Lithium Reader

Readings on the Use of Lithium as a Stream Tracer

Compilation by Marisa Cox <mhcox@usgs.gov> and Ken Bencala <kbencala@usgs.gov>
original: 11-Jul-2005
last revised: 23-Sep-2005

This reading list also may be downloaded as a Word document [46 kB].

Lithium Tracer
	Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA. BA Kimball, RL Runkel, K Walton-Day, KE Bencala, Applied Geochemistry, 17:1183-1207, 2002.
	Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection. GW Zellweger, Hydrological Processes, 8:155-165, 1994.
	Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream based on a lithium tracer injection and simulations of transient storage. KE Bencala, DM McKnight, GW Zellweger, Water Resources Research, 26(5): 989-1000, doi: 10.1029/89WR03235, 1990.
	Interactions of solutes and streambed sediments 2. A dynamic analysis of coupled hydrologic and chemical processes that determine solute transport. KE Bencala, Water Resources Research, 20(12): 1804-1814, 1984.
Lithium Background
	Lithium isotopic composition and concentration of the upper continental crust. FA Teng, WF McDonough, RL Rudnick, C Dalpe, PB Tomascak, BW Chappell, S Gao, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(20): 4167-4178, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.031, 2004.
	Lithium and its isotopes in major world rivers: implications for weathering and the oceanic budget. Y Huh, L-H Chan, L Zhang, JM Edmond, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(12): 2039-2051, 1998.
Lithium Stream Tracer Examples
	Geochemistry of Red Mountain Creek, Colorado, under low-flow conditions, August 2002. RL Runkel, BA Kimball, K Walton-Day, PL Verplanck, US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5101, 2005. [Online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5101/]
	Reach-scale cation exchange controls on major ion chemistry of an Antarctic glacial meltwater stream. MN Gooseff, DM McKnight and RL Runkel, Aquatic Geochemistry, 10: 221-238, 2004.
	Application of tracer-injection techniques to demonstrate surface-water and ground-water interactions between an alpine stream and the North Star mine, Upper Animas River watershed, Southwestern Colorado. WG Wright, B Moore, USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report, 03-4172, 2003. [Online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034172/]
	Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater stream: influence of organic acids. DT Scott, RL Runkel, DM McKnight, BM Voelker, BA Kimball, ER Carraway, Water Resources Research, 39(11): 1308 doi: 10.1029/2002WR001768, 2003.
	In-stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: a stream-scale transport experiment. DM McKnight, GM Hornberger, KE Bencala, EW Boyer, Water Resources Research, 38(1), doi: 10.1029/2001WR000269, 2002.
	The effects of partly irreversible solute exchange: comparison between conservative and sorptive transport in streams. K Jonas Forsman, K Johansson, K Jonsson, Journal of Hydrology, 256(1-2): 1-15, 2002.
	pH dependence of iron photoreduction in a rocky mountain stream affected by acid mine drainage. DM McKnight, BA Kimball, RL Runkel, Hydrological Processes, 15(10): 1979-1992, doi: 10.1002/hyp.251, 2001.
	The contribution of old and new water to a storm hydrograph determined by tracer addition to a whole catchment. R Collins, A Jenkins, M Harrow, Hydrological Processes, 14:701-711, 2000.
	Analysis of transient storage subject to unsteady flow: diel flow variation in an Antarctic stream. RL Runkel, DM McKnight, ED Andrews, Journal of North American Benthological Society, 17(2):145-154, 1998.
	Reactive Solute Transport in acidic streams. RE Broshears, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 90:195-204, 1996.
	Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction. CM Tate, RE Broshears, DM McKnight, Liminology and Oceanography, 40(5):938-946, 1995.
	Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado. RE Broshears, KE Bencala, BA Kimball, DM McKnight, USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4081, 1993.
	The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes. DM McKnight, KE Bencala, Water Resources Research, 26(12): 3087-3100, doi: 10.1029/90WR01510, 1990.
	Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County, Colorado: A hydrologic perspective. DM McKnight, KE Bencala, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53: 2225-2234, 1989.
	Data on the solute concentration within the subsurface flows of Little Lost Man Creek in response to a transport experiment, Redwood National Park, northwest California. GW Zellweger, VC Kennedy, KE Bencala, RJ Avanzino, AP Jackman, FJ Triska, USGS Open File Report 86-403W.
	Interactions of solutes and streambed sediments 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream. KE Bencala, VC Kennedy, GW Zellweger, AP Jackman, RJ Azanzino, Water Resources Research, 20(12): 1797-1803, 1984.
	Rhodamine WT dye losses in a mountain stream environment. KE Bencala, RE Rathbun, AP Jackman, VC Kennedy, GW Zellweger, RJ Avanzino, Water Resources Bulletin, 19(6): 943-950, 1983.
Related Lithium Tracer Examples
	An evaluation of two tracers in surface-flow wetlands: rhodamine WT and lithium. FE Dierberg, TA DeBusk, Wetlands, 25(1): 8-25, 2005.
	Nitrate removal in riparian wetlands: interactions between surface flow and soils. JC Rutherford, ML Nguyen, Journal of Environmental Quality, 33:1133-1143, 2004.
	A hydrological tracer experiment with LiCl in a high mountain lake. H Thies, U Nickus, C Arnold, and R Psenner, Hydrological Processes, 16: 2329-2337, doi: 10.1002/hyp.1004, 2002.
	Hyporheic exchange of solutes and colloids with moving bed forms. AI Packman, NH Brooks, Water Resources Research, 37(10):2591-2605, doi: 10.1029/2001WR000477, 2001.
	Ion chromatographic determination of lithium at trace level concentrations - Application to a tracer experiment in a high-mountain lake. U Nickus, H. Thies, Journal of Chromatography A, 920:201-204, 2001.
	Kaolinite exchange between a stream and streambed: laboratory experiments and validation of a colloid transport model. AI Packman, NH Brooks, JJ Morgan, Water Resources Research, 36(8): 2363-2372, doi: 10.1029/2000WR900058, 2000.
	Hydrologic variability of small Northern Michigan Lakes measured by the addition of tracers. JJ Cole, ML Pace, Ecosystems, 1:310-320, 1998.
Aquatic Effects
	Toxicity of lithium to three freshwater organisms and the antagonistic effect of sodium. LA Kszos, JJ Beauchamp, AJ Stewart, Ecotoxicology, 12:427-437, 2003.
	Review of lithium in the aquatic environment: distribution in the United States, Toxicity and case example of groundwater contamination. LA Kszos, AJ Stewart, Ecotoxicology, 12:439-447, 2003.
	Toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment of water tracers. H Behrens, U Beims, H Dieter, G Dietze, T Eikmann, T Grummt, H Hanisch, H Henseling, W Käß, H Kerndorff, C Leibundgut, U Müller-Wegener, I Rönnefahrt, B Scharenberg, R Schleyer, W Schloz, and F Tilkes, Hydrogeology Journal, 9:321-325, 2001.
	Caution on using lithium (Li+) as a conservative tracer in hydrological studies. AJ Stewart, LA Kszos, Liminology and Oceanography, 41(1): 190-191, 1996.
	Using lithium (Li+) as a conservative tracer does not prevent algal uptake of phosphate in an acid mine drainage stream (Reply to the Comment by Stewart and Kszos). CM Tate, DM McKnight, RE Broshears, Liminology and Oceanography, 41(1): 191-192, 1996.
Commercial Product Information
The US Geological Survey does NOT endorse or recommend commercial products. The following is provided ONLY for identification and information purposes.
	Morre-Tec New Jersey 908-688-9009 http://www.morretec.com/
	FMC Corporation Lithium Division 2801 Yorkmont Rd Ste 300 Charlotte, NC 28208 888-lithium FAX: 704-868-5370 http://www.fmclithium.com/
	International Chemical Safety Cards http://www.msdsonline.com/ http://www.msds.com/