U.S. Department of Labor | ||||||
Occupational Safety & Health Administration |
Concrete and Masonry Construction
OSHA 3106 1998 (Revised) This informational booklet is intended to provide a generic, nonexhaustive overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not itself alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards themselves and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced fully or partially, without permission of the Federal Government. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 219-8615; Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. Contents
What Does OSHA's Concrete and Masonry Standard Cover? What Are the Key, New Changes to the Standard? What Are the Components of OSHA's New Format for Subpart Q? What Are the General Requirements of the Standard? Construction Loads Reinforcing Steel Post-Tensioning Operations Concrete Buckets Working Under Loads Personal Protective Equipment Equipment and Tools What Are the Requirement for Cast-in-Place Concrete? General Requirements for Formwork Drawings or Plans Shoring and Reshoring Vertical Slip Forms Reinforcing Steel Removal of Formwork Precast Concrete Lift-Slab Operations Masonry Construction What Other Help Can OSHA Provide? Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines State Programs Free Onsite Consultation Voluntary Protection Programs Training and Education Electronic Information Emergencies Glossary OSHA Related Publications States with Approved Plans OSHA Consultation Project Directory OSHA Area Offices OSHA Regional Offices What Does OSHA's Concrete and Masonry Standard Cover? The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's standard for concrete and masonry construction -- Subpart Q, Concrete and Masonry Construction, Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1926.700 through 706 -- sets forth requirements with which construction employers must comply to protect construction workers from accidents and injuries resulting from the premature removal of formwork, the failure to brace masonry walls, the failure to support precast panels, the inadvertent operation of equipment, and the failure to guard reinforcing steel. Subpart Q prescribes performance-oriented requirements designed to help protect all construction workers from the hazards associated with concrete and masonry construction operations at construction, demolition, alteration, or repair worksites. Other relevant provisions in both general industry and construction standards (29 CFR Parts 1910 and 1926) also apply to these operations. What Are the Key, New Changes to the Standard? OSHA's concrete and masonry standard includes the following important changes:
Subpart Q is divided into the following major groups each of which is discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs:
Construction Loads Employers must not place construction loads on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless the employer determines, based on information received from a person who is qualified in structural design, that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the intended loads. Reinforcing Steel All protruding reinforcing steel, onto and into which employees could fall, must be guarded to eliminate the hazard of impalement. Post-Tensioning Operations Employees (except those essential to the post-tensioning operations) must not be permitted to be behind the jack during tensioning operations. Signs and barriers must be erected to limit employee access to the post-tensioning area during tensioning operations. Concrete Buckets Employees must not be permitted to ride concrete buckets. Working Under Loads Employees must not be permitted to work under concrete buckets while the buckets are being elevated or lowered into position. To the extent practicable, elevated concrete buckets must be routed so that no employee or the fewest employees possible are exposed to the hazards associated with falling concrete buckets. Personal Protective Equipment Employees must not be permitted to apply a cement, sand, and water mixture through a pneumatic hose unless they are wearing protective head and face equipment. Equipment and Tools The standard also includes requirements for the following equipment and operations:
General Requirements for Formwork Formwork must be designed, fabricated, erected, supported, braced, and maintained so that it will be capable of supporting without failure all vertical and lateral loads that might be applied to the formwork. As indicated in the Appendix to the standard, formwork that is designed, fabricated, erected, supported, braced, and maintained in conformance with Sections 6 and 7 of the American National Standard for Construction and Demolition Operations -- Concrete and Masonry Work (ANSI) A10.9-1983 also meets the requirements of this paragraph. Drawings or Plans Drawings and plans, including all revisions for the jack layout, formwork (including shoring equipment), working decks, and scaffolds, must be available at the jobsite. Shoring and Reshoring All shoring equipment (including equipment used in reshoring operations) must be inspected prior to erection to determine that the equipment meets the requirements specified in the formwork drawings. Damaged shoring equipment must not be used for shoring. Erected shoring equipment must be inspected immediately prior to, during, and immediately after concrete placement. Shoring equipment that is found to be damaged or weakened after erection must be immediately reinforced. The sills for shoring must be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the maximum intended load. All base plates, shore heads, extension devices, and adjustment screws must be in firm contact and secured, when necessary, with the foundation and the form. Eccentric loads on shore heads must be prohibited unless these members have been designed for such loading. If single-post shores are used one on top of another (tiered), then additional shoring requirements must be met. The shores must be as follows:
