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| Kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite are anhydrous aluminosilicate minerals that have the same chemical formula, Al2SiO5, but differ in crystal structure and physical properties. When calcined at high temperatures (around 1,350° C to 1,380° C for kyanite and slightly higher for andalusite and sillimanite), these minerals are converted to mullite, 3Al2O3·2SiO2, and silica, SiO2, which are refractory materials. In the conversion to mullite, 1 metric ton (t) of mineral concentrate yields about 0.88 t of mullite. Synthetic mullite is made by heating mixtures of alumina and silica or bauxite and kaolin at around 1,550° C to 2,000° C. Refractories are heat-resistant materials used in high-temperature applications such as furnaces, boilers, ladles, and kilns, in the metallurgical, glass, chemical, cement, and other industries. |
Publications
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Annual Publications
- Kyanite and Related Materials
PDF Format:
| 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | - Appendixes
- Kyanite and Related Materials
PDF Format:
| 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
XLS Format:
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | - Archive
| 1932-1993 |
Special Publications
Contact
- USGS Mineral Commodity Specialist
Michael J. Potter
Phone: 703-648-7723
Fax: 703-648-7975
Email: mpotter@usgs.gov
