Sediment Toxicity Testing Methods and Data Interpretation Bibliography

Select literature dealing with sediment: (1) toxicity testing, (2) bioaccumulation, (3) sediment quality triad, and (4) sediment quality guidelines. Prepared for a presentation on: "Sediment toxicity testing methods, and data interpretation", National Environmental Contaminants meeting of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Big Cedar Lodge, Missouri, Monday April 12, 1999; Chris Ingersoll, Columbia Environmental Research Center, USGS, Columbia, MO, chris_ingersoll@usgs.gov; Don MacDonald, MacDonald Environmental Sciences, Ltd., Ladysmith, British Columbia, sff-mesl@island.net.

See also the reference lists from the "Technical basis for metals sediment quality criteria" paper (Ankley et al., 1996) and the "Technical basis for sediment quality criteria for nonionic organics paper" (Di Toro et al. 1991; or the Technical Basis for Derivation of Sediment Quality Criteria Document (U.S.EPA, in prep). Also the December, 1996 issue of "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" has a series of papers on the use of acid volatile sulfide in the prediction of biological effects of metals in sediments, some of which are listed below. 

Some of the references listed below are linked to the full text of the document.  You need Acrobat Reader to view them, click here to download it.

Adams W.J., R.A. Kimerle, and R.G. Mosher. 1985. An Approach for Assessing the Environmental Safety of Chemicals Sorbed to Sediments. In R.D. Cardwell, R. Purdy, and R.C. Bahner, eds., Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation: Seventh Symposium. ASTM STP 854. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 429-453.

Adams, W.J. 1987. Bioavailability of Neutral Lipophilic Organic Chemicals Contained in Sediments. In K.L. Dickson, A.W. Maki, and W.A. Brungs, eds., Fate and Effects of Sediment-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. Proceedings of the Sixth Pellston Workshop, Florissant, CO, August 12-17, 1984. Pergamon Press, New York. pp. 219-244.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Guide for Determination of Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates. E1688-97a. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA, 1556 p.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments. E1525-94a. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Guide for Conducting Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods. E1367-92. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates. E1706-95b. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Guide for Conducting a Laboratory Soil Toxicity Tests with the lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia foetida. E1676-95. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine polychaetous annelids. E1611. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998. Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing. E1391-94. In Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.05, Philadelphia, PA.

Anderson, B. S. et al. 1998. Comparison of Marine Sediment Toxicity Test Protocols for the Amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius and the polychaete worm Nereis (Neanthes) arenaceodentata. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 859-866.

Ankley, G.T., Katko, A., and Arthur, J.W. 1990. Identification of Ammonia as an Important Sediment-Associated Toxicant in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Wisconsin. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:313-322.

Ankley, G.T., M.K. Schubauer-Berigan and J.R. Dierkes. 1991. Predicting the Toxicity of Bulk Sediments to Aquatic Organisms Using Aqueous Test Fractions: Pore Water Versus Elutriate. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1359-1366.

Ankley G.T., G.L. Phipps, E.N. Leonard, D.A. Benoit, V.R. Mattson, P.A. Kosian, A.M. Cotter, J.R. Dierkes, D.J. Hansen, and J.D. Mahony. 1991. Acid-Volatile Sulfide as a Factor Mediating Cadmium and Nickel Bioavailability in Contaminated Sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1299-1307.

Ankley, G. and Thomas, N. 1992. Interstitial Water Toxicity Identification Evaluation Approach. In Sediment Classification Methods Compendium, pp. 5-1 to 5-14. EPA 823-R-92-006, Washington, DC.

Ankley, G.T., P.M. Cook, A.R. Carlson, D.J. Call, J.A. Swenson, H.F. Corcoran, and R.A. Hoke. 1992. Bioaccumulation of PCBs from Sediments by Oligochaetes and Fishes: Comparison of Laboratory and Field Studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:2080-2085.

Ankley, G.T., V.R. Mattson, E.N. Leonard, C.W. West, and J.L. Bennett. 1993. Predicting the Acute Toxicity of Copper in Freshwater Sediments: Evaluation of the Role of Acid Volatile Sulfide. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:315-320.

Ankley, G.T., D.A. Benoit, R.A. Hoke, E.N. Leonard, C.W. West, G.L. Phipps, V.R. Mattson, and L.A. Anderson. 1993. Development and Evaluation of Test Methods for Benthic Invertebrates and Sediments: Effects of Flow Rate and Feeding on Water Quality and Exposure Conditions. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25:12-19.

Ankley, G.T., D.J. Call, J.S. Cox, M.D. Kahl, R.A. Hoke, and P.A. Kosian. 1994. Organic Carbon Partitioning as a Basis for Predicting the Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos in Sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:621-626.

Ankley GT, Thomas NA, Di Toro DM, Hansen DJ, Mahony JD, Berry WJ, Swartz RC, Hoke RA 1994. Assessing Potential Bioavailability of Metals in Sediments: a Proposed Approach. Environ Management 18:331-337.

Ankley, G.T., D.A. Benoit, J.C. Balough, T.B. Reynoldson, K.E. Day, and R.A. Hoke. 1994. Evaluation of Potential Confounding Factors in Sediment Toxicity Tests with Three Freshwater Benthic Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:627-635.

Ankley, G.T., E.N. Leonard, and V.R. Mattson. 1994. Prediction of Bioaccumulation of Metals from Contaminated Sediments by the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Water Res.: 28:1071-1076.

Ankley, G.T., Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., and Monson P.D. 1995. Influence of pH and Hardness on the Toxicity of Ammonia to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52:2078-2083.

Ankley, G.T. and Schubauer-Berigan, M.K. 1995. Background and Overview of Current Sediment Toxicity Identification Procedures. J. Aquat. Ecosystem Health. 4:133-149.

Ankley GT, Di Toro DM, Hansen DJ, Berry WJ. 1996. Assessing the Ecological Risk of Metals in Sediments--Editorial. Environ Toxicol Chem 15, No. 12 :2053-2055 pp.

Ankley GT, Berry WJ, Di Toro DM, Hansen DJ, Hoke RA, Mount DR, Reiley MC, Swartz RC, Zarba CS. 1996. Use of Equilibrium Partitioning to Establish Sediment Quality Criteria for Nonionic Chemicals: a Reply to lannuzzi et al. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1019-1024.

