OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.22 October 10, 1978 OSHA PROGRAM DIRECTIVE
TO: REGIONAL ADMINISTRATORS/OSHA
THRU: DONALD E. MACKENZIE Field Coordinator
SUBJECT: 29 CFR 1910.1018, Inspection and Compliance Procedures For the
Permanent Occupational Exposure Standard For Inorganic Arsenic Compounds
1. Purpose
The purpose of this directive is to provide guidelines and establish
uniform inspection and compliance procedures for the occupational exposure
standard for arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds published in
the Federal Register May 5, 1978, and effective August 1, 1978.
2. Documentation Affected
This directive supplements and references the OSHA Industrial
Hygiene Field Operations Manual (IHFOM) and the OSHA Field Operations Manual
(FOM).
3. Background
The advent of the new standard for occupational exposure to
inorganic arsenic has created the need for additional guidance beyond that
contained in the IHFOM and FOM. This directive focuses on providing such
supplemental guidance.
4. Clarification
a. Based on available scientific evidence, the occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) concludes that employees exposed to
elemental arsenic and to inorganic compounds containing trivalent and
pentavalent arsenic have an increased risk of developing cancer. Therefore,
in accordance with OSHA policy of limiting employee exposures to carcinogens
to the lowest level generally feasible, a new, more protective standard for
occupational exposure to the aforementioned chemicals has been
promulgated.
b. The standard limits occupational exposure to air contaminated
with the chemicals under its scope on the basis of the mass concentration of
arsenic that is airborne. The limit is 10 micrograms of arsenic per cubic
meter of air, averaged over any 8-hour period.
c. Other provisions of the standard concern the following:
(1) Notification of the OSHA Area Office of operations
dictating establishment of regulated areas.
(2) Exposure monitoring.
(3) Regulated areas.
(4) Methods of compliance.
(5) Respiratory protection.
(6) Protective work clothing and equipment.
(7) Housekeeping.
(8) Hygiene facilities and practices.
(9) Medical surveillance.
(10) Employee information and training.
(11) Signs and labels.
(12) Recordkeeping.
(13) Observation of monitoring.
d. Table Z-1 of 29 CFR 1910.1000 was amended May 5, 1978, as
follows:
(1) Previous entry, "Arsenic and its compounds (as AS) -- 0.5
mg.. changed to indicate that only organic arsenic compounds are included
under the 0.5 mg./M(3) limit.
(2) Calcium arsenate and lead arsenate are deleted from the
Table because they are now covered under 29 CFR 1910.1018.
e. Arsine is not included in the standard and remains as an entry
in Table Z-1 of 29 CFR 1910.1000.
5. Action
a. Resource allocations.
Include arsenic, all arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds and
arsine among the substances in the High Hazard Health" category. Use the
guidelines in OSHA Program Directive #400-3, Annual Field Compliance Program
Plan, to plan compliance inspections. Arsine is included in the "High Health
Hazard" category because it is a highly toxic substance which when
encountered will often be associated with chemicals regulated under 29 CFR
1910.1018. Refer to Attachment 6 with this directive for a listing of some
types of establishments where there is a potential for exposures regulated
under 29 CFR 1910.1018.
b. Scope and applicability.
(1) Coverage by industry segments.
29 CFR 1910.1018 applies to "General Industry",
"Construction" and Maritime Employment", but does not apply to "agricultural
operations."
(2) Occupational exposures within the scope of the
standard.
29 CFR 1910.1018 applies to most occupational exposures to
elemental arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds. Many of the
occupational exposures covered occur at establishments listed in the industry
profile, Attachment 6 with this directive.
(3) Occupational exposures outside the scope of the
standard.
(a) 29 CFR 1910.1018 does not apply to occupational
exposure resulting from cotton ginning, agricultural uses of arsenic or any
of its compounds, treatment of wood with any type of arsenic-containing
preservatives and application of any type of arsenic-containing
pesticides.
(b) 29 CFR 1910.1018 does not apply to arsenic exposures of
farm employees and applicators which occur during mixing of pesticides and
cleaning of pesticide containers. These operations are considered to be a
part of pesticide application.
(c) 29 CFR 1910.1018 does not apply to exposures resulting
from utilization of arsenically preserved wood.
(4) Portions of the standard which are inapplicable when
airborne concentrations are below set limits.
(a) Portions of the standard which are inapplicable when
initial monitoring reveals that all employee exposures are at or less than
the permissible exposure limit are as follows:
o Paragraph (d)--Notification of use.
o Subparagraph (e)(3)(ii)--Exposure
monitoring--Frequency.
o Subparagraph (e)(5)(ii)--Exposure monitoring--Employee
notification.
o Subparagraph (e)(6)(i)--Exposure monitoring--Accuracy
of measurement.
o Paragraph (f)--Regulated area.
o Paragraph (g)--Methods of compliance.
o Paragraph (h)--Respiratory protection.
o Subparagraph (m)(3)(i)--Hygiene facilities and
practