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Health Care Costs and Utilization

Ambulatory Surgery in U.S. Hospitals, 2003. C. Russo, P. Owens, C. Steiner, et al., HCUP Fact Book No. 9, January 2007, 52 pp. Examines differences in utilization and cost of various surgical procedures performed in inpatient and hospital-based outpatient settings. Data are from 17 States in AHRQ's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases and State Ambulatory Surgery Databases. (AHRQ 07-0007)

Can We Better Prioritize Resources for Cost-Utility Research? P. Neumann, A. Rosen, D. Greenberg, et al., Medical Decision Making July/August 2005, 429-436. Examines published cost-utility analyses in the U.S. and other developed countries from 1976 through 2001 to determine the types of interventions studied, whether they cover diseases and conditions with the highest burden, and to what extent they have covered leading health concerns defined by the Healthy People 2010 report. (AHRQ 05-R066)

Care of Adults with Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders in U.S. Community Hospitals, 2004. P. Owens, M. Myers, A. Elixhauser, et al., HCUP Fact Book, No. 10, January 2007, 56 pp. Examines patient characteristics and resource use by people ages 18 and older who were treated for mental health and/or substance use conditions in general (as opposed to specialty) hospitals in 2004. Special topics including suicide-related stays and maternal stays complicated by mental health conditions are included. (AHRQ 07-0008)

Changes in Financial Burdens for Health Care: National Estimates for the Population Younger than 65 Years, 1996 to 2003. J. Banthin, D. Bernard, Journal of the American Medical Association 296(22): December 13, 2006, 2712-2719. Provides estimates of the number and characteristics of individuals in the United States who were faced with very high financial burdens for health care at two points in time, 1996 and 2003. (AHRQ 07-R022)

The Changing Pattern of Hospital Care for Persons Living with HIV: 2000 Through 2004. F. Hellinger, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 45(2): June 2007, 239-246. Compares inpatient use and costs for people living with HIV in 2000 with inpatient use and costs in 2004. (AHRQ 07-R060)

Consumer Financial Incentives: A Decision Guide for Purchasers. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, November 2007, 39 pp. Provides a tool for exploring if and how consumer financial incentives might be used to improve community or market readiness for health care quality improvement. (AHRQ 07(08)-0059)

Cost of Hospitalization for Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants in the United States. R. Russell, N. Green, C. Steiner, et al., Pediatrics 120(1): July 2007, e1-e9. Presents estimates of national hospital costs for infant hospital admissions associated with preterm birth and/or low birthweight. (AHRQ 07-R066)

Databases and Related Resources from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, May 2005, 3 pp. Briefly describes HCUP databases (e.g., Nationwide Inpatient Sample, State Inpatient Databases, State Ambulatory Surgery Databases, Kids' Inpatient Database) and software tools (e.g., AHRQ Quality Indicators, Clinical Classifications Software, Comorbidity Software); data availability and ordering information are included. Web-based HCUPnet and recently published research notes and journal articles are also summarized. (AHRQ 05-P014)

Does Capitation Matter? Impacts on Access, Use, and Quality. S. Zuvekas, S. Hill, Inquiry 41: Fall 2004, 316-335. Examines impacts of capitating the usual source of care of enrollees in health maintenance organizations. Accounts for the endogeneity of capitation and other characteristics using generalized methods of moments estimation on a sample from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 1996 and 1997. (AHRQ 05-R046)

Economic and Health Costs of Diabetes. HCUP Highlights Issue 1, January 2005, 4 pp. Summarizes findings from AHRQ's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) using hospital care data to examine how diabetes-related complications affect health status, hospitalizations, and economic costs. (AHRQ 05-0034)

Financial Burden of Health Care, 2001-2004. J. Banthin, P. Cunningham, D. Bernard, Health Affairs 27(1): January/February 2008, 188-195. Presents the results of an analysis of MEPS data, which found that rising out-of-pocket expenses and stagnant incomes increased the financial burden of health care for families during the years 2001-2004, especially for the privately insured. (AHRQ 08-R032)

Health Care Expenditure Burdens Among Adults with Diabetes in 2001. D. Bernard, J. Banthin, W. Encinosa, Medical Care 44(3): March 2006, 210-215. Examines financial burdens among adults with diabetes using nationally representative data. Emphasizes the role of medications and diabetic supplies in contributing to high out-of-pocket burdens. (AHRQ 06-R052)

HCUPnet. This interactive online service from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) gives users easy access to national statistics as well as to selected State statistics about hospital stays. HCUPnet guides users step-by-step to obtain these statistics by using data from HCUP's Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Kids' Inpatient Database, and State Inpatient Databases for States that participate. Web-based HCUPnet is a user-friendly source for information on various aspects of care in U.S. hospitals, such as: the "National Bill" for total hospital charges for the most expensive conditions; "Instant Tables" that give statistics on the most common conditions and procedures; and trends (beginning 1993) in length of hospital stays, in-hospital deaths, charges, and other outcomes for all conditions and procedures. HCUPnet is free and publicly available at: http://hcupnet.ahrq.gov.

Health, Spending and the Effort to Improve Quality in OECD Countries: A Review of the Data. E. Kelley, Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 127(2): March 2007, 64-71. Summarizes what is known about a range of issues in health system performance, including spending and outcomes. Uses data on health, spending, risk factors, and quality of care from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to examine and compare health care quality at the international level. (AHRQ 08-R065)

Hospital Inpatient Costs for Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions. B. Friedman, H. Jiang, A. Elixhauser, et al., Medical Care Research and Review 63(3): June 2006, 327-346. Provides national estimates of the proportions of hospital inpatient cases and cost for adult, nonmaternal patients who have multiple chronic conditions. (AHRQ 06-R070)

Hospitalization in the United States, 2002. C. Merrill, A. Elixhauser, HCUP Fact Book, No. 6, June 2005, 52 pp. Summarizes information from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an all-payer hospital database maintained by AHRQ. Updates an earlier fact book that described hospital care in 1997, and allows for easy comparisons between 1997 and 2002 hospital care information. (AHRQ 05-0056)

Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, May 2007, two-fold brochure. Provides information about the Kids' Inpatient Database, a hospital administrative dataset that is designed specifically to assess hospital care among newborns, children, and adolescents. Part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), the KID is an affordable database for studying hospital use among children. (AHRQ 06(07)-0016-2)

MEPS: A Survey of Health Care Use and Spending. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, July 2007, 9 pp. Brochure describes the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), including the various survey components; the types of data collected; how the data can be used by researchers, policymakers, health care administrators, and others; and how to obtain MEPS data. Sample MEPS findings are presented. (AHRQ 07-0078)

Monitoring and Evaluating Medicaid Fee-for-Service Care Management Programs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, November 2007, 43 pp and 2 pp insert. Guides users through the steps of program evaluation, from getting started to thinking about budget to executing the evaluation itself. Includes a two-page insert for program directors and policymakers. (AHRQ 08-0012)

National Trends in the Costs of Bariatric Surgery. W. Encinosa, D. Bernard, C. Steiner, Bariatrics Today 3:2005, 10-12. Examines recent national trends in the hospital costs of bariatric surgery, answers the question of who is paying for bariatric surgery, and examines which types of hospitals have low bariatric surgery costs. (AHRQ 06-R031)

Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Brochure. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, March 2006. Provides information about the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a nationally representative of all short-term, non-Federal hospitals. Part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, the NIS is a reliable and affordable database for studying hospital data on important health care topics. (AHRQ 06-0016-1)

New Cardiovascular Drugs: Patterns of Use and Association with Non-Drug Health Expenditures. G. Miller, J. Moeller, R. Stafford, Inquiry 42(4): Winter 2005/2006, 397-412. Using nationally representative data on health care expenditures, investigates the role of prescription drugs in treating cardiovascular conditions. (AHRQ 06-R027)

Prescription Drugs and the Changing Concentration of Health Care Expenditures. S. Zuvekas, J. Cohen, Health Affairs 26(1): January/February 2007, 249-257. Explores the impact of rapid growth in prescription drug spending on the shifting concentration of health care expenditures in the United States. (AHRQ 07-R031)

Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2003. C. Merrill, A. Elixhauser, HCUP Fact Book, No. 7, May 2006, 50 pp. Summarizes information about hospital procedures from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an all-payer hospital database maintained by AHRQ. Describes facts such as which procedures are most common, who receives them, which are performed in "high-volume" hospitals, and who is billed for them. (AHRQ 06-0039)

Reconciling Medical Expenditure Estimates from the MEPS and NHEA, 2002. M. Sing, J. Banthin, T. Selden, et al., Health Care Financing Review 28(1): Fall 2006, 25-40. Compares 2002 health care expenditure estimates from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts and discusses their differences. (AHRQ 07-R033)