Reshoring must be erected, as the original forms and shores are removed, whenever the concrete is required to support loads in excess of its capacity. Vertical Slip Forms The steel rods or pipes on which jacks climb or by which the forms are lifted must be (1) specifically designed for that purpose and (2) adequately braced where not encased in concrete. Forms must be designed to prevent excessive distortion of the structure during the jacking operation. Jacks and vertical supports must be positioned in such a manner that the loads do not exceed the rated capacity of the jacks. The jacks or other lifting devices must be provided with mechanical dogs or other automatic holding devices to support the slip forms whenever failure of the power supply or lifting mechanisms occurs. The form structure must be maintained within all design tolerances specified for plumbness during the jacking operation. The predetermined safe rate of lift must not be exceeded. All vertical slip forms must be provided with scaffolds or work platforms where employees are required to work or pass. Reinforcing Steel Reinforcing steel for walls, piers, columns, and similar vertical structures must be adequately supported to prevent overturning and collapse. Employers must take measures to prevent unrolled wire mesh from recoiling. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, securing each end of the roll or turning over the roll. Removal of Formwork Forms and shores (except those that are used for slabs on grade and slip forms) must not be removed until the employer determines that the concrete has gained sufficient strength to support its weight and superimposed loads. Such determination must be based on compliance with one of the following:
Precast Concrete Precast concrete wall units, structural framing, and tilt-up wall panels must be adequately supported to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse until permanent connections are completed. Lifting inserts that are embedded or otherwise attached to tilt-up wall panels must be capable of supporting at least two times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to them; lifting inserts for other precast members must be capable of supporting four times the load. Lifting hardware shall be capable of supporting at least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the lifting hardware. Only essential employees are permitted under precast concrete that is being lifted or tilted into position. Lift-Slab Operations
Whenever a masonry wall is being constructed, employers must establish a limited access zone prior to the start of construction. The limited access zone must be as follows:
Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of workrelated injuries and illnesses and their related costs. To assist employers and employees in developing effective safety and health programs, OSHA published recommended Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54(18):3908-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines apply to all places of employment covered by OSHA. The guidelines identify four general elements that are critical to the development of a successful safety and health management program:
State Programs The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages states to develop and operate their own job safety and health plans. States administering occupational safety and health programs through plans approved under section 18(b) of the Act, must adopt standards and enforce requirements that are "at least as effective" as federal requirements. There are currently 25 State Plan states: 23 cover the private and public sector (state and local governments) and 2 cover the public sector only. For more information on state plans, see the list of states with approved plans at the end of this publication. Free Onsite Consultation Consultation assistance is available on request to employers who want help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at no cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more hazardous operations, the consultation service is delivered by state government agencies or universities employing professional safety consultants and health consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes an appraisal of all work practices and environmental hazards of the workplace and all aspects of the employer's present job safety and health program. The program is separate from OSHA's inspection efforts. No penalties are proposed or citations issued for any safety or health problems identified by the consultant. The service is confidential. For more information concerning consultation assistance, see the list of consultation projects at the end of this publication. Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) and onsite consultation services, when coupled with an effective enforcement program, expand worker protection to help meet the goals of the Act. The three VPPs -- Star, Merit, and Demonstration -- are designed to recognize outstanding achievement by companies that have successfully incorporated comprehensive safety and health programs into their total management system. They motivate others to achieve excellent safety and health results in the same outstanding way as they establish a cooperative relationship among employers, employees, and OSHA. For additional information on VPPs and how to apply, contact the OSHA area or regional offices listed at the end of this publication. Training and Education OSHA area offices offer a variety of information services, such as publications, audiovisual aids, technical advice, and speakers for special engagements. The OSHA Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides basic and advanced courses in safety and health for federal and state compliance officers, state consultants, federal agency personnel, and private sector employers, employees, and their representatives. OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations, through grants to conduct workplace training and education in subjects where OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace training. Grants are awarded annually and grant recipients are expected to contribute 20 percent of the total grant cost. For more information on grants, training, and education, contact the OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018; telephone: (847) 297-4810. For further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication. Electronic Information Internet -- OSHA standards, interpretations, directives, technical advisors, compliance assistance, and additional information are now on the World Wide Web at http://www.osha.gov. CD-ROM -- A wide variety of OSHA materials, including standards, interpretations, directives, and more, can be purchased on CD-ROM from the U.S. Government Printing Office. To order, write to the Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 or telephone (202) 512-1800. Specify OSHA Regulations, Documents, and Technical Information on CD-ROM (ORDT), GPO Order No. S/N 729-013-00000-5. The price is $38 per year ($47.50 foreign); $15 per single copy ($18.75 foreign). Emergencies For life-threatening situations, call (800) 321-OSHA. Complaints will go immediately to the nearest OSHA area or state office for help. For further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication. Glossary
Bull Float. A tool used to spread out and smooth concrete. Formwork. The total system of support for freshly placed or partially cured concrete, including the mold or sheeting (form) that is in contact with the concrete as well as all supporting members including shores, reshores, hardware, braces, and related hardware. Jacking Operation. Lifting vertically a slab (or group of slabs) from one location to another -- for example, from the casting location to a temporary (parked) location, or from a temporary location to another temporary location, or to the final location in the structure -- during a lift-slab construction operation. Lift Slab. A method of concrete construction in which floor and roof slabs are cast on or at ground level and, using jacks, are lifted into position. Limited Access Zone. An area alongside a masonry wall, that is under construction, and that is clearly demarcated to limit access by employees. Precast Concrete. Concrete members (such as walls, panels, slabs, columns, and beams) that have been formed, cast, and cured prior to final placement in a structure. Reshoring. The construction operation in which shoring equipment (also called reshores or reshoring equipment) is placed, as the original forms and shores are removed in order to support partially cured concrete and construction loads. Shore. A supporting member that resists a compressive force imposed by a load. Tremie. A pipe through which concrete may be deposited under water. Vertical Slip Forms. Forms that are jacked vertically during the placement of concrete. OSHA Related Publications
Single free copies of the following publication(s) can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA/OICA Publications, P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535. Send a self-addressed mailing label with your request. Asbestos Standard for Construction Industry -- OSHA 3096 The following publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; telephone (202) 512-1800. Include GPO Order No. And make checks payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Construction Industry Digest -- OSHA 2202 Order No. 029-016-00151-4. Cost $2.25. Excavations -- OSHA 2226. Order No. 029-016-00176-1. Cost $1.25. Title 29 CFR Part 1926 (Construction) -- Order No. 029-016-00122-1. Cost $30.00. States with Approved Plans
Commissioner Alaska Department of Labor 1111 West 8th Street Room 306 Juneau, AK 99801 (907) 465-2700 Director Industrial Commission of Arizona 800 W. Washington Phoenix, AZ 85007 (602) 542-5795 Director California Department of Industrial Relations 45 Fremont Street San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 972-8835 Commissioner Connecticut Department of Labor 200 Folly Brook Boulevard Wethersfield, CT 06109 (203) 566-5123 Director Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations 830 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813 (808) 586-8844 Commissioner Indiana Department of Labor State Office Building 402 West Washington Street Room W195 Indianapolis, IN 46204 (317) 232-2378 Commissioner Iowa Division of Labor Services 1000 E. Grand Avenue Des Moines, IA 50319 (515) 281-3447 Secretary Kentucky Labor Cabinet 1047 U.S. Highway South, Suite 2 Frankfort, KY 40601 (502) 564-3070 Commissioner Maryland Division of Labor and Industry Department of Labor Licensing and Regulation 1100 N. Eutaw St., Rm. 613 Baltimore, MD 21202-2206 (410) 767-2215 Director Michigan Department of Consumer and Industry Services 4th Floor, Law Building P.O. Box 30004 Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 373-7230 Commissioner Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry 443 Lafayette Road St. Paul, MN 55155 (612) 296-2342 Administrator Nevada Division of Industrial Relations 400 West King Street Carson City, NV 89710 (702) 687-3032 Secretary New Mexico Environment Department 1190 St. Francis Drive P.O. Box 26110 Santa Fe, NM 87502 (505) 827-2850 Commissioner New York Department of Labor W. Averell Harriman State Office Building - 12, Room 500 Albany, NY 12240 (518) 457-2741 Commissioner North Carolina Department of Labor 319 Chapanoke Road Raleigh, NC 27603 (919) 662-4585 Administrator Department of Consumer and Business Services Occupational Safety and Health Division (OR-OSHA) 350 Winter Street, N.E. Room 430 Salem, OR 97310-0220 (503) 378-3272 Secretary Puerto Rico Department of Labor and Human Resources Prudencio Rivera Martinez Building 505 Munoz Rivera Avenue Hato Rey, PR 00918 (809) 754-2119 Director South Carolina Department of Labor Licensing and Regulation Koger Office Park, Kingstree Bldg. P.O. Box 11329 Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 896-4300 Commissioner Tennessee Department of Labor Attention: Robert Taylor 710 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0659 (615) 741-2582 Commissioner Industrial Commission of Utah 160 East 300 South, 3rd Floor P.O. Box 146650 Salt Lake City, UT 84114- 6650 (801) 530-6898 Commssioner Vermont Department of Labor and Industry National Life Building - Drawer 20 120 State Street Montpelier, VT 05620 (802) 828-2288 Commissioner Virgin Islands Department of Labor 2131 Hospital Street, Box 890 Christiansted St. Croix, VI 00820-4666 (809) 773-1994 Commissioner Virginia Department of Labor and Industry Powers-Taylor Building 13 South 13th Street Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-2377 Director Washington Department of Labor and Industries General Administration Building P.O. Box 44001 Olympia, WA 98504-4001 (360) 902-4200 Administrator Worker's Safety and Compensation Division (WSC) Wyoming Department of Employment Herschler Building, 2nd Floor East 122 West 25th Street Cheyenne, WY 82002 (307) 777-7786 OSHA Consultation Project Directory
State Telephone Alabama.............................................................(205) 348-7136 Alaska................................................................(907) 269-4957 Arizona..............................................................(602) 542-5795 Arkansas............................................................(501) 682-4522 California...........................................................(415) 982-8515 Colorado............................................................(970) 491-6151 Connecticut........................................................(860) 566-4550 Delaware............................................................(302) 761-8219 District of Columbia..........................................(202) 576-6339 Florida................................................................(904) 488-3044 Georgia..............................................................(404) 894-2643 Guam......................................................... 011 (671) 475-0136 Hawaii................................................................(808) 586-9100 Idaho..................................................................(208) 385-3283 Illinois................................................................(312) 814-2337 Indiana...............................................................(317) 232-2688 Iowa...................................................................(515) 965-7162 Kansas................................................................(913) 296-7476 Kentucky............................................................(502) 564-6895 Louisiana...........................................................(504) 342-9601 Maine.................................................................(207) 624-6460 Maryland............................................................(410) 880-4970 Massachusetts....................................................(617) 727-3982 Michigan.......................................................(517) 332-1817(H) ......................................................................(517) 322-1809(S) Minnesota..........................................................(612) 297-2393 Mississippi.........................................................(601) 987-3981 Missouri.............................................................(573) 751-3403 Montana.............................................................(406) 444-6418 Nebraska............................................................(402) 471-4717 Nevada...............................................................(702) 486-5016 New Hampshire.................................................(603) 271-2024 New Jersey.........................................................(609) 292-2424 New Mexico......................................................(505) 827-4230 New York...........................................................(518) 457-2481 North Carolina...................................................(919) 662-4644 North Dakota.....................................................(701) 328-5188 Ohio...................................................................(614) 644-2246 Oklahoma..........................................................(405) 528-1500 Oregon...............................................................(503) 378-3272 Pennsylvania......................................................(412) 357-2561 Puerto Rico........................................................(787) 754-2188 Rhode Island......................................................(401) 277-2438 South Carolina...................................................(803) 896-4300 South Dakota.....................................................(605) 688-4101 Tennessee...........................................................(615) 741-7036 Texas..................................................................(512) 440-3809 Utah...................................................................(801) 530-7606 Vermont.............................................................(802) 828-2765 Virginia..............................................................(804) 786-6359 Virgin Islands.....................................................(809) 772-1315 Washington........................................................(360) 902-5638 West Virginia.....................................................(304) 558-7890 Wisconsin.....................................................(608) 266-8579(H) ......................................................................(414) 521-5063(S) Wyoming...........................................................(307) 777-7786 (H) - Health (S) - Safety OSHA Area Offices
Area Telephone Albany, NY........................................................(518) 464-4338 Albuquerque, NM..............................................(505) 248-5302 Allentown, PA....................................................(610) 776-0592 Anchorage, AK..................................................(907) 271-5152 Appleton, WI.....................................................(414) 734-4521 Austin, TX.........................................................(512) 916-5783 Avenel, NJ.........................................................(908) 750-3270 Baltimore, MD...................................................(410) 962-2840 Bangor, ME........................................................(207) 941-8177 Baton Rouge, LA...............................................(504) 389-0474 Bayside, NY.......................................................(718) 279-9060 Bellevue, WA.....................................................(206) 553-7520 Billings, MT.......................................................(406) 247-7494 Birmingham, AL................................................(205) 731-1534 Bismarck, ND....................................................(701) 250-4521 Boise, ID............................................................(208) 334-1867 Bowmansville, NY............................................(716) 684-3891 Braintree, MA....................................................(617) 565-6924 Bridgeport, CT...................................................(203) 579-5581 Calumet City, IL................................................(708) 891-3800 Carson City, NV................................................(702) 885-6963 Charleston, WV.................................................(304) 347-5937 Cincinnati, OH...................................................(513) 841-4132 Cleveland, OH...................................................(216) 522-3818 Columbia, SC....................................................(803) 765-5904 Columbus, OH...................................................(614) 469-5582 Concord, NH......................................................(603) 225-1629 Corpus Christi, TX............................................(512) 888-3420 Dallas, TX..........................................................(214) 320-2400 Denver, CO........................................................(303) 844-5285 Des Plaines, IL...................................................(847) 803-4800 Des Moines, IA..................................................(515) 284-4794 Englewood, CO.................................................(303) 843-4500 Erie, PA..............................................................(814) 833-5758 Fort Lauderdale, FL...........................................(954) 424-0242 Fort Worth, TX..................................................(817) 428-2470 Frankfort, KY....................................................(502) 227-7024 Harrisburg, PA...................................................(717) 782-3902 Hartford, CT......................................................(860) 240-3152 Hasbrouck Heights, NJ......................................(201) 288-1700 Guaynabo, PR....................................................(787) 277-1560 Honolulu, HI......................................................