Ankley G.T., K. Liber, D.J. Call, T.P. Markee, T.J. Canfield, and C.G. Ingersoll. 1996. A Field Investigation of the Relationship Between Zinc and Acid Volatile Sulfide Concentrations in Freshwater Sediment. J. Aquat. Ecosystem Health 5:255-264.

Ankley, G.T. 1996. Evaluation of Metal-Sulfide Relationships in the Prediction of Metal Bioaccumulation by Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.15:2138-2146.

Barrick, R., Becker, S., Brown, L., Beller, H., and Pastorok, R. 1988. Sediment Quality Values Refinement: 1988 Update and Evaluation of Puget Sound AET, Vol. I. PTI Contract C717-01, PTI Environmental Services, Bellevue, WA.

Batts, D. and Cubbage, J. 1995. Summary Guidelines for Contaminated Freshwater Sediments. Washington Department of Ecology, publication no. 95-308, Olympia, WA.

Becker, D.S., Barrick, R.C., and Read, L.B. 1989. Evaluation of the AET Approach for Assessing Contamination in Sediments in California. PTI Contract C739-01, PTI Environmental Services, Bellevue, WA.

Becker, D.S., C.D. Rose, and Bigham, G.N. 1995. Comparison of the 10-day Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Test Using Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:2089-2094.

Benoit, D.A., Sibley, P.K., Juenemann, J.L., and Ankley, G.T. 1997. Chironomus tentans Life-Cycle Test: Design and Evaluation for Use in Assessing Toxicity of Contaminated Sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:1165-1176.

Berry WJ, Hansen DJ, Mahony JD, Robson DL, Di toro DM, Rogers B, Corbin JM, Boothman WS. 1996. Predicting the Toxicity of Metals-Spiked Laboratory Sediments Using Acid Volatile Sulfide and Interstitial Water Normalizations. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:2067-2079.

Besser, J.M., J.A. Kubitz, C.G. Ingersoll, E.W. Braselton, and J.P. Giesy. 1995. Influences on Copper Bioaccumulation, Growth, and Survival of theMidge Chironomus tentans, in Metal-Contaminated Sediments. J. Aquatic Ecosystem Health 4:157-168.

Besser, J.M., Ingersoll, C.G., Leonard, E., and Mount, D.R. 1998. Effect of zeolite on Toxicity of Ammonia to Freshwater Invertebrates and Implications for Sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) Procedures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.: 17:2310-2317.

Boese, B.L., Lee, H., Specht, D.T., Randall, R.C., and Winsor, M.H., 1990. Comparison of Aqueous and Solid-Phase Uptake for hexachlorobenzene in the tellinid clam Macoma nasuta (Conrad): A Mass Balance Approach. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:221-231.

Boothman WS, Helmstetter A. 1992. Vertical and Seasonal Variability of Acid Volatile Sulfides in Marine Sediments. Research Report, US EPA, Narragansett, RI.

Borgmann U. and M. Munawar. 1989. A New Standardized Bioassay Protocol Using the Amphipod Hyalella azteca. Hydrobiologia 188/189:425-531.

Borgmann, U. 1994. Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca; Importance of Ammonium Ion and Water Hardness. Environ. Pollut. 86:329-335.

Borgmann, U. and Borgmann, A.I. 1997. The Control of Ammonia Toxicity to Hyalella azteca by Sodium, Potassium, and pH. Environ. Pollut. 95:325-331.

Breteler, R.J., Scott, K.J., and Shepherd, S.P. 1989. Application of a New Sediment Toxicity Test Using the Marine Amphipod Ampelisca abdita to San Francisco Bay Aediments. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Twelfth Symposium, edited by UM Cowgill, LR Williams, pp. 304-314, ASTM STP 1027. Philadelphia, PA.

Bridges, T.S., D.W. Moore, P.F. Landrum, J. Neff, and J. Cura. 1996. Summary of a Workshop on Interpreting Bioaccumulation Data Collected During Regulatory Evaluations of Dredged Material. Misc. Paper D-96-1, Waterways Experiment Station, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS..

Brooke, L.T., G.T. Ankley, D.J. Call, and P.M. Cook. 1996. Gut Content Weight and Clearance Rate for Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:223-228.

Brunson, E.L., T.J. Canfield, F.J. Dwyer, N.E. Kemble, and C.G. Ingersoll. 1998. Assessing Bioaccumulation with Sediments from the Upper Mississippi River Using Field-Collected oligochaetes and Laboratory-Exposed Lumbriculus variegatus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35:191-201.

Burton, G.A., B.L. Stemmer, K.L. Winks, P.E. Ross, and L.C. Burnett. 1989. A Multitrophic Level Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity in Waukegan and Indiana Harbors. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:1057-1066.

Burton, G.A. 1991. Assessment of Freshwater Sediment Toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1585-1627.

Burton, G.A. 1992. Sediment Toxicity Assessment, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 457 p.

Burton, G.A., and C.G. Ingersoll. 1994. Evaluating the Toxicity of Sediments. The ARCS Assessment Guidance Document. EPA/905-B94/002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL.

Burton, G.A., T.J. Norberg-King, C.G. Ingersoll, G.T. Ankley, P.V. Winger, J. Kubitz, J.M. Lazorchak, M.E. Smith, I.E. Greer, F.J. Dwyer, D.J. Call, K.E. Day, P. Kennedy, and M. Stinson. 1996. Interlaboratory Study of Precision: Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Assays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.15:1335-1343.

Burton, G.A., C.G. Ingersoll, L.C. Burnett, M. Henry, M.L. Hinman, S,J. Klaine, P.F. Landrum, P. Ross, and M. Tuchman. 1996. A Comparison of Sediment Toxicity Test Methods at Three Great Lakes Areas of Concern. J. Great Lakes Res. 22:495-511.

Call, D.J., K. Liber, L.T. Brooke, T.D. Dawson, and F.W. Whiteman. 1993. The Chironomus tentans Survival and Growth Bioassay: A Study of the Effect of Reduced Larval Growth Upon the Following Generation and an Application of the Bioassay in Evaluating Sediment Quality. Final Project Report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Call, D.J., L.T. Brooke, G.T. Ankley, D.A. Benoit, D.A. Benoit, and R.A. Hoke. 1994. Appendix G: Biological Effects Testing Procedures. In Great Lakes Dredged Material Testing and Evaluation Manual. July Draft, USEPA Regions II, III, V, Great Lakes National Program Office, and US Army Corps of Engineers, North Central Division, Chicago, IL.

