Recommended Screenings, Tests, and Immunizations for Women with High-Risk Factors (Citations)

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³ Mosca L et al. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women. Circulation. 2004;109:672-693.

⁴ Gibbins R. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing: Executive Summary, A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). Circulation. 1997;96:345-354.

⁵ National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health. Am I at risk for Type 2 Diabetes? Taking Steps to Lower your Risk of Getting Diabetes. Available at: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/riskfortype2/index.htm. Accessed November 7, 2006.

⁶ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

⁷ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genetics of Colorectal Cancer (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/colorectal/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

⁸ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Endometrial Cancer (PDQ ®): Prevention. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/endometrial/patient. Accessed November 7, 2006.

⁹ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

¹⁰ The NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases – National Resource Center, the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Osteoporosis: The Diagnosis. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/bone/hi/osteoporosis_diagnosis.htm. Accessed November 8, 2006.

¹¹ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Thyroid Cancer (PDQ ®): Treatment. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/HealthProfessional. Accessed November 8, 2006.

¹² Ladenson P et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Detection of Thyroid Dysfunction. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160:1573-1575.

¹³ Coventry J, Griffiths G, Scully C, Tonetti M. ABC of Oral Health: Periodontal Disease. British Medical Journal. 2000;321:36-39.

¹⁴ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Hearing Loss and Older Adults. Available at: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/older.htm. Accessed November 8, 2006.

¹⁵ National Eye Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Available at: http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts.asp. Accessed November 8, 2006.

¹⁶ American Cancer Society. Chronological History of ACS Recommendations on Early Detection of Cancer. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_2_3X_Chronological.... Accessed November 9, 2006.

¹⁷ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genetics Genetics of Colorectal Cancer (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/colorectal/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

¹⁸ American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_2_3X_ACS_Cancer_Detection_Guidelines. Accessed November 9, 2006.

¹⁹ The American College of Gastroenterology. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Available at: http://www.acg.gi.org/patients/gihealth/pdf/ibd.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2007.

²⁰ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Endometrial Cancer (PDQ ®): Prevention. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/endometrial/patient. Accessed November 7, 2006.

²¹ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

²² National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Cancer Genetics Overview (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

²³ Eyre H et al. Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004;109:3244-3255.

²⁴ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Cancer Genetics Overview (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

²⁵ March of Dimes. Birth Defects. Available at: http://www.marchofdimes.com/printableArticles/4439_1206.asp. Accessed November 9, 2006.

²⁶ Eyre H et al. Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004;109:3244-3255.

²⁷ National Eye Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Glaucoma. Available at: http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/glaucoma/glaucoma_facts.asp. Accessed November 9, 2006.

²⁹ American Diabetes Association. African American and Diabetes Facts. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/communityprograms-and-localevents/africanamerican/facts.jsp. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³¹ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Sickle Cell Anemia. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_All.html. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³² American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures for African Americans 2005 – 2006. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005AACorrPWSecured.pdf. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³⁴ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The Heart Truth for Latinas: An Action Plan. September 2003. NIH Publication No. 03-5065.

³⁵ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Lifestyle Modification Program to Reduce Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Latina Women with Diabetes (clinical trial NCT00233259). Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00233259. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³⁶ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pocket Guide to Good Health for Adults. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/adguide/checkups.htm. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³⁷ The Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders Profile. Available at: http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&1v1ID=34. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³⁸ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pocket Guide to Good Health for Adults. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/adguide/checkups.htm. Accessed November 9, 2006.

³⁹ National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). July 29, 1997.

⁴⁰ The Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. American Indian/Alaska Native Profile Indian Health Service Area Map. Available at: http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&1v1ID=52. Accessed November 9, 2006.

⁴¹ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pocket Guide to Good Health for Adults. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/adguide/checkups.htm. Accessed November 9, 2006.

⁴² National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). July 29, 1997.

⁴³ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Tay-Sachs Disease Information Page. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/taysachs/taysachs.htm?css=print. Accessed November 15, 2006.

⁴⁴ National Office of Public Health Genomics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/training/perspectives/factshts/breastcancer.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.

⁴⁵ National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Learning About Breast Cancer. Available at: http://www.genome.gov/pfv.cfm?pageID=10000507.

⁴⁶ The Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Diabetes and Asian and Pacific Islanders. Available at: http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/content.aspx?ID=3057. Accessed November 11, 2006.

⁴⁷ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: Recommendations and Rationale. September 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/osteoporosis/osteorr.htm.

⁴⁸ National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine 2006—2007: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). June 30, 2006.

⁴⁹ National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). July 29, 1997.

⁵⁰ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: Recommendations and Rationale. September 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/osteoporosis/osteorr.htm.

