Yin, Y., Nelson, J. C., and Lubinski, K. S., 1997, Bottomland hardwood forests
along the Upper Mississippi River: Natural Areas Journal, v. 17, no. 2, p.
164-173.

Abstract: Bottomland hardwood forests along the United States' Upper
Mississippi River have been drastically reduced in acreage and repeatedly logged
during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Conversion to agricultural land,
timber harvesting, and river modifications for flood prevention and for
navigation were the primary factors that caused the changes. Navigation
structures and flood-prevention levees have altered the fluvial geomorphic
dynamics of the river and floodplain system. Restoration and maintenance of the
diversity, productivity, and natural regeneration dynamics of the bottomland
hardwood forests under the modified river environment represent a major
management challenge.

Keywords: Bottomland hardwood forests, floodplain dynamics, modified river
environment, Upper Mississippi, riparian vegetation, management, perspective,
recovery, patterns