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 1995. Protocol for the Derivation of Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Prepared by the CCME Task Group on Water Quality Guidelines, Ottawa, ON.

Canfield, T.J., N.E. Kemble, W.G. Brumbaugh, F.J. Dwyer, C.G. Ingersoll, and J.F. Fairchild. 1994. Use of Benthic Invertebrate Community Structure and the Sediment Quality Triad to Evaluate Metal-Contaminated Sediment in the Upper Clark Fork River, MT. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1999-2012.

Canfield , T.J., F.J. Dwyer, J.F. Fairchild, P.S. Haverland, C.G. Ingersoll, N.E. Kemble, D.R. Mount, T.W. La Point, G.A. Burton, and M.C. Swift. 1996. Assessing Contamination in Great Lakes Sediments Using Benthic Invertebrate Communities and the Sediment Quality Triad Approach. J. Great Lakes Res. 22:565-583.

Canfield , T.J., E.L. Brunson, F.J. Dwyer, C.G. Ingersoll, and N.E. Kemble. 1998. Assessing Upper Mississippi River Sediments Using Benthic Invertebrates and the Sediment Quality Triad. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35:202-212.

Carlson, A.R., G.L. Phipps, V.R. Mattson, P.A. Kosian, and A.M. Cotter. 1991. The Role of Acid-Volatile Sulfide in Determining Cadmium Bioavailability and Toxicity in Freshwater Sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:1309-1319.

Carr, R. S., et al. 1996. Sediment Quality Assessment Studies of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15: 1218-1231.

Chapman, P. M., R. N. Dexter, and E. R. Long. 1987. Synoptic Measures of Sediment Contamination, Toxicity and Infaunal Community Composition (the Sediment Quality Triad) in San Francisco Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 37: 75-96.

Chapman PM, Power EA, Burton GA Jr. 1992. Integrative Assessments in Aquatic Ecosystems. In G.A. Burton, Jr., ed., Sediment Toxicity Assessment. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 313-340.

Chapman, P.M, B. Anderson, S. Carr, V. Engle, R. Green, J. Hameedi , M. Harmon, P. Haverland , F. Hyland , C. Ingersoll , E. Long, J. Rodgers, M. Salazar, P.K. Sibley, P.J. Smith, R.C. Swartz, B. Thompson , and H. Windom. 1997. General Guidelines for Using the Sediment Quality Triad. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34:368-372.

Clements WH, Cherry DS, Van Hassel JH. 1992. Assessment of the Impact of Heavy Metals on Benthic Communities at the Clinch River (Virginia): Evaluation of an Index of Community Sensitivity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:1686-1694

Collyard, S.A., G.T. Ankley, R.A. Hoke, and T. Goldenstein. 1994. Influence of Age on the Relative Sensitivity of Hyalella azteca to Diazinon, alkylphenol ethoxylate, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26:110-113.

Cook SEK. 1976. Quest for an Index of Community Structure Sensitive to Water Pollution. Environ. Poll. 11:269-288.

Cushman RM. 1984. Chironomid Deformities as Indicators of Pollution from a Synthetic, Coal-Derived Oil. Freshwater Biol. 14:179-182.

Davis WS, Lathrop J.E.1992. Sediment Classification Methods Compendium, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Watershed Protection Division, Office of Water, EPA 823-R-92-006, pp. 8-1 to 8-26.

Day, K.E., Dutka, B.J., Kwan, K.K., Batista, N., Reynoldson, T.B., and Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. 1995. Correlations Between Solid-Phase Microbial Screening Assays, Whole-Sediment Toxicity Tests with Macroinvertebrates and in situ Benthic Community Structure. J. Great Lakes Res. 21:192-206.

DeFoe, D.L. and G.T. Ankley. 1998. Influence of Storage Time on Toxicity of Freshwater Sediments to Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 99:121-131, 1998.

DeWitt, T.H., Ditsworth, G.R., and Swartz, R.C. 1988. Effects of Natural Sediment Features on the Phoxocephalid amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius: Implications for Sediment Toxicity Bioassays. Marine. Environ. Res. 25:99-124.

DeWitt TH, Swartz RC, Hansen DJ, McGovern D, Berry WJ. 1996 Bioavailability and Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium in Sediment to the Estuarine Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Environ Toxicol Chem 15, No. 12 :2095-2101 p.

Di Toro, D.M., Mahony, J.H., Hansen, D.J., Scott, K.J., Hicks, M.B., Mayr, S.M., and Redmond, M. 1990. Toxicity of Cadmium in Sediments: The Role of Acid Volatile Sulfides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:1487-1502.

Di Toro, D.M., Zarba, C.S., Hansen, D.J., Berry, W.J., Swartz, R.C., Cowan, C.E., Pavlou, S.P., Allen, H.E., Thomas, N.A., and Paquin, P.R. 1991. Technical Basis for Establishing Sediment Quality Criteria for Nonionic Organic Chemicals Using Equilibrium Partitioning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1541-1583.

Di Toro DM, Mahony JD, Hansen DJ, Scott KJ, Carlson AR, Ankley GT. 1991. Acid Volatile Sulfide Predicts the Acute Toxicity of Cadmium and Nickel in Sediments. Environ Sci Technol. 26:96-101.

Di Toro DM, Mahony JD, Hansen DJ, Berry WJ. 1996. A Model of the Oxidation of Iron and Cadmium Sulfide in Sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 15 :2168-2186 .

Dickman M, Brindle I, Benson M (1992) Evidence of Teratogens in Sediments of the Niagra River Watershed as Reflected by chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) Deformities. J. Great Lakes Res. 18:467-480.

Dickson, K.L., Maki, A.W., and Brungs, W.A. 1984. Fate and Effects of Sediment-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. Pergamon Press, New York, NY.

Diggins TP, Stewart KM. 1993. Deformities of Aquatic Larval Midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in the Sediments of the Buffalo River, New York. J. Great Lakes Res. 19:648-659

Ditsworth, G.R., Schults, D.W., and Jones, J.K.P. 1990. Preparation of Benthic Substrates for Sediment Toxicity Testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 9:1523-1529.

Dwyer, F.J., E.L. Brunson EL, T.J. Canfield TJ, C.G. Ingersoll, and N.E. Kemble. 1997. An Assessment of Sediments from the Upper Mississippi River. EPA/823/R-97/005. Washington DC.

Environment Canada. 1997. Biological Test Method: Test for Growth and Survival in Sediment Using the Freshwater Amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Technical report EPS 1/RM/33.

