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Chemical Sampling Information |
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| 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane |
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General Description
Synonyms: Symmetrical tetra-chloroethane; Acetylene tetrachloride;
sym-Tetrachloroethane
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 2340
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 79-34-5
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: KI8575000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1702 151
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-1 Table -- 5 ppm, 35 mg/m3 TWA; Skin
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 5 ppm, 35 mg/m3 TWA; Skin
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 5 ppm, 35 mg/m3 TWA; Skin
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 1 ppm, 6.9 mg/m3 TWA; Skin; Appendix A3 - Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 1 ppm, 7 mg/m3 TWA; Skin; Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens; Appendix C - Supplementary Exposure Limits (Chloroethanes)
Health Factors
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 3, Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carcinogenic classification: Group C, Possible human carcinogen
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 100 ppm
Potential symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; tremors in fingers; jaundice, hepatitis, liver tenderness; dermatitis; leukocytosis (increased blood leukocytes); kidney damage, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, convulsions; kidney damage; [potential occupational carcinogen]
Health Effects: Cumulative liver and other organ damage (HE3); Mutagen/ Suspect carcinogen (HE2)
Affected organs: Skin, liver, kidneys, CNS, GI tract
Notes:
- Liver damage by acute high-level exposure is thought to be mediated by a cytochrome P450-dependent formation of dichloroacetyl chloride, a very reactive metabolite.
- A P450-dependent activation of radiolabeled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was also reported for epithelial linings in mice, especially those of the respiratory tract (highest in the nasal olfactory mucosa) and upper alimentary tract, to which there was irreversible metabolite binding.
- Urinary metabolites of 1,1,2,2-tetra-chloroethane in mice include dichloroacetic acid (major metabolite), trichloroethanol, and trichloroacetic acid.
Date Last Revised: 11/03/2005
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane.
- EPA Air Toxics Website: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
- Eriksson, C. and Brittebo, E.B.: Epithelial binding of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in the respiratory and upper alimentary tract. Arch. Toxicol. 65(1): 10-14, 1991.
- Halpert, J.: Cytochrome P-450-dependent covalent binding of 1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethane in vitro. Drug Metab. Dispos. 10(5): 465-468, 1982.
- No authors listed: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 71(Pt. 2): 817-827, 1999.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 2163-2166.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Petroleum Base Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 10 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: NIOSH Analytical Method (NIOSH 1019)
method classification: Partially Validated
Wipe Sampling Method:
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sampling media: Charcoal pad
note: Seal in glass vial for shipment.
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