(808) 541-2685 Houston, TX......................................................(281) 286-0583 Houston, TX......................................................(281) 591-2438 Indianapolis, IN.................................................(317) 226-7290 Jackson, MS.......................................................(601) 965-4606 Jacksonville, FL.................................................(904) 232-2895 Kansas City, MO................................................(816) 483-9531 Lansing, MI.......................................................(517) 377-1892 Little Rock, AR...................................................(501) 324-6291 Lubbock, TX.......................................................(806) 743-7681 Madison, WI.......................................................(608) 264-5388 Marlton, NJ.........................................................(609) 757-5181 Methuen, MA......................................................(617) 565-8110 Milwaukee, WI...................................................(414) 297-3315 Minneapolis, MN................................................(612) 348-1994 Mobile, AL..........................................................(334) 441-6131 Nashville, TN......................................................(615) 781-5423 New York, NY....................................................(212) 466-2482 Norfolk, VA........................................................(804) 441-3820 North Aurora, IL.................................................(630) 896-8700 Oklahoma City, OK............................................(405) 231-5351 Omaha, NE.........................................................(402) 221-3182 Parsippany, NJ....................................................(201) 263-1003 Peoria, IL............................................................(309) 671-7033 Philadelphia, PA..................................................(215) 597-4955 Phoenix, AZ........................................................(602) 640-2007 Pittsburgh, PA.....................................................(412) 644-2903 Portland, OR.......................................................(503) 326-2251 Providence, RI....................................................(401) 528-4669 Raleigh, NC........................................................(919) 856-4770 Salt Lake City, UT..............................................(801) 487-0073 Sacramento, CA..................................................(916) 566-7470 San Diego, CA....................................................(619) 557-2909 Savannah, GA.....................................................(912) 652-4393 Smyrna, GA........................................................(770) 984-8700 Springfield, MA..................................................(413) 785-0123 St. Louis, MO.....................................................(314) 425-4249 North Syracuse, NY............................................(315) 451-0808 Tampa, FL...........................................................(813) 626-1177 Tarrytown, NY....................................................(914) 524-7510 Toledo, OH.........................................................(419) 259-7542 Tucker, GA..........................................................(770) 493-6644 Westbury, NY......................................................(516) 334-3344 Wichita, KS.........................................................(316) 269-6644 Wilkes-Barre, PA................................................(717) 826-6538 Wilmington, DE..................................................(302) 573-6115 OSHA Regional Offices
Region I(CT,* MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*) JKF Federal Building Room E-340 Boston, MA 02203 Telephone: (617) 565-9860 Region II (NJ, NY,* PR,* VI*) 201 Varick Street Room 670 New York, NY 10014 Telephone: (212) 337-2378 Region III (DC, DE, MD,* PA, VA,* WV) Gateway Building, Suite 2100 3535 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Telephone: (215) 596-1201 Region IV (AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC, SC,* TN*) Atlanta Federal Center 61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50 Atlanta, GA 30303 Telephone: (404) 562-2300 Region V (IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI) 230 South Dearborn Street Room 3244 Chicago, IL 60604 Telephone: (312) 353-2220 Region VI (AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX) 525 Griffin Street Room 602 Dallas, TX 75202 Telephone: (214) 767-4731 Region VII (IA,* KS, MO, NE) City Center Square 1100 Main Street, Suite 800 Kansas City, MO 64105 Telephone: (816) 426-5861 Region VIII (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*) 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690 Denver, CO 80202-5716 Telephone: (303) 844-1600 Region IX (American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* Guam, HI,* NV,* Trust Territories of the Pacific) 71 Stevenson Street Room 420 San Francisco, CA 94105 Telephone: (415) 975-4310 Region X (AK,* ID, OR,* WA*) 1111 Third Avenue Suite 715 Seattle, WA 98101-3212 Telephone: (206) 553-5930 *These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and health programs (Connecticut and New York plans cover public employees only). States with approved programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal standard. |
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