. Continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77:174-9. [PMID: 17234297] |
Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Kitzmiller JL, Elixhauser A, Carr S, Major CA, de Veciana M, Dang-Kilduff L, et al. Assessment of costs and benefits of management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998;21 Suppl 2:B123-30. [PMID: 9704239] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1749-56. [PMID: 10580075] | Non–systematic review |
| Kjos SL, Schaefer-Graf U, Sardesi S, Peters RK, Buley A, Xiang AH, et al. A randomized controlled trial using glycemic plus fetal ultrasound parameters versus glycemic parameters to determine insulin therapy in gestational diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1904-10. [PMID: 11679455] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Knopp RH, Magee MS, Raisys V, Benedetti T, Bonet B. Hypocaloric diets and ketogenesis in the management of obese gestational diabetic women. J Am Coll Nutr. 1991;10:649-67. [PMID: 1770194] | Study design |
| Ko GT, Chan JC, Tsang LW, Yeung VT, Chow CC, Cockram CS. Outcomes of screening for diabetes in high-risk Hong Kong Chinese subjects. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1290-4. [PMID: 10977020] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Kremer CJ, Duff P. Glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1438-9. [PMID: 15167862] | Study design |
| Kumar KM. Current diagnostic criteria and their impact on outcome and management. J Indian Med Assoc. 2002;100:149-52. [PMID: 12408272] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Kvetny J, Poulsen HF. Incidence of gestational hypertension in gestational diabetes mellitus. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003;267:153-7. [PMID: 12552326] | Natural history only |
| Kyle CV, Cundy TF. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: can we be more efficient? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;41:285-90. [PMID: 11592542] | Study design; no information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Landon MB, Thom E, Spong CY, Carpenter M, Mele L, Johnson F, Tillinghast J, Anderson G. Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Network randomized clinical trial in progress: standard therapy versus no therapy for mild gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl 2:S194-9. [PMID: 17596471] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Landon MB, Thom E, Spong CY, Gabbe SG, Leindecker S, Johnson F, et al. A planned randomized clinical trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002;11:226-31. [PMID: 12375675] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Langer O, Anyaegbunam A, Brustman L, Divon M. Management of women with one abnormal oral glucose tolerance test value reduces adverse outcome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:593-9. [PMID: 2675597] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Langer O, Brustman L, Anyaegbunam A, Mazze R. The significance of one abnormal glucose tolerance test value on adverse outcome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:758-63. [PMID: 3631178] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Langer O, Rodriguez DA, Xenakis EM, McFarland MB, Berkus MD, Arrendondo F. Intensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:1036-46; discussion 1046-7. [PMID: 8166187] | Study design |
| Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, Xenakis EM. Gestational diabetes: the consequences of not treating. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:989-97. [PMID: 15846171] | Study design |
| Langer O, Yogev Y, Xenakis EM, Brustman L. Overweight and obese in gestational diabetes: the impact on pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1768-76. [PMID: 15970805] | Study design |
| Lanni S, Barrett D. The predictive value of the 1-h 50-g glucose screen for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus in a high-risk population. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;15:375-9. [PMID: 15280108] | Study design |
| Lao TT, Tam KF. Gestational diabetes diagnosed in third trimester pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:1003-8. [PMID: 11703196] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Lao TT, Wong KY. Perinatal outcome in large-for-gestational-age infants. Is it influenced by gestational impaired glucose tolerance? J Reprod Med. 2002;47:497-502. [PMID: 12092021] | Study design |
| Lauenborg J, Hansen T, Jensen DM, Vestergaard H, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Hornnes P, et al. Increasing incidence of diabetes after gestational diabetes: a long-term follow-up in a Danish population. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1194-9. [PMID: 15111544] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Lauszus FF, Rasmussen OW, Henriksen JE, Klebe JG, Jensen L, Lauszus KS, et al. Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet on blood pressure and glucose metabolism in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:436-43. [PMID: 11423920] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Lavin JP, Barden TP, Miodovnik M. Clinical experience with a screening program for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;141:491-4. [PMID: 7294074] |
Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Leipold H, Worda C, Gruber CJ, Kautzky-Willer A, Husslein PW, Bancher-Todesca D. Large-for-gestational-age newborns in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes under strict metabolic control. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005;117:521-5. [PMID: 16160802] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Lemen PM, Wigton TR, Miller-McCarthey AJ, Cruikshank DP. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in adolescent pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:1251-6. [PMID: 9662309] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Li DF, Wong VC, O’Hoy KM, Yeung CY, Ma HK. Is treatment needed for mild impairment of glucose tolerance in pregnancy? A randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;94:851-4. [PMID: 3311138] | Quality |
| Livingston RC, Bachman-Carter K, Frank C, Mason WB. Diabetes mellitus in Tohon O’odham pregnancies. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:318-21. [PMID: 8422800] | Study design |
| Lu GC, Rouse DJ, DuBard M, Cliver S, Kimberlin D, Hauth JC. The effect of the increasing prevalence of maternal obesity on perinatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:845-9. [PMID: 11641663] | Study design |
| Lucas MJ, Lowe TW, Bowe L, McIntire DD. Class A1 gestational diabetes: a meaningful diagnosis? Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82:260-5. [PMID: 8336875] | Study design |
| MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton DC, Armson BA, VandenHof M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:659-62. [PMID: 11315827] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Magee MS, Walden CE, Benedetti TJ, Knopp RH. Influence of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of gestational diabetes and perinatal morbidity. JAMA. 1993;269:609-15. [PMID: 8421365] | Study design |
| Manassakorn J, Wankrue P, Tantisirin P, Cheunwatana P, Intramax L. Oral glucose tolerance test at each trimester of pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 1988;71:25-8. [PMID: 3361252] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality, did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Mannucci E, Bardini G, Rotella CM. Effect of lower diagnostic thresholds on estimates of prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) [Letter]. Diabet Med. 2005;22:353-4. [PMID: 15717889] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Marquette GP, Klein VR, Niebyl JR. Efficacy of screening for gestational diabetes. Am J Perinatol. 1985;2:7-9. [PMID: 3921038] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Massion C, O’Connor PJ, Gorab R, Crabtree BF, Nakamura RM, Coulehan JL. Screening for gestational diabetes in a high-risk population. J Fam Pract. 1987;25:569-75. [PMID: 3681218] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Mazze RS, Langer O. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Program for diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1988;11:263-8. [PMID: 3416681] | Natural history only |
| McDonald GW, Fisher GF, Burnham C. Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes. 1965;14:473-80. [PMID: 14334838] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| McIntyre HD, Begg LM, Parry AF, Oats J. Audit of maternal and fetal outcomes in women treated for glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;42:23-8. [PMID: 11926637] | Study design |
| McIntyre HD, Cheung NW, Oats JJ, Simmons D. Gestational diabetes mellitus: from consensus to action on screening and treatment [Editorial]. Med J Aust. 2005;183:288-9. [PMID: 16167866] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Mecacci F, Carignani L, Cioni R, Bartoli E, Parretti E, La Torre P, et al. Maternal metabolic control and perinatal outcome in women with gestational diabetes treated with regular or lispro insulin: comparison with non-diabetic pregnant women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;111:19-24. [PMID: 14557006] | Quality |
| Mello G, Elena P, Ognibene A, Cioni R, Tondi F, Pezzati P, et al. Lack of concordance between the 75-g and 100-g glucose load tests for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem. 2006;52:1679-84. [PMID: 16873295] | Did not report sensitivity and specificity criteria to assess specified health outcomes |
| Mello G, Parretti E, Mecacci F, Lucchetti R, Cianciulli D, Lagazio C, et al. Anthropometric characteristics of full-term infants: effects of varying degrees of “normal” glucose metabolism. J Perinat Med. 1997;25:197-204. [PMID: 9189841] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Mello G, Parretti E, Mecacci F, Lucchetti R, Lagazio C, Pratesi M, et al. Risk factors for fetal macrosomia: the importance of a positive oral glucose challenge test. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;137:27-33. [PMID: 9242198] | Natural history only |
| Meyer WJ, Carbone J, Gauthier DW, Gottmann DA. Early gestational glucose screening and gestational diabetes. J Reprod Med. 1996;41:675-9. [PMID: 8887193] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Miyakoshi K, Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Hattori Y, Ueno K, Teranishi T, et al. Hypertensive disorders in Japanese women with gestational glucose intolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;64:201-5. [PMID: 15126008] | Study design |
| Miyakoshi K, Tanaka M, Ueno K, Uehara K, Ishimoto H, Yoshimura Y. Cutoff value of 1 h, 50 g glucose challenge test for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus in a Japanese population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;60:63-7. [PMID: 12639767] | Study design; no information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Montoro MN, Kjos SL, Chandler M, Peters RK, Xiang AH, Buchanan TA. Insulin resistance and preeclampsia in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1995-2000. [PMID: 16043744] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Moses RG, Griffiths RD. Can a diagnosis of gestational diabetes be an advantage to the outcome of pregnancy? J Soc Gynecol Investig. 1995;2:523-5. [PMID: 9420853] | Study design |
| Moses RG, Mackay MT. Gestational diabetes: is there a relationship between leg length and glucose tolerance? Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1033-5. [PMID: 15111516] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Moses RG, Moses J, Davis WS. Gestational diabetes: do lean young caucasian women need to be tested? Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1803-6. [PMID: 9802724] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Nahum GG, Huffaker BJ. Correlation between first- and early third-trimester glucose screening test results. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76:709-13. [PMID: 2216208] | Quality |
| Nahum GG, Wilson SB, Stanislaw H. Early-pregnancy glucose screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Reprod Med. 2002;47:656-62. [PMID: 12216433] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Naylor CD, Sermer M, Chen E, Farine D. Selective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Toronto Trihospital Gestational Diabetes Project Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1591-6. [PMID: 9371855] | Study design |
| Naylor JL, Schraer CD, Mayer AM, Lanier AP, Treat CA, Murphy NJ. Diabetes among Alaska Natives: a review. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2003;62:363-87. [PMID: 14964764] | Non–systematic review |
| Nielsen IK, Vinther S, Birch K, Lange AP. Random blood glucose sampling as an early antenatal screening test for diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. 1988;8:31-3. [PMID: 3066564] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Nordin NM, Wei JW, Naing NN, Symonds EM. Comparison of maternal-fetal outcomes in gestational diabetes and lesser degrees of glucose intolerance. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006;32:107-14. [PMID: 16445535] | Study design |
| Olefsky JM, Reaven GM. Insulin and glucose responses to identical oral glucose tolerance tests performed forty-eight hours apart. Diabetes. 1974;23:449-53. [PMID: 4830180] | Study design |
| Omori Y, Minei S, Uchigata Y, Shimizu M, Sanaka M, Honda M, et al. Comparison of diagnostic criteria of Intervention groupT, borderline, and GDM. Blood glucose curve and IRI response. Diabetes. 1991;40 Suppl 2:30-4. [PMID: 1748262] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Oppermann W, Camerini-Davalos RA. Early diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1980;3:465-7. [PMID: 6993161] | Study design |
| Ostlund I, Hanson U, Bjorklund A, Hjertberg R, Eva N, Nordlander E, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes if gestational impaired glucose tolerance is not treated. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2107-11. [PMID: 12832321] | Study design |
| Ostlund I, Hanson U. Repeated random blood glucose measurements as universal screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:46-51. [PMID: 14678085] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| O’Sullivan JB. Establishing criteria for gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1980;3:437-9. [PMID: 7389559] | Quality |
| O’Sullivan JB. Gestational diabetes. Unsuspected, asymptomatic diabetes in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1961;264:1082-5. [PMID: 13730123] | Prevalence-only data |
| O’Sullivan JB, Charles D, Mahan CM, Dandrow RV. Gestational diabetes and perinatal mortality rate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;116:901-4. [PMID: 4718217] | Natural history only |
| O’Sullivan JB, Mahan CM. Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes. 1964;13:278-85. [PMID: 14166677] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Peled Y, Perri T, Chen R, Pardo J, Bar J, Hod M. Gestational diabetes mellitus—implications of different treatment protocols. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004;17:847-52. [PMID: 15270402] | Study design |