⁵¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of Varicella: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-6):2.

⁵² National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningococcal Vaccines: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). October 7, 2005.

⁵³ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella – Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-8):8. National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, October 2006—September 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/Nip/recs/adult-schedule.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2006.

⁵⁴ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: Recommendations and Rationale. September 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/osteoporosis/osteorr.htm.

⁵⁵ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS. (2000). Am I at Risk for Gestational Diabetes? (00-4818). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

⁵⁶ March of Dimes. Prenatal Care. Available at: http://www.marchofdimes.com/printableArticles/159_513.asp. Accessed November 9, 2006.

⁵⁷ National Center for HIV, STD & TB Prevention of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B Frequently Asked Questions. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/faqb.htm. Accessed November 9, 2006.

⁵⁸ National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). January 15, 2003.

⁵⁹ National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). July 29, 1997.

⁶⁰ National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, October 2006—September 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/Nip/recs/adult-schedule.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2006.

⁶¹ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004.

⁶² National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. September 1998. NIH Publication No. 98-4083.

⁶³ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Correctional and Detention Facilities: Recommendations from CDC. MMWR 2006:55(RR-9).

⁶⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B Vaccination of Inmates in Correctional Facilities – Texas, 2000—2002. MMWR 2004:53(30);681-683.

⁶⁵ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and Control of Infections with Hepatitis Viruses in Correctional Settings. MMWR 2003;52(No. RR-1):1-33.

⁶⁶ National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine 2006—2007: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). June 30, 2006.

⁶⁷ Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and Control in Facilities Providing Long-Term Care to the Elderly; Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR 1990:39(RR-10);7-20.

⁶⁸ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease. MMWR 1997:46(RR-8).

⁶⁹ National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine 2006—2007: What you Need to Know (Vaccine Information Statement). June 30, 2006.

⁷⁰ Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. MMWR 2001:50(RR-11).

⁷¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization of Health-Care Workers. MMWR 1997:46(RR-18).

⁷² Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for Hypertension. In: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2006. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0588, 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/2ndcps/hyperten.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁷³ American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medicare Care in Diabetes 2006. Diabetes Care [serial online]. 29:S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/suppl_1/s4?.... Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁷⁴ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipid Abnormalities. In: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2006. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0588, 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/2ndcps/lipid.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁷⁵ American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medicare Care in Diabetes 2006. Diabetes Care [serial online]. 29:S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/suppl_1/s4?.... Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁷⁶ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Screening for high blood pressure: recommendations and rationale. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2003. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/highbloodsc/hibloodrr.htm. Accessed November 29, 2006.

⁷⁷ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipid Abnormalities. In: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2006. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0588, 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/2ndcps/lipid.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁷⁸ American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medicare Care in Diabetes?2006. Diabetes Care [serial online]. 29:S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/suppl_1/s4?.... Accessed November 29, 2006.

⁷⁹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR [serial online]. 2006; 55(Early Release):1-41. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr55e628a1.htm. Accessed November 29, 2006.

⁸⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. MMWR [serial online]. 1989; 38(5):64-68,73-76. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042325.htm. Accessed November 29, 2006.

⁸² Snow V, Weiss KB, Mottur-Pilson C. The evidence base for tight blood pressure control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online]. 2003;138(7):587-92. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/138/7/587.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁸³ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipid Abnormalities. In: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2006. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0588, 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/2ndcps/lipid.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁸⁴ American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medicare Care in Diabetes 2006. Diabetes Care [serial online]. 29:S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/suppl_1/s4?... Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁸⁵ American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medicare Care in Diabetes 2006. Diabetes Care [serial online]. 29:S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/suppl_1/s4?.... Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁸⁶ American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medicare Care in Diabetes 2006. Diabetes Care [serial online]. 29:S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/suppl_1/s4?.... Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁸⁷ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: recommendations and rationale. Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online]. 2002;137(5 Part 1):344-6. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/137/5_Part_1/344.pdf. Accessed November 21, 2006.

⁸⁹ Pisano ED, Gatsonis C, Hendrick E, et al. Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) Investigators Group. Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(17):1773-83. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/353/17/1773.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2006.

⁹⁰ Oestreicher N, Lehman CD, Seger DJ, et al. The incremental contribution of clinical breast examination to invasive cancer detection in a mammography screening program. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenolog. 2005;184(2):428-432.

⁹¹ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Cervical Cancer. 2003. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscerv.htm. Accessed November 16, 2006.

⁹² Uterine cancer. Philadelphia (PA): Intracorp; 2005.

⁹³ Young RC. Gynecologic Malignancies. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:553, 556.

