America's Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2008
Physical Environment and Safety Figures
Figure PHY1.A: Percentage of children ages 0–17 living in countries in which levels of one or more air pollutants rose above allowable levels, 1999–2006
NOTE: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has set national air quality standards for six principal pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide are not included in the graph because all areas meet the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for these pollutants.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Air Quality System.
Figure PHY1.B: Percentage of children ages 4–11 with specified blood cotinine levels, selected years 1988–2006
NOTE: "Any detectable cotinine" indicates blood cotinine levels at or above 0.05 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), the detectable level of cotinine in the blood in 1988–1994. Cotinine levels are reported for nonsmoking children only. The average (geometric mean) blood cotinine level in children living in homes where someone smokes was 1.0 ng/mL in 1988–1994.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Figure PHY1.C: Percentage of children ages 0–6 living in homes where someone smokes regularly by poverty status, 2003
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Safe Drinking Water Information System.
Figure PHY2: Percentage of children served by community water systems that did not meet all applicable health-based drinking water standards, 1993–2006
NOTE: Data have been revised since previous publication in America's Children.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Safe Drinking Water Information System.
Figure PHY3.A: Percentage of children ages 1–5 with specified blood lead levels by race and Hispanic origin and poverty status, 2001–2004
* Data for ≥10 µg/dL not shown. Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).
NOTE: Data from combined samples for 2001–2004. In this survey, respondents were asked to choose one or more races. All race groups in this figure refer to people who indicated only one racial identity. Mexican American children may be of any race.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Figure PHY3.B: Median blood lead concentrations among children ages 1–5, selected years 1976–2004
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Figure PHY4: Percentage of households with children ages 0–17 that reported housing problems by type of problem, selected years 1978–2005
NOTE: Data are available for 1978, 1983, 1989, and biennially since 1993. All data are weighted using the decennial Census that preceded the date of their collection.
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey. Tabulated by U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Figure PHY5: Rate of serious violent crime victimization of youth ages 12–17 by gender, 1980–2005
NOTE: Serious violent crimes include aggravated assault, rape, robbery (stealing by force or threat of violence), and homicide. Because of changes, data prior to 1992 are adjusted to make them comparable with data collected under the redesigned methodology. The 2005 data were collected during the calendar year and include some incidents that occurred during the previous year. Data for previous years are of victimizations experienced in the calendar year. This was done because the full data for 2005 were not yet available. Analyses comparing these data show only a small difference between the two methods.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program, Supplementary Homicide Reports.
Figure PHY6.A: Emergency department visit rates for children ages 1–14 by leading causes of injury visits, 2005
* Estimates are considered unreliable (relative standard error greater than 30 percent)
NOTE: Visits are the initial visit to the emergency department for the injury. The cause of injury "struck" denotes being struck against or by an object or person, "natural or environmental" denotes injuries caused by natural or environmental factors, and "cut or pierced" denotes injuries caused by cutting and piercing instruments or objects.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
Figure PHY6.B: Death rates among children ages 1–4 and 5–14, by all causes and all injury causes, 1980–2005
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.
Figure PHY6.C: Death rates among children ages 1–4 and 5–14, by cause of death, 2005
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.
Figure PHY7.A: Emergency department visit rates for adolescent ages 15–19 by leading causes of injury visits, 2005
NOTE: Visits are the initial visit to the emergency department for the injury. The cause of injury "struck" denotes being struck against or by an object or person, "cut or pierced" denotes injuries caused by cutting and piercing instruments or objects, "overexertion" denotes excessive physical exercise or strenuous movements in recreational or other activities, and "natural or environmental" denotes injuries caused by natural or environmental factors.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
Figure PHY7.B: Death rates among adolescents ages 15–19, all injury causes and selected mechanisms of injury, 1980–2005
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.