| Pennison EH, Egerman RS. Perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes: a comparison of criteria for diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:1118-21. [PMID: 11349174] | Study design; no information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Pettitt DJ, Ospina P, Howard C, Zisser H, Jovanovic L. Efficacy, safety and lack of immunogenicity of insulin aspart compared with regular human insulin for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2007;24:1129-35. [PMID: 17888133] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Hanson RL, Narayan KM, Knowler WC. Comparison of World Health Organization and National Diabetes Data Group procedures to detect abnormalities of glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:1264-8. [PMID: 7821165] | Quality; nonstandard screening test |
| Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Saad MF, Charles MA, Nelson RG, Knowler WC. Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy in Pima Indian women. Long-term effects on offspring. Diabetes. 1991;40 Suppl 2:126-30. [PMID: 1748241] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC, Baird HR, Bennett PH. Gestational diabetes: infant and maternal complications of pregnancy in relation to third-trimester glucose tolerance in the Pima Indians. Diabetes Care. 1980;3:458-64. [PMID: 7389563] | Natural history only |
| Phung H, Bauman A, Tran M, Young L, McDonald J, Michell L, et al. Factors that influence special care nursery admissions to a district hospital in South-western Sydney. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41:119-24. [PMID: 15790322] | Study design |
| Poyhonen-Alho M, Teramo K, Kaaja R. Treatment of gestational diabetes with short- or long-acting insulin and neonatal outcome: a pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002;81:258-9. [PMID: 11966484] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Ramadhani TA, Canfield MA, Waller DK, Case AP. Medical records vs. interview responses: a comparative analysis of selected variables for linked birth defect cases. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004;70:592-6. [PMID: 15368558] | Study design |
| Ramírez-Torres MA, Rodríuez-Pezino J, Zambrana-Castaneda M, Lira-Plascencia J, Parra A. Gestational diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance among Mexican pregnant adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16:401-5. [PMID: 12705365] |
Did not address morbidity and/or mortality; no information on yield(prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Ratzon N, Greenbaum C, Dulitzky M, Ornoy A. Comparison of the motor development of school-age children born to mothers with and without diabetes mellitus. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2000;20:43-57. [PMID: 11293914] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Ray JG. Screening and active management reduced perinatal complications more than routine care in gestational diabetes. ACP J Club. 2005;143:65. [PMID: 16262222] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Reece EA. Synopsis of the North American Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group Conference in Little Rock, Arkansas, May 2003 [Editorial]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;15:1-5. [PMID: 15101605] | Editorials, comments and letters |
| Ricart W, Bach C, Ferna´ ndez-Real JM, Sabria` J. Major fetal complications in optimised progestational diabetes mellitus [Letter]. Diabetologia. 2000;43:1077-8. [PMID: 10990089] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Ricart W, Lopez J, Mozas J, Pericot A, Sancho MA, Gonzalez N, et al. Spanish Group for the Study of the Impact of Carpenter and Coustan GDM Thresholds. Body mass index has a greater impact on pregnancy outcomes than gestational hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1736-42. [PMID: 16052327] | Natural history only |
| Ricart W, Lopez J, Mozas J, Pericot A, Sancho MA, Gonzalez N, et al. Spanish Group for the Study of the Impact of Carpenter and Coustan GDM thresholds. Potential impact of American Diabetes Association (2000) criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in Spain. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1135-41. [PMID: 15889233] | Natural history only |
| Rizzo TA, Dooley SL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Ogata ES, Silverman BL. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:1753-8. [PMID: 8610757] | Study design |
| Roberts RN, Moohan JM, Foo RL, Harley JM, Traub AI, Hadden DR. Fetal outcome in mothers with impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Diabet Med. 1993;10:438-43. [PMID: 8334823] | Study design |
| Rouse DJ, Owen J, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA. 1996;276:1480-6. [PMID: 8903259] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Rouse DJ, Owen J. Prophylactic cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by means of ultrasonography—a Faustian bargain? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:332-8. [PMID: 10454678] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Rudge MV, Calderon IM, Ramos MD, Abbade JF, Rugolo LM. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by diabetes and by maternal daily hyperglycemia not related to diabetes. A retrospective 10-year analysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2000;50:108-12. [PMID: 10965194] | Study design |