⁹⁴ Davila RM, Miranda MC. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and the Pap smear. Acta Cytologica. 2000;44(2):137-40.

⁹⁵ Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians [serial online]. 2002;52(6):342-62. Available at: http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/52/6/342. Accessed November 20, 2006.

⁹⁶ American Cancer Society. How Is Vaginal Cancer Diagnosed? 2006. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_vaginal_cancer_diagnosed_55.asp. Accessed November 17, 2006.

⁹⁷ National Cancer Institute. Genetics of Colorectal Cancer (PDQ): Health Professional Version. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/colorectal/healthprofessional/allpages. Accessed November 30, 2006.

⁹⁸ Young RC. Gynecologic Malignancies. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:553-554.

⁹⁹ Eeles RA. Future possibilities in the prevention of breast cancer: intervention strategies in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Research [serial online]. 2000;2(4):283-290. Available at: http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/pdf/bcr70.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2006.

¹⁰⁰ Myers ER, Havrilesky LJ, Kulasingam SL, et al. Genomic Tests for Ovarian Cancer Detection and Management. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 145. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E001. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2006.

¹⁰¹ Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians [serial online]. 2002;52(6):342-62. Available at: http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/52/6/342. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹⁰³ Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Bloomington (MN): Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2006. Summary available at: http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=9626.... Accessed November 21, 2006.

¹⁰⁴ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online]. 2002;137(6):526-8. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/137/6/526.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹⁰⁵ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Effects of Dietary Calcium. In: Counseling to Promote a Healthy Diet. Systematic Evidence Review Number 18. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2002. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/prevent/pdfser/dietser.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹⁰⁶ Legroux-Gerot I, Vignau J, Collier F, Cortet B. Bone loss associated with anorexia nervosa. Joint, Bone, Spine: Revue du Rhumatisme. 2005;72(6):489-95.

¹⁰⁷ Lindsay R, Cosman F. Osteoporosis. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005: 2268, 2271.

¹⁰⁸ Goodman LR, Warren MP. The female athlete and menstrual function. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2005;17(5):466-70.

¹⁰⁹ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for Thyroid Disease. In: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2006. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0588, 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/2ndcps/thyroid.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹¹⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR [serial online]. Tuberculosis Associated with Blocking Agents Against Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha --- California, 2002—2003. 2004;53(30):683-686. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5330.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹¹¹ Huizinga TW, Arend SM. Is the tuberculin skin test an accurate method of detecting tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Nature Clinical Practice. Rheumatology. 2006;2(4):188-9.

¹¹² Ponce de Leon D, Acevedo-Vasquez E, Sanchez-Torres A, et al. Attenuated response to purified protein derivative in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: study in a population with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases [serial online]. 2005;64(9):1360-1. Available at: http://ard.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/64/9/1360. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹¹³ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2003;52(No. RR-8):1-44. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5208.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹¹⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella —Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 1998;47(No. RR-8):1-67. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹¹⁵ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing health-care--associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2004;53(RR-3):1-36. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5303a1.htm. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹¹⁶ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Questions and Answers About Autoimmunity. 2002. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/autoimmune/autoimmunity.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹¹⁷ Lee C, Ramsey-Goldman R. Bone health and systemic lupus erythematosus. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2005;7(6):482-9.

¹¹⁸ Asia Pacific COPD Roundtable Group. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Respirology. 2005;10(1):9-17.

¹¹⁹ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. How is COPD Treated? 2006. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_Treatments.html. Accessed November 30, 2006.

¹²⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing health-care--associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2004;53(RR-3):1-36. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5303a1.htm. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²¹ National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization: for Adults. Which vaccines should adults receive? Jul 28, 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/flyers/f_imz_adults_508.rtf. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²² Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR [serial online]. 2006; 55(RR07):1-23. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5507a1.htm. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²³ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule---United States, October 2006--September 2007. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55:Q1--Q4. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5540-Immunizationa1.htm. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²⁴ National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB). NACB: laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Washington (DC): National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB); 2002. Available at: http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²⁵ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Subacute thyroiditis. 2006. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000375.htm. Accessed November 30, 2006.

¹²⁶ Helfand M; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online]. 2004;140(2):128-41. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/140/2/128.pdf. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²⁷ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Counseling to Prevent Dental and Periodontal Disease. In: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2006. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0588, 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/2ndcps/dental.pdf. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²⁸ Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ; American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2003. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians [serial online]. 2003;53(1):27-43. Available at: http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/53/1/27. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹²⁹ Leighton JA, Shen B, Baron TH, et al.; Standards of Practice Committee, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointestinal endoscopy [serial online]. 2006;63(4):558-65. Summary available at: http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=9307.... Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹³⁰ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Endometrial Cancer (PDQ ®): Prevention. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/endometrial/patient. Accessed November 7, 2006.

