| Outcome in medical patients | Amount by which rates are lower for: | |
|---|---|---|
| High RN staffing | High staffing, all levels (RNs, LPNs, aides) | |
| Urinary tract infection | 4-12% | 4-25% |
| Upper gastrointestinal bleeding | 5-7% | 3-17% |
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia | 6-8% | 6-17% |
| Shock or cardiac arrest | 6-10% | 7-13% |
|
Note: Difference is expressed as a range of values (e.g., 4-12 percent) because several statistical models were used in evaluating the relationship between nurse staffing levels and each adverse event. |
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Source: Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, et al. Nurse-staffing levels and patient outcomes in hospitals. Final report for Health Resources and Services Administration. Contract No. 230-99-0021. 2001. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.