| Rust OA, Bofill JA, Andrew ME, Kincaid TA, Stubbs TM, Miller EH, et al. Lowering the threshold for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:961-5. [PMID: 8885755] | Study design |
| Sacks DA, Abu-Fadil S, Greenspoon JS, Fotheringham N. Do the current standards for glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy represent a valid conversion of O’Sullivan’s original criteria? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:638-41. [PMID: 2782345] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Sacks DA, Abu-Fadil S, Greenspoon JS, Fotheringham N. How reliable is the fifty-gram, one-hour glucose screening test? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:642-5. [PMID: 2782346] | Quality |
| Sacks DA, Abu-Fadil S, Karten GJ, Forsythe AB, Hackett JR. Screening for gestational diabetes with the one-hour 50-g glucose test. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:89-93. [PMID: 3601272] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Sacks DA, Chen W, Wolde-Tsadik G, Buchanan TA. Fasting plasma glucose test at the first prenatal visit as a screen for gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1197-203. [PMID: 12798525] | Did not use established screening criteria |
| Sacks DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, Henry HM, Wolde-Tsadik G, Yao JF. Toward universal criteria for gestational diabetes: the 75-gram glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:607-14. [PMID: 7856693] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Sacks DA, Liu AI, Wolde-Tsadik G, Amini SB, Huston-Presley L, Catalano PM. What proportion of birth weight is attributable to maternal glucose among infants of diabetic women? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:501-7. [PMID: 16458653] | Study design |
| Saldana TM, Siega-Riz AM, Adair LS, Savitz DA, Thorp JM Jr. The association between impaired glucose tolerance and birth weight among black and white women in central North Carolina. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:656-61. [PMID: 12610017] | Natural history only |
| Sameshima H, Kamitomo M, Kajiya S, Kai M, Furukawa S, Ikenoue S. Early glycemic control reduces large-for-gestational-age infants in 250 Japanese gestational diabetes pregnancies. Am J Perinatol. 2000;17:371-6. [PMID: 12141524] | Study design |
| Santini DL, Ales KL. The impact of universal screening for gestational glucose intolerance on outcome of pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1990;170:427-36. [PMID: 2326724] | Study design |
| Sarkar S, Watman J, Seigel WM, Schaeffer HA. A prospective controlled study of neonatal morbidities in infants born at 36 weeks or more gestation to Women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes (GDM-class Al). J Perinatol. 2003;23:223-8. [PMID: 12732860] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Schafer-Graf UM, Dupak J, Vogel M, Dudenhausen JW, Kjos SL, Buchanan TA, et al. Hyperinsulinism, neonatal obesity and placental immaturity in infants born to women with one abnormal glucose tolerance test value. J Perinat Med. 1998;26:27-36. [PMID: 9595364] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Reichelt AJ, Branchtein L, Matos MC, Costa e Forti, et al. Brazilian Gestational Diabetes Study Group. Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed with a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1151-5. [PMID: 11423494] | Natural history only |
| Schwartz ML, Ray WN, Lubarsky SL. The diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes mellitus: is it time to change our tune? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:1560-71.[PMID: 10368504] | Did not report sensitivity and specificity criteria to assess specified health outcomes |
| Schytte T, Jørgensen LG, Brandslund I, Petersen PH, Andersen B. The clinical impact of screening for gestational diabetes. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004;42:1036-42. [PMID: 15497470] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Scott DA, Loveman E, McIntyre L, Waugh N. Screening for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2002;6:1-161. [PMID: 12433317] | Systematic evidence review used as source document |
| Sermer M, Naylor CD, Farine D, Kenshole AB, Ritchie JW, Gare DJ, et al. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project. A preliminary review. Diabetes Care. 1998;21 Suppl 2:B33-42. [PMID: 9704225] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Sermer M, Naylor CD, Gare DJ, Kenshole AB, Ritchie JW, Farine D, et al. Impact of increasing carbohydrate intolerance on maternal-fetal outcomes in 3637 women without gestational diabetes. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:146-56. [PMID: 7631672] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Sermer M, Naylor CD, Gare DJ, Kenshole AB, Ritchie JW, Farine D, et al. Impact of time since last meal on the gestational glucose challenge test. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171:607-16. [PMID: 8092205] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Seshiah V, Balaji V, Balaji MS, Paneerselvam A, Arthi T, Thamizharasi M, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus manifests in all trimesters of pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77:482-4. [PMID: 17292506] | Prevalence-only data |
