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Chemical Sampling Information |
Halothane |
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General Description
Synonyms: 1-Bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane; 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane; Fluothane; 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane; 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-bromo-1-chloroethane
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0395
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 151-67-7
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: KH6550000
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Halothane: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm, 404 mg/m3 TWA; Appendix A4 - Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 2 ppm, 16.2 mg/m3 Ceiling (60 Minutes) [Note: REL for exposure to waste anesthetic gas.]
Health Factors
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans [1 MB, PDF]
Potential symptoms: Irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory system; confusion, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, analgesia, anesthesia, cardiac arrhythmias; liver, kidney damage; decreased audio-visual performance; in animals: reproductive effects.
Health Effects: Liver injury (HE3); Narcosis (HE8)
Affected organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, CNS, liver, kidneys, reproductive system
Notes:
- OSHA does not have a PEL for halothane.
- During halothane metabolism, liver proteins can become trifluoroacetylated to form haptens that trigger the production of IgG antibodies.
- Antibodies to liver proteins, including cytochrome P450 2E1 (which metabolizes halothane), have been found in serum from patients with halothane-induced hepatitis, as well as in serum from anesthesiologists occupationally exposed to halothane.
- A close correlation between the TWA concentration of halothane in the breathing zone of operating room personnel and the halothane in urine collected after 4 hours of exposure was reported, such that halothane concentrations of 3.9, 6.5, and 92 µg/liter of urine were estimated to correspond with TWA halothane exposures of 0.5, 2.0, and 50 ppm, respectively.
Date Last Revised: 04/18/2007
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Halothane.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Halothane.
- Imbriani, M., Ghittori, S., Zadra, P. and Imberti, R.: Biological monitoring of the occupational exposure to halothane (fluothane) in operating room personnel. Am. J. Ind. Med. 20(1): 103-112, 1991.
- Kenna, J.G., Satoh, H., Christ, D.D. and Pohl, L.R.: Metabolic basis for a drug hypersensitivity: antibodies in sera from patients with halothane hepatitis recognize liver neoantigens that contain the trifluoroacetyl group derived from halothane. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245(3): 1103-1109, 1988.
- Njoku, D.B., et al.: Autoantibodies associated with volatile anesthetic hepatitis found in the sera of a large cohort of pediatric anesthesiologists. Anesth. Analg. 94(2): 243-249, 2002.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Halothane. In, Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1221-1223.
- Sutherland, D.E. and Smith, W.A.: Chemical hepatitis associated with occupational exposure to halothane in a research laboratory. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 34(5): 423-424, 1992.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Anasorb 747 Tube (140/70 mg sections)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 103)
method classification: Fully Validated
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sampling media: Anasorb CMS Tube (150/75 mg sections)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 103)
method classification: Fully Validated
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sampling media: Two Charcoal Tubes in series (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 10 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.1 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 29)
method classification: Fully Validated
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