Environment Canada. 1997. Biological Test Method: Test for Growth and Survival in Sediment Using Larvae of Freshwater Midges (Chironomus tentans or Chironomus riparius). Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Technical report EPS 1/RM/32.

Field, L.J., D.D. MacDonald, S.B. Norton, C.G. Severn, And C.G. Ingersoll. 1999. Evaluating Sediment Chemistry and Toxicity Data Using Logistic Regression Modeling. Environ. Toxicol. Chem: In press.

Flannagan JF. 1970. Efficiencies of Various Grabs and Corers in Sampling Freshwater Benthos. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27:1691-1970

Giesy, J.P., Rosiu, C.J., Graney, R.L., and Henry, M.G. 1990. Benthic Invertebrate Bioassays with Toxic Sediment and Pore Water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:233-248.

Giesy, J.P., R.L. Graney, J.L. Newsted, C.J. Rosiu, A. Benda, R.G. Kreis Jr., and F.J. Horvath. 1988. Comparison of Three Sediment Bioassay Methods Using Detroit River Sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:483-498.

Giesy, J.P. and Hoke, R.A. 1989. Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Bioassessment: Rationale for Species Selection. J. Great Lakes Res. 15:539-569.

Gries, T.H. and K.H. Waldow. 1996. Progress Re-evaluating Puget Sound Apparent Effects Thresholds (AETs). Volume I. 1994 Amphipod and Echinoderm Larval AETs. Seattle: Puget Sound Dredged Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Agencies (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Seattle District, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region 10, Washington Departments of Ecology and Natural Resources. 82 pp.+ appendices.

Hamelink, J.L., P.F. Landrum, H.L. Bergman, and W.H. Benson. 1994. Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical and Biological Interactions. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

Hamilton AL, Saether OA. 1971. The Occurrence of Characteristic Deformities in the Chironomid Larvae of Several Canadian Lakes. Can. Int. 103:363-368

Hare L, Carter JCH. 1976. The Distribution of Chironomus (s.s)? cucini (salinarius group) Larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Parry Sound, Georgian Bay, with Particular Reference to Structural Deformities. Can. J. Zool. 54:2129-2134

Hansen DJ, Mahony JD, Berry WJ, Benyi SJ, Corbin JM, Pratt SD, Abel MB. 1996. Chronic Effect of Cadmium in Sediments on Colonization by Benthic Marine Organisms: An Evaluation of the Role of Interstitial Cadmium and Acid Volatile Sulfide in Biological Availability. Environ Toxicol Chem. 15:2126-2137.

Hansen DJ, Berry WJ, Mahony JD, Boothman WS, Di Toro DM, Robson DL, Ankley GT, Ma D, Yan D, Pesch CE. 1996. Predicting the Toxicity of Metal-Contaminated Field Sediments Using Interstitial Concentration of Metal and Acid Volatile Sulfide Normalizations. Environ Toxicol Chem 15, No. 12:2080-2094 pp.

Hare, L., R. Carignan and M.A. Huerta-Diaz. 1994. An Experimental Study of Metal Toxicity and Accumulation by Benthic Invertebrates: Implications for the Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) Model. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39:1653-1668.

Harkey, G.A., P.F. Landrum, and S.J. Klaine. 1994. Comparison of Whole-Sediment, Elutriate and Porewater Exposures for Use in Assessing Sediment-Associated Organic Contaminants in Bioassays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1315-1329.

Harkey, G.A., S. Kane Driscoll, and P.F. Landrum. 1997. Effect of Feeding in 30-day Bioaccumulation Assays Using Hyalella azteca in Fluoranthene-Dosed Sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:762-769.

Harrahy, E.A. and W.H. Clements. 1997. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of a Mixture of Heavy Metals in Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Synthetic Sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:317-327.

Hilsenhoff WL. 1982. Using a Biotic Index to Evaluate Water Quality in Streams. Technical Bulletin No. 132, Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI.

Hilsenhoff WL. 1987. An Improved Biotic Index of Organic Stream Pollution. Great Lakes Entomol. 20:31-39

Hoke, R.A., J.P. Giesy, G.T. Ankley, J.L. Newsted, and R.J. Adams. 1990. Toxicity of Sediments from Western Lake Erie and the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio, 1987: Implications for Current Dredged Material Disposal Practices. J. Great Lakes Res. 16:457-470.

Hoke, R.A., G.T. Ankley, A.M. Cotter, T. Goldenstein, P.A. Kosian, G.L. Phipps, and F. VanderMeiden. 1994. Evaluation of Equilibrium Partitioning Theory for Predicting the Acute Toxicity of Field-Collected Sediments Contaminated with DDT, DDD and DDE to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:157-166.

Hoke, R.A., Ankley, G.T., and Peters, J.F. 1995. Use of a Freshwater Sediment Quality Database in an Evaluation of Sediment Quality Criteria Based on Equilibrium Partitioning and Screening-Level Concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:451-459.

Hoke RA, Kosian PA, Ankley GT, Cotter AM, VanderMeiden FM, Phipps GL, Durhan EJ. 1995. Check Studies with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in Support of the Development of a Sediment Quality Criterion for dieldrin. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:435-443.

Hoke RA, Ankley GT, Kosian PA, Cotter AM, VanderMeiden FM, Balcer M, Phipps GL, West CW, Cox JS. 1997. Equilibrium Partitioning as the Basis for an Integrated Laboratory and Field Assessment of the Impacts of DDT, DDE and DDD in Sediments. Ecotoxicology 6:101-125.

Howmiller RP. 1971. A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Eckman and Ponar Grabs. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 100:560-564

Howmiller RP, Beeton AM. 1971. Biological Evaluation of Environmental Quality, Green Bay, Lake Michigan. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 43:123-133.

Ingersoll, C.G. and M.K. Nelson. 1990. Testing Sediment Toxicity with Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) and Chironomus riparius (Diptera). In W.G. Landis, W.H. and van der Schalie, eds., Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Thirteenth Volume, ASTM STP 1096. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 93-109.

Ingersoll, C.G., T. Dillon , and R.G. Biddinger (eds.). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessments of Contaminated Sediment. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 389 p.

Ingersoll, C.G., G.T. Ankley, D.A. Benoit, G.A. Burton, F.J. Dwyer, I.E. Greer, T.J. Norberg-King, and P.V. Winger. 1995. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates: A Review of Methods and Applications. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:1885-1894.