| Shamsuddin K, Mahdy ZA, Siti Rafiaah I, Jamil MA, Rahimah MD. Risk factor screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001;75:27-32. [PMID: 11597616] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Sheffield JS, Butler-Koster EL, Casey BM, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Maternal diabetes mellitus and infant malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:925-30. [PMID: 12423854] | Study design |
| Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, Cho NH, Winter RJ, Ogata ES, et al. Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes. 1991;40 Suppl 2:121-5. [PMID: 1748240] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Simmons D, Thompson CF, Conroy C, Scott DJ. Use of insulin pumps in pregnancies complicated by type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in a multiethnic community. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:2078-82. [PMID: 11723086] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Simmons D, Thompson CF, Conroy C. Incidence and risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in South Auckland. Diabet Med. 2000;17:830-4. [PMID: 11168324] | Study design |
| Simpson RW, Kast SJ. Management of gestational diabetes with a conservative insulin protocol. Med J Aust. 2000;172:537-40. [PMID: 10920751] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Siribaddana SH, Deshabandu R, Rajapakse D, Silva K, Fernando DJ. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in a Sri Lankan antenatal clinic. Ceylon Med J. 1998;43:88-91. [PMID: 9704548] | Prevalence outside United States |
| Sjogren B, Robeus N, Hansson U. Gestational diabetes: a case-control study of women’s experience of pregnancy, health and the child. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38:815-22. [PMID: 7722961] | Quality |
| Skitek M. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus [Letter]. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43:664-6. [PMID: 16006265] | Editorials, comments, and letters |
| Soonthornpun S, Soonthornpun K, Aksonteing J, Thamprasit A. A comparison between a 75-g and 100-g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnant women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;81:169-73. [PMID: 12706274] | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Southwick RD, Wigton TR. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in adolescent Hispanic Americans. J Reprod Med. 2000;45:31-4. [PMID: 10664944] | Study design |
| Stamilio DM, Olsen T, Ratcliffe S, Sehdev HM, Macones GA. False-positive 1-hour glucose challenge test and adverse perinatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:148-56. [PMID: 14704259] | Study design |
| Suhonen L, Teramo K. Hypertension and pre-eclampsia in women with gestational glucose intolerance. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993;72:269-72. [PMID: 8389513] | Study design |
| Sunsaneevithayakul P, Boriboohirunsarn D, Sutanthavibul A, Ruangvutilert P, Kanokpongsakdi S, Singkiratana D, et al. Risk factor-based selective screening program for gestational diabetes mellitus in Siriraj Hospital: result from clinical practice guideline. J Med Assoc Thai. 2003;86:708-14. [PMID: 12948268] | Study design |
| Super DM, Edelberg SC, Philipson EH, Hertz RH, Kalhan SC. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes in early pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:288-94. [PMID: 2060431] | Did not use designated diagnostic test or diagnostic criteria |
| Sutton L, Sayer GP, Bajuk B, Richardson V, Berry G, Henderson-Smart DJ. Do very sick neonates born at term have antenatal risks? 2. Infants ventilated primarily for lung disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:917-25. [PMID: 11580736] | Study design |
| Svare JA, Hansen BB, Mølsted-Pedersen L. Perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:899-904. [PMID: 11580734] | Study design |
| Tanir HM, Sener T, Gu¨ rer H, Kaya M. A ten-year gestational diabetes mellitus cohort at a university clinic of the mid-Anatolian region of Turkey. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2005;32:241-4. [PMID: 16440823] | Study design |
| Taylor JS, Kacmar JE, Nothnagle M, Lawrence RA. A systematic review of the literature associating breastfeeding with type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:320-6. [PMID: 16192255] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Tuffnell DJ, West J, Walkinshaw SA. Treatments for gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD003395. [PMID: 12917965] | Systematic evidence review used as source document |
| Turok DK, Ratcliffe SD, Baxley EG. Management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:1767-72. [PMID: 14620596] | Non–systematic review |