Relative Value in Healthcare: Cost-effectiveness of Interventions. J. Siegel, C. Clancy, Journal of Nursing Care Quality 21(2): April-June 2006, 99-103. Discusses the role of nurses and nursing research in accurately estimating the cost-effectiveness of health care innovations. (AHRQ 06-R064)

Renewed Growth in Hospital Inpatient Cost Since 1998: Variation Across Metropolitan Areas and Leading Clinical Conditions. B. Friedman, H. Wong, C. Steiner, American Journal of Managed Care 12(3): March 2006, 157-166. Uses disaggregated data abut metropolitan statistical areas and clinical conditions to describe the variation in cost increases and explore some of the hypothesized influences. (AHRQ 06-R062)

Riding the Rollercoaster: The Ups and Downs in Out-of-Pocket Spending Under the Standard Medicare Drug Benefit. B. Stuart, B. Briesacher, D. Shea, et al., Health Affairs 24(4): July/August 2005, 1022-1031. Projects how much Medicare beneficiaries who sign up for the standard Part D drug benefit in 2006 will pay in quarterly out-of-pocket payments through 2008. (AHRQ 05-R069)

State Ambulatory Surgery Databases (SASD) Brochure. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, September 2007. Provides information about the State Ambulatory Surgery Databases (SASD), which capture ambulatory surgery encounters at hospital facilities (and some free-standing facilities) within each participating State. The SASD have been available since 1997 and are an integral component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) family of databases. (AHRQ 06(07)-0016-4)

State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) Brochure. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, September 2007. Provides information about the State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD), available annually since 1999. The SEDD capture emergency visits at hospital-affiliated emergency departments that do not result in hospital admission. To facilitate multi-State comparisons and analyses, data are translated into a uniform, user-friendly format. The SEDD are an integral component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) family of databases. (AHRQ 06(07)-0016-5)

State Inpatient Databases (SID) Brochure. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, September 2007. Provides information about the State Inpatient Databases (SID), an integral component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) family of databases. Each participating State's SID includes patient discharge records from that State. The SID have been available annually since 1990 and are ideal for studying State-level inpatient health care issues. (AHRQ 06(07)-0016-3)

State Level Estimates: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, MEPS Statistical Briefs, October 2006. Includes three Statistical Briefs from the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, fiscal year 2006. (AHRQ 07-RG005)

Statistics on Health Care Expenditures: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, MEPS Statistical Briefs, October 2007. Includes nine Statistical Briefs from the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, fiscal year 2006. (AHRQ 07-RG001)

Statistics on Prescribed Drugs: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, MEPS Statistical Briefs, October 2006. Includes nine Statistical Briefs from the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, fiscal year 2006. (AHRQ 07-RG003)

Trends in Medical Care Costs, Coverage, Use and Access: Research Findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. S. Cohen (ed.) Medical Care Supplement, 44(5): May 2006. Features nine original articles that highlight recent research studies that demonstrate the utility of this unique national information resource to inform trends in medical care costs, coverage, use, and access. (OM 06-0074)

Trends in Prescription Drug Expenditures by Medicaid Enrollees. J. Banthin, G. Miller, Medical Care 44(5): May 2006, I-27-I-35. Uses data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, linked to a prescription drug therapeutic classification system, to examine trends between 1996/1997 and 2001/2002 in utilization and expenditures for the noninstitutionalized Medicaid population. Highlights differences within the Medicaid population, including children, adults, disabled, and elderly. (AHRQ 06-R040)

Use and Costs of Bariatric Surgery and Prescription Weight-Loss Medications. W. Encinosa, D. Bernard, C. Steiner, et al., Health Affairs 24(4): July/August 2005, 1039-1046. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, estimates growth rates of bariatric surgeries and related hospital costs, and decline in inpatient death rates. (AHRQ 05-R059)

The Utility of Probabilistic Models to Identify Individuals With Future High Medical Expenditures. S. Cohen, T. Ezzati-Rice, W. Yu, Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 30(2-3):2005, 135-144. Presents an evaluation tool to assess the utility of probablistic models in terms of their capacity to successfully oversample policy relevant population subgroups that are subject to transitions. (AHRQ 06-R033)

Who Can't Pay for Health Care? R. Weinick, S. Byron, A. Bierman, Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005, 504-509. Provides estimates of the number of adults who avoid health care due to cost, and assesses the association of income, functional status, and type of insurance with the extent to which people with health insurance report financial barriers. (AHRQ 05-R065)

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