Ingersoll, C.G. 1995. Sediment Toxicity Tests. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, 2nd edition, Rand GM (ed.), Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, pp. 231-255.

Ingersoll, C.G., P.S. Haverland, E.L. Brunson, T.J. Canfield, F.J. Dwyer, C.E. Henke, and N.E. Kemble. 1996. Calculation and Evaluation of Sediment Effect Concentrations. J. Great Lakes Res.: 22:602-623.

Ingersoll, C.G., E.L. Brunson, F.J. Dwyer, D.K. Hardesty, and N.E. Kemble. 1998.. Use of Sublethal Endpoints in Sediment Toxicity Tests with the Amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:1508-1523.

Johnson, B.T. and E.R. Long. 1998. Rapid Toxicity Assessment of Sediments from Estuarine Ecosystems: A New Tandem in Vitro Testing Approach. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 1099-1106.

Kaag, N.H.B.M., E.M. Foekema, M.C. Th. Scholten and N.M. van Straalen. 1997. Comparison of Contaminant Accumulation in Three Species of Marine Invertebrates with Different Feeding Habits. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:837-842.

Kane Driscoll, S., and P.F. Landrum. 1997. A Comparison of Equilibrium Partitioning and Critical Body Residue Approaches for Predicting Toxicity of Sediment-Associated fluoranthene to Freshwater Amphipods. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:2179-2186.

Kane Driscoll S., Landrum, P.F., and Tigue, E. 1997. Accumulation and Toxicokinetics of fluoranthene in Water-Only Exposures with Freshwater Amphipods. Environ. Toxicol Chem. 16:754-761.

Kane Driscoll, S., G.A. Harkey, and P.F. Landrum. 1997. Accumulation and Toxicokinetics of fluoranthese in Sediment Bioassays with Freshwater Amphipods. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:742-753.

Kemble, N.E., W.G. Brumbaugh, E.L. Brunson, F.J. Dwyer, C.G. Ingersoll, D.P. Monda, and D.F. Woodward. 1994. Toxicity of Metal-Contaminated Sediments from the Upper Clark Fork River, MT to Aquatic Invertebrates in Laboratory Exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1985-1997.

Kemble, N.E., F.J. Dwyer, and C.G. Ingersoll. 1998. Development of a Formulated Control Sediment for Use in Whole-Sediment Toxicity Testing. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:222-230.

Kemble, N.E., E.L. Brunson,, T.J. Canfield, F.J. Dwyer, and C.G. Ingersoll. 1998. Assessing Sediment Toxicity from Navigational Pools of the Upper Mississippi River Using a 28-d Hyalella azteca Test. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35:181-190.

Kennedy CR. 1965. The Distribution and Habitat of Limnodrilus claparede and its Adaptive Significance. Oikos 16:26-28

Kreis RG. 1988. Integrated Study of Exposure and Biological Effects of in-place Sediment Pollutants in the Detroit River, Michigan: An Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channel. Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, ERL-Duluth, MN, and LLRS-Grosse Ile, MI, 153 p.

Kubitz, J.A., Besser, J.M., and Giesy, J.P. 1996. A Two-Step Experimental Design for a Sediment Bioassay Using Growth of Amphipod Hyalella azteca for the Test Endpoint. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:1783-1792.

Kukkonen, J. and P.F. Landrum. 1994. Effects of Sediment-Bound polydimethylsiloxane on the Bioavailability and Distribution of Benzo(a)pyrene in Lake Sediment to Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:523-531.

Kukkonen, J. and P.F. Landrum. 1994. Toxicokinetics and Toxicity of Sediment Bound pyrene in Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1457-1468.

Kukkonen, J. and P.F. Landrum. 1995. Effects of Sediment-Bound polydimethylsiloxane on the Bioavailability and Distribution of Benzo[a]pyrene in Lake Sediment to Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:523-531.

Kukkonen, J.V.K. and P.F. Landrum. 1998. Effect of Particle-Xenobiotic Contact Time on Bioavailability of Sediment-Associated Benzo(a)pyrene by Benthic Amphipod, Diporeia spp. Aquat. Toxicol. 42:229-242.

Lacy, R., Watzin, M.C., McIntosh, A.W. 1998. Sediment Organic Matter Content as a Confounding Factor in Toxicity Tests with Chironomus tentans Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:231-236.

Lamberson, J.O. and Swartz, R.C. 1992. Spiked-Sediment Toxicity Test Approach. In Sediment Classification Methods Compendium, pp. 4-1 to 4-10. EPA 823-R92-006, Washington, DC.

Landrum, P.F. and Scavia, D. 1983. Influence of Sediment on Anthracene Uptake, Depuration, and Biotransformation by the Amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:298-305.

Landrum, P.F., Faust, W.R., and Eadie, B.J. 1989. Bioavailability and Toxicity of a Mixture of Sediment Associated Chlorinated Hydrocarbons to the Amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Twelfth Symposium, edited by UM Cowgill, LR Williams, pp. 315-329. ASTM STP 1027. Philadelphia, PA.

Landrum., P.F. 1989. Bioavailability and Toxicokinetics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sorbed to Sediments for the Amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:588-595.

Landrum PF, Robbins JA. 1990. Bioavailability of Sediment-Associated Contaminants to Benthic Invertebrates. Chapter 8. In R. Baudo, J.P Giesy and H. Muntau, eds., Sediments: Chemistry and Toxicity of In-Place Pollutants. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.

Landrum, P.F. and W.R. Faust. 1994. The Role of Sediment Composition on the Bioavailability of Laboratory-Dosed Sediment-Associated Organic Contaminants to the Amphipod, Diporeia (spp.). Chem. Speciat. Bioavail. 6:85-92.

Landrum, P.F., W.S. Dupuis and J. Kukkonen. 1994. Toxicokinetics and Toxicity of Sediment-Associated pyrene and phenanthrene in Diporeia spp.: Examination of Equilibrium Partitioning Theory and Residue Based Effects for Assessing Hazard. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1769-1780.

Landrum, P.F., D.C. Gossiaux, and J. Kukkonen. 1997. Sediment Characteristics Influencing the Bioavailability of Nonpolar Organic Contaminants to Diporeia spp. Chem. Speciat. Bioavail. 9:43-55.

Landrum, P.F. and S.W. Fisher. 1998. Influence of Lipids on the Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Organisms. In. M.T. Arts and B.C. Wainman, Eds. The Ecological Role of Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, NY, pp. 203-234.

