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Surface Contamination |
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Evaluation |
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Surface contamination may cause serious injury and
permanent damage. Workers that may be exposed need to be aware of the evaluation
methods for hazards in their work environment. The following references aid in
evaluating surface contamination hazards in the workplace.
Exposure Evaluation
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Lead
Test Kits. OSHA, (1994, September). Includes the summary performance
evaluation of commercially available kits for field testing lead in paint
and other solid materials.
- Field Inspection Reference Manual (FIRM). OSHA
Directive CPL 02-00-103 [CPL
2.103], (1994, September 26).
- Inspection
Documentation.
Assists compliance officers in
determining the minimum level of written documentation appropriate for each
of four case file stages.
- Ness, Shirley A. Surface and Dermal Monitoring for Toxic Exposure.
New York: Wiley, 1994. Includes techniques and applications of wipe sampling for surface contamination
and methods for estimating dermal exposure of workers.
- Leung, H. W. and D. J. Paustenbach. "Techniques for Estimating Percutaneous Absorption of
Chemicals Due to Occupational and Environmental Exposure." Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene
9.3(1994): 187-97. Assists industrial hygienists in assessing the risks of
dermal uptake of chemicals in workplaces, lists of absorption rates and
example calculations including the use of wipe sampling to estimate skin
exposure are presented.
- "Occupational Skin Exposure to Chemical Substances."
Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene 9.1(1994, January).
- Caplan, K. J. "The Significance of Wipe Samples." American Industrial Hygiene Association 54.2(1993,
February): 70-75. Indicates that there is no correlation between surface contamination levels as determined
by wipe sampling and air concentration levels. Wipe sample levels can be
useful in estimating dermal exposure if skin absorption data is available.
- Lioy, P. J., T. Wainman, and C. Weisel. "A Wipe Sampler for the Quantitative Measurement of
Dust on Smooth Surfaces: Laboratory Performance Studies." Journal or Exposure Analysis and
Environmental Epidemiology 3(1993): 315-330.
- Stopa, P. J., et. al. "Recovery of Biological Materials from Surfaces, Field
Screening Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals." Air and Waste Management Association, Proceedings of
the 1993 Environmental Protection Agency/Air and Waste Management
Association (EPA/A&WMA) International Symposium, 2(1993): 1076-1081.
- Lichtenwalner, C. P. "Evaluation of Wipe Sampling Procedures and Elemental Surface Contamination." American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53(1992): 657-9.
- McArthur, B. "Dermal Measurement and Wipe Sampling Methods: A
Review." Applied Occupational and
Environmental Hygiene 7.9(1992, September): 599-606. Provides a summary of several direct
and indirect methods which may be used to assess dermal exposure.
Sampling and Analysis
- Index
of Sampling and Analytical Methods. OSHA. Provides an alphabetical list
of chemicals that have either a validated or partially validated OSHA
method. Some chemicals may be listed by their common synonym. The index
includes the method number, validation status, CAS no., analytical
instrument and sampling device. A key for abbreviations is located at the
end of the index.
- OSHA
Technical Manual (OTM). OSHA Directive TED-01-00-05 [TED 1-0.15A],
(1999, January 20).
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Aromatic Isocyanate Surface Contamination Sampling and Evaluation Techniques.
OSHA, (1997, August 21). Describes surface
monitoring techniques which were evaluated in preparation for an inspection of a
facility that uses methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI, CAS no. 101-68-8) in
their production process.
-
Evaluation
Guidelines for Surface Sampling Methods. OSHA. Provides
chemists with a uniform and practical means for evaluating surface sampling
methods with regards to sampling media, sampling techniques, and sample
preparation for analysis.
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