¹³¹ National Cancer Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genetics of Colorectal Cancer (PDQ ®). Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/colorectal/healthprofessional. Accessed November 7, 2006.

¹³² Shevell M, Ashwal S, Donley D, et al. Practice parameter: evaluation of the child with global developmental delay: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology [serial online]. 2003;60(3):367-80. Available at: http://www.neurology.org/cgi/reprint/60/3/367. Accessed November 14, 2006.

¹³³ American Optometric Association. Care of the patient with low vision. St. Louis (MO): American Optometric Association; 1997. 72 p. (Optometric clinical practice guideline; no. 14). Available at: http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-14.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹³⁴ American Optometric Association (AOA). Comprehensive adult eye and vision examination. St. Louis (MO): American Optometric Association (AOA); 2005. Available at: http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹³⁵ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Vision Disorders. In: The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: 2006 Recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2006:167-169. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹³⁶ Work Loss Data Institute. Eye. Corpus Christi (TX): Work Loss Data Institute; 2005. Summary available at: http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=8388.... Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹³⁷ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 20. Occupational Safety and Health. In: Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000. Available at: http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/tableofcontents.htm#partb. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹³⁸ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 28. Vision and Hearing. In: Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000. Available at: http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/tableofcontents.htm#partb. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹³⁹ AIDS Institute, New York State Department of Health. Oral Health Care for People With HIV Infection. New York (NY): New York State Department of Health; 2001. Available at: http://www.hivguidelines.org/Content.aspx?pageID=263. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹⁴¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(RR-11):1-94. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹⁴³ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(RR-11):1-94. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹⁴⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(RR-11):1-94. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹⁴⁵ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for HIV: recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online]. 2005;143(1):32-7. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/143/1/32. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹⁴⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(RR-11):1-94. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.

¹⁴⁷ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for HIV: recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online]. 2005;143(1):32-7. Available at: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/143/1/32.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁴⁸ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Cervical Cancer. 2003. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscerv.htm. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁴⁹ Brigham and Women's Hospital. Cervical cancer: screening recommendations, with algorithms for managing women with abnormal Pap test results. Boston (MA): Brigham and Women's Hospital; 2004. Summary available at: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=7011&stat=1&string=. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Provisional Recommendations for the Use of Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/hpv.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006.

¹⁵¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR [serial online]. 1997;46(RR-08):1-24. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4608.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵² Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Controlling Tuberculosis in the United States: Recommendations from the American Thoracic Society, CDC, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR [serial online]. 2005;54(RR12):1-81. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5412.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵³ American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Summary of recommendations for clinical preventive services. Revision 6.0. Leawood (KS): American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP); 2005. Summary available at: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=8185.... Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵⁴ Work Group on Substance Use Disorders. Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, second edition. American Psychiatic Association. American Journal of Psychiatry [serial online]. 2006;163(8 Suppl):5-82. Summary available at: http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=9316.... Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵⁵ Co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions. In: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 45. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 06-4131. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2006. Available at: http://download.ncadi.samhsa.gov/prevline/pdfs/DTXTIP45(3-30-06).PDF. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2006;55(RR07):1-23.

¹⁵⁷ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(RR-11):1-94. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵⁸ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised Guidelines for HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral. MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2001;50(RR19):1-58. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5019.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁵⁹ Work Group on Substance Use Disorders. Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, second edition. American Psychiatic Association. American Journal of Psychiatry [serial online]. 2006;163(8 Suppl):5-82. Summary available at: http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/pdf.aspx?doc_id=9316.... Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁶⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(RR-11):1-94. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁶¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised Guidelines for HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral. MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2001;50(RR19):1-58. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5019.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2006.

¹⁶² U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydial infection: recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 Apr;20(3 Suppl):90-4. (Copy or abstract not available online)

¹⁶³ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Adults --- United States, 2004. MMWR [serial online]. 2006;55(18):509-511. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5518.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

¹⁶⁴ Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP Provisional Recommendations for the Use of Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/hpv.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

¹⁶⁵ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the Investigation of Contacts of Persons with Infectious Tuberculosis: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC. MMWR Recommendations and Reports [serial online]. 2005;54(RR15):1-37. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5415.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.

¹⁶⁶ Centers for Disease Control. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis: recommendations for vaccine use and other preventive measures: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR [serial online].1991:40(No. RR-10):1-28. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041645.htm. Accessed November 17, 2006.

¹⁶⁷ Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 119. AHRQ Publication No. 05-E006-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2005. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/peridepr/peridep.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2006.