| Vaidyanathan B, Menon PS. Insulin analogues and management of diabetes mellitus. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67:435-41. [PMID: 10932964] | Study design |
| van Hoorn J, Dekker G, Jeffries B. Gestational diabetes versus obesity as risk factors for pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders and fetal macrosomia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;42:29-34. [PMID: 11926638] | Study design |
| Vanky E, Salvesen KA, Heimstad R, Fougner KJ, Romundstad P, Carlsen SM. Metformin reduces pregnancy complications without affecting androgen levels in pregnant polycystic ovary syndrome women: results of a randomized study. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1734-40. [PMID: 15178665] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Vidaeff AC, Yeomans ER, Ramin SM. Gestational diabetes: a field of controversy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58:759-69. [PMID: 14581827] | Non–systematic review |
| Vogel N, Burnand B, Vial Y, Ruiz J, Paccaud F, Hohlfeld P. Screening for gestational diabetes: variation in guidelines. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000;91:29-36. [PMID: 10817875] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Walkinshaw SA. WITHDRAWN: Dietary regulation for ’gestational diabetes’. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD000070. [PMID: 17636583] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Walkinshaw SA. WITHDRAWN: Very tight versus tight control for diabetes in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD000226. [PMID: 17636623] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Watson WJ. Serial changes in the 50-g oral glucose test in pregnancy: implications for screening. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74:40-3. [PMID: 2733939] No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability | No information on yield (prevalence), sensitivity/specificity, or reliability |
| Weijers RN, Bekedam DJ, Smulders YM. Determinants of mild gestational hyperglycemia and gestational diabetes mellitus in a large dutch multiethnic cohort. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:72-7. [PMID: 11772904] | Non–systematic review |
| Wein P, Dong ZG, Beischer NA, Sheedy MT. Factors predictive of recurrent gestational diabetes diagnosed before 24 weeks’ gestation. Am J Perinatol. 1995;12:352-6. [PMID: 8540942] | Study design |
| Weiner CP, Fraser MM, Burns JM, Schnoor D, Herrig J, Whitaker LA. Cost efficacy of routine screening for diabetes in pregnancy: 1-h versus 2-h specimen. Diabetes Care. 1986;9:255-9. [PMID: 3089747] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Weiss JL, Malone FD, Emig D, Ball RH, Nyberg DA, Comstock CH, et al. FASTER Research Consortium. Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate—a population-based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1091-7. [PMID: 15118648] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Weissman A, Solt I, Zloczower M, Jakobi P. Hypoglycemia during the 100-g oral glucose tolerance test: incidence and perinatal significance. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1424-8. [PMID: 15932839] | Study design |
| Wen SW, Liu S, Kramer MS, Joseph KS, Levitt C, Marcoux S, et al. Impact of prenatal glucose screening on the diagnosis of gestational diabetes and on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:1009-14; discussion 1015-6. [PMID: 11117609] | Study design |
| Wong L, Tan AS. The glucose challenge test for screening gestational diabetes in pregnant women with no risk factors. Singapore Med J. 2001;42:517-21. [PMID: 11876377] | Did not address morbidity and/or mortality |
| Wood SL, Jick H, Sauve R. The risk of stillbirth in pregnancies before and after the onset of diabetes. Diabet Med. 2003;20:703-7. [PMID: 12925047] | Study design |
| Wyatt PR, Owolabi T, Meier C, Huang T. Age-specific risk of fetal loss observed in a second trimester serum screening population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:240-6. [PMID: 15672031] | Did not address 1 of the key questions |
| Yang X, Hsu-Hage B, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Women with impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy have significantly poor pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1619-24. [PMID: 12196437] | Natural history only |
| Yogev Y, Langer O, Brustman L, Rosenn B. Pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus: does a correlation exist early in pregnancy? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;15:39-43. [PMID: 15101610] | Study design |
| Yogev Y, Langer O, Xenakis EM, Rosenn B. Glucose screening in Mexican-American women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:1241-5. [PMID: 15172859] | Prevalence-only data |
| Young C, Kuehl TJ, Sulak PJ, Allen SR. Gestational diabetes screening in subsequent pregnancies of previously healthy patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:1024-6. [PMID: 10819816] | Study design |
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