Lee, H. II, B.L. Boese, J. Pelletier, M. Winsor, D.T. Specht, and R.C. Randall. 1989. Guidance Manual: Bedded Sediment BioaccumulationTests. USEPA 600/X-89/302.

Lee, H. II. 1992. Models Muddles, and Mud: Predicting Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Pollutants. In: G.A. Burton (ed.). Sediment Toxicity Assessment, Lewis publishers, pp. 267-293.

Lenat DR. 1993. A Biotic Index for the Southeastern United States Derivation and List of Tolerance Values, with Criteria for Assigning Water-Quality Ratings. J. North Am. Benth. Soc. 12:279-290.

Leonard EN, Cotter AM, Ankley GT. 1996. Modified Diffusion Method for Analysis of Acid Volatile Sulfides and Simultaneously Extracted Metals in Freshwater Sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem. 15:1479-1481.

Long, E.R. and P.M. Chapman. 1985. A Sediment Quality Triad: Measures of Sediment Contamination, Toxicity and Infaunal Community Composition in Puget Sound. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16: 405-415.

Long, E.R., Buchman, M.F., Bay, S.M., Breteler, R.J., Carr, R.S., Chapman, P.M., Hose, J.E., Lissner, A.L., Scott, J., and Wolfe, D.A. 1990. Comparative Evaluation of Five Toxicity Tests with Sediments from San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay, California. Environ Toxicol Chem 9:1193-1214.

Long, E.R. and Morgan, L.G. 1991. The Potential for Biological Effects of Sediment-Sorbed Contaminants Tested in the National Status and Trends Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52, Seattle, WA.

Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., and Calder, F.D. 1995. Incidence of Adverse Biological Effects within Ranges of Chemical Concentrations in Marine and Estuarine Sediments. Environmental Management 19:81-97.

Long, E.R., A. Robertson, D.A. Wolfe, J. Hameedi, and G.M. Sloane. 1997. Estimates of the Spatial Extent of Sediment Toxicity in Major U.S. Estuaries. Envir. Sci. Technol. 30: 3585-3592.

Long, E.R. and C.J. Wilson. 1997. On the Identification of Toxic Hot Spots Using Measures of the Sediment Quality Triad. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:373-374.

Long, E.R. 1997. The Use of Biological Measures in Assessments of Toxicants in the Coastal Zone. pg. 187-219. In: Sustainable Development in the Southeastern Coastal Zone. F. J. Vernberg, W. B. Vernberg, T. Siewicki, editors. University of South Carolina Press. Columbia, SC.

Long, E.R. 1998. Sediment Quality Assessments: Selected Issues and Results from the NOAA's National Status and Trends Program. pg. 111-132. In: Ecological Risk Assessment: A Meeting of Policy and Science. A. dePeyster and K. Day, editors. SETAC Press. Pensacola, FL.

Long ER, Field LJ, MacDonald DD. 1998. Predicting Toxicity in Marine Sediments with Numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines. Environ Toxicol Chem. 17:714-727.

Long ER, MacDonald DD, Cubbage JC, Ingersoll CI. 1998. Predicting the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Trace Metals with Simultaneously Extracted Trace Metal: Acid Volatile Sulfide Concentrations and Dry Weight-Normalized Concentrations: A Critical Comparison. Environ Toxicol Chem. 17:972-974.

Lorenzato, S.G., Gunther, A.J., and O'Conner, J.M. 1991. Summary of a Workshop Concerning Sediment Quality Assessment and Development of Sediment Quality Objectives, 32 p. California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.

MacDonald, D.D. 1994. Approach to the Assessment of Sediment Quality of Florida Coastal Waters. Volume 1 - Development and Evaluation of Sediment Quality Assessment Guidelines, 126 p. Report Prepared for the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, FL. November 1994.

MacDonald DD, Carr RS, Calder FD, Long ER, Ingersoll CG. 1996. Development and Evaluation of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Florida Coastal Waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253-278.

MacDonald, D.D., Carr, R.S., Calder, F.D., Long, E.R., and Ingersoll, C.G. 1996. Development and Evaluation of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Florida Coastal Waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253-278, 1996.

Mahony JD, Di Toro DM, Koch R, Berry WJ, Hansen DJ. 1993. Vertical Distribution of AVS and SEM in Bedded Sediments: Biological Implications and the Role of Metal Sulfide Oxidation Kinetics. Abstracts: 14th Annual Mtg. Soc. Environ. Toxicol Chem., Houston, TX, USA Nov. 14-18; p. 46.

McCarty, L.S. and D. Mackay. 1993. Enhancing Ecotoxicological Modeling and Assessment: Body Residues and Modes of Toxic Action. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1719-1728

McGee, B.L., C.E. Schlekat, D.M. Boward, and T.L. Wade. 1994. Sediment Contamination an Biological Effects in a Chesapeake Bay Marina. Ecotoxicology 4:39-59.

Mearns, A.J., R.C. Swartz, J.M. Cummins, P.A. Dinnel, P. Plesha, P.M. Chapman. 1986. Inter-Laboratory Comparison of a Sediment Toxicity Test Using the Marine Amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius. Mar. Environ. Res. 19: 13-37.

Means, J.C. and A.E. McElroy. 1997. Bioaccumulation of Tetrachlorobiphenyl and Hexachlorobiphenyl by Yoldia limatula and Nephtys incisa from Bedded Sediments: Effects of Sediment- and Aniimal-Related Parameters. Environ. Toxicol Chem. 16:1277-1286.

Merritt RW, Cummins KW (1984) eds. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co, 722 p.

Milani, D., Day, K.E., McLeay, D.J., and Kirby, R.S. 1996. Recent intra- and Interlaboratory Studies Related to the Development and Standardization of Environment Canada's Biological Test Methods for Measuring Sediment Toxicity Using Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca) or Midge Larvae (Chironomus riparius), Environment Canada, Burlington, ONT. 1996.

Milbrink G, Wiederholm T. 1973. Sampling Efficiency of Four Types of Mud Bottom Samplers. Oikos 24:479-482.

Moore, D.W. and Dillon, T.M. 1993. The Relationship Between Growth and Reproduction in the Marine polychaete Nereis (Neanthes) arenaceodentata (Moore): Implications for Chronic Sublethal Sediment Bioassays. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 173:231-246.

Moore, D.W., Dillon, T.M., and Gamble, E.W. 1996. Long-Term Storage of Sediments: Implications for Sediment Toxicity Testing. Environ. Pollut. 89: 341-342.

Moore, D.W. and Farrar, J.D. 1996. Effect of Growth on Reproduction in the Freshwater Amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Hydrobiologia 328:127-134.

Mount, D.R., T. D. Dawson, and L. P. Burkhard.. 1999. Implications of Gut Purging for Tissue Residues Determined in Bioaccumulation Testing of Sediment with Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol Chem.: In press.

Nebeker, A.V., M.A. Cairns, J.H. Gakstatter, K.W. Malueg, G.S. Schuytema, and D.F. Krawczyk. 1984. Biological Methods for Determining Toxicity of Contaminated Freshwater Sediments to Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:617-630.

Nebeker, A.V. and C.E. Miller. 1988. Use of the Amphipod Crustacean Hyalella azteca in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediment Toxicity Tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:1027-1033.

O'Connor TP, Daskalaskis KD, Hyland JL, Paul JF, Summers JK. 1998. Comparisons of Sediment Toxicity with Predictions Based on Chemical Guidelines. Environ Toxicol Chem. 17:468-471.

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Volume II. Users Manual for Biological Field Assessment of Ohio Surface Waters. Division of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Columbus, OH.

Pennak, RW. 1989. Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States: Protozoa to Mollusca. 3rd ed. John Wiley & sons, Inc. New York, NY. 628 p

Persuad, D., Jaagaumagi, R., and Hayton, A. 1992. Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario. ISBN 0-7729-9248-7. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Toronto, ON.

Pesch CE, Hansen DJ, Boothman WS, Berry WJ, Mahony JD. 1995. The Role of Acid-Volatile Sulfide and Interstitial Water Metal Concentrations in Determining Bioavailability of Cadmium and Nickel from Contaminated Sediments to the Marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:129-141.

Phipps, G.L., G.T. Ankley, D.A. Benoit, and V.R. Mattson. 1993. Use of the Aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus for Assessing the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:269-274.

Phipps, G.L., V.R. Mattson, and G.T. Ankley. 1995. The Relative Sensitivity of Three Benthic Test Species to 10 Chemicals. Arch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.: 28:281-286.

Randall, R.C., D.R. Young, H. Lee II, and S.F. Echols. 1998. Lipid Methodology and Pollutant Normalization Relationships for Neutral Nonpolar Organic Pollutants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:788-791.

Resh VH.1979. Sampling Variability and Life History Features: Basic Considerations in the Design of Aquatic Insect Studies. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 36:290-311

Reynoldson, T.B., K.E. Day, C. Clarke, and D. Milani. 1994. Effect of Indigenous Animals on Chronic Endpoints in Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Tests. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:973-977.

Reynoldson TB, Day KE, Bailey RC, Norris RH. 1995. Methods for Establishing Biologically Based Sediment Guidelines for Freshwater Quality Management Using Benthic Assessment of Sediment. Australian J. Ecol. 20:198-219

Ross, P.E., Burton, G.A. Jr., Crecelius, E.A., Filkins, J.C., Giesy, J.P. Jr., Ingersoll, C.G., Landrum, P.F., Mac, M.J., Murphy, T.J., Rathbun, J.E., Smith, V.E., Tatem, H., and Taylor, R.W. 1992. Assessment of Sediment Contamination at Great Lakes Areas of Concern: The ARCS program. J. Aquat. Ecosystem Health 1:193-200.

Saether OA. 1970. A Survey of the Bottom Fauna in Lakes of the Okanagan Valley, British, Columbia. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rep. 342:1-27

Schlekat, C.E., McGee, B.L., and Reinharz, E. 1991. Testing Sediment Toxicity in Chesapeake Bay Using the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus: An Evaluation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:225-236.

Schlekat, C.E., McGee, B.L., Boward, D.M., Reinharz, E., Velinsky, D.J., and Wade, T.L. 1994. Tidal River Sediments in the Washington, D.C. area. III. Biological Effects Associated with Sediment Contamination. Estuaries 17:334-344.

Schubauer-Berigan, M.K. and Ankley, G.T. 1991. The Contribution of Ammonia, Metals, and Nonpolar Organic Compounds to the Toxicity of Sediment Interstitial Water from an Illinois River Tributary. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:925-939.

Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., J.R. Dierkes, P.D. Monson, and G.T. Ankley. 1993. The pH-Dependent Toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca, and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:1261-1266.

Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., Monson, P.D., West, C.W., and Ankley , G.T. 1995. Influence of pH on the Toxicity of Ammonia to Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:713-717.

Scott, K.J. and Redmond, M.S. 1989. The Effects of a Contaminated Dredged Material on Laboratory Populations of the Tubicolous Amphipod, Ampelisca abdita. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Twelfth Symposium, edited by UM Cowgill, LR Williams, pp. 289-303. ASTM STP 1027. Philadelphia, PA.

Sibley, P.K., Ankley, G.T., Cotter, A.M., and Lenoard, E.N. 1996. Predicting Chronic Toxicity of Sediments Spiked with zinc: An Evaluation of the Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) Model Using a Life-Cycle Test with the Midge Chironomus tentans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:2102-2112.

Sibley, P.K., Benoit, D.A., and Ankley, G.T. 1997. The Significance of Growth in Chironomus tentans Sediment Toxicity Tests: Relationship to Reproduction and Demographic Endpoints. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:336-345.

Sibley, P.K., Monson, P.D., and Ankley, G.T. 1997. The Effect of Gut Contents on Dry Weight Estimates of Chironomus tentans Larvae: Implications for Interpreting Toxicity in Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:1721-1726.

Sibley, P.K., Benoit, D.A., and G.T. Ankley. 1999. Life Cycle and Behavioural Assessments of the Influence of Substrate Particle Size on Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Laboratory Assays. Hydrobiologia: In Press.

Smith, S.L., D.D. MacDonald, K.A. Kennleyside, C.G. Ingersoll, and J. Field. 1996.A Preliminary Evaluation of Sediment Quality Assessment Values for Freshwater Ecosystems. J. Great Lakes Research: 22:624-638.

Steevens, J.A. and Benson, W.H. 1998. Hyalella azteca 10-Day Sediment Toxicity Test: Comparison of Growth Measurement Endpoints. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 13:243-248.

Suedel, B.C., Rodgers, J. Jr., and Clifford, P.A. 1993. Bioavailability of Fluoranthene in Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:155-165.

Swartz, R.C. 1989. Marine Sediment Toxicity Tests. In: Contaminated Marine Sediments--Assessment and Remediation, pp. 115-129. National Research Council, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Swartz, R.C., DeBen, W.A., Sercu, K.A., and Lamberson, J.O. 1982. Sediment Toxicity and the Distribution of Amphipods in Commencement Bay, Washington, USA. Mar Pollut Bull 13:359-364.

Swartz, R.C., Schults, D.W., Ditsworth, G.R., and DeBen W.A. 1984. Toxicity of Sewage Sludge to Rhepoxynius abronius, a Marine Amphipod. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:207-216.

Swartz, R.C. 1984. Toxicological Methods for Determining the Effects of Contaminated Sediment on Marine Organisms. In: Fate and Effects of Sediment-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems, edited by K.L. Dickson, A.W. Maki, W.A. Brungs, pp. 183-198, Pergamon Press, New York, NY.

Swartz, R.C., DeBen, W.A., Jones, J.K.P., Lamberson, J.O., and Cole, F.A. 1985. Phoxocephalid Amphipod Bioassay for Marine Sediment Toxicity. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Seventh Symposium, edited by RD Cardwell, R Purdy, RC Bahner, pp. 284-307. ASTM STP 854, Philadelphia, PA.

Swartz, R.C., Kemp, P.F., Schultz, D.W., and Lamberson, J.O. 1988. Effects of Mixtures of Sediment Contaminants on the Marine Infaunal Amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:1013-1020.

Swartz, R.C., F.A. Cole, J.O. Lamberson, S.P. Ferraro, D.W. Schults, W.A. DeBen, H. Lee II, and J.R. Ozretich. 1994. Sediment Toxicity, Contamination, and Amphipod Abundance at a DDT and Dieldrin-Contaminated Site in San Francisco Bay. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:949-962.

Swartz RC, Schultz DW, Ozretich RJ, Lamberson JO, Cole FA, DeWitt TH, Redmond MS, Ferraro SP 1995. S PAH: A Model to Predict the Toxicity of Polyaromatic Nuclear Hydrocarbons in Field-Collected Sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:1977-1987.

Thorp JH, Covich AP. 1991. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press Inc., 911 p.

Thursby, G.B., J. Heltshe, and K.J. Scott. 1997. Revised approach to toxicity test acceptabioity criteria using a statistical performance assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 1322-1329.

Tomasovic, M., F.J. Dwyer, I.E. Greer, and C.G. Ingersoll. 1995. Recovery of Hyalella azteca from Sediment Toxicity Tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.: 14:1177-1180.

Tracey GA, Hansen DJ. 1996. Use of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors to Assess Similarity of Non-Ionic Organic Chemical Exposure to Benthically-Coupled Organisms of Differing Trophic Mode. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 30:467-475.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Interim Sediment Criteria Values for Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants. EPA, SDC #17, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Guidance Manual: Bedded Sediment Bioaccumulation Tests. EPA/600/x-89/302. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ERL-N, Pacific Ecosystems Branch, Newport, OR.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Sediment Classification Methods Compendium. EPA 823-R-92-006, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program. Biological and Chemical Assessment of Contaminated Great Lakes Sediment. EPA 905-R93-006, Chicago IL.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Sediment Quality Criteria for the Protection of Benthic Organisms: Endrin. EPA 822-R-93-016. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Methods for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates. EPA 600/R-94/025, Duluth, MN.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates. EPA 600/R-94/024, Duluth, MN.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program. Assessment Guidance Document. EPA 905-B94-002, Chicago, IL.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Background Concentrations of Contaminants in Benthic Invertebrate Tissue. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, MA.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.1997. An Assessment of Sediments from the Upper Mississippi River Final Report June 1997. EPA 823-R-97-005, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates, Second Edition. Draft 4/1/98, Duluth, MN.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. The National Sediment Quality Survey. A Report to Congress on the Extent and Severity of Sediment Contamination in Surface Waters of the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1998. Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Discharge in Water of the U.S. - Testing Manual. EPA 823-B-98-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Methods for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Leptocheirus plumulosus, First Edition. Draft August 1998, Duluth, MN.

Warwick WF. 1985. Morphological Abnormalities in Chironomidae (Diptera) Larvae as Measures of Toxic Stress in Freshwater Ecosystems: Indexing Antennal Deformities in Chironomus Meigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42:1881-1941

Warwick WF.1988. Morphological Deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera) Larvae as Biological Indicators of Toxic Stress, p. 281-320. In M.S. Evans ed. Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: A Great Lakes Focus. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY

Wentsel, R., A. McIntosh, and G. Atchison. 1977. Sublethal Effects of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment on Midge Larvae (Chironomus tentans). Hydrobiologia 56:53-156.

Wentsel, R., A. McIntosh, and V. Anderson. 1977. Sediment Contamination and Benthic Invertebrate Distribution in a Metal-Impacted Lake. Environ. Pollut. 14:187-193.

Wentsel, R. A. McIntosh, and P.C. McCafferty. 1978. Emergence of the Midge Chironomus tentans when Exposed to Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediments. Hydrobiologia 57:195-196.

West, C.W., V.R. Mattson, E.N. Leonard, G.L. Phipps, and G.T. Ankley. 1993. Comparison of the Relative Sensitivity of Three Benthic Invertebrates to Copper Contaminated Sediments from the Keweenaw Waterway. Hydrobiologia 262:57-63.

Whiteman, F.W., Ankley, G.T., Dahl, M.D., Rau, D.M, and Balcer, M.D. 1996. Evaluation of Interstitial Water as a Route of Exposure to Ammonia in Sediment Tests with Macroinvertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:794-801.

Winger, P.V. and P.J. Lasier. 1994. Sediment Toxicity Testing: Comparison of Methods and Evaluation of Influencing Factors. In J.W. Gorsuch, F.J. Dwyer, C.G. Ingersoll, T.W. La Point, eds., Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Second Volume. ASTM STP 1216. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 640-662.

Wolfe, D. A., E. R. Long, and G. B. Thursby. 1996. Sediment Toxicity in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary: Distribution and Correlations with Chemical Contamination. Estuaries 19: 901-912.

Zumwalt, D.C., F.J. Dwyer, I.E. Greer, and C.G. Ingersoll. 1994. A Water-Renewal System that Accurately Delivers Small Volumes of Water to Exposure Chambers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1311-1314.

Back to Sediment Toxicity Testing Methods and Data Interpretation main page
Over to Sediment Toxicity Testing Methods and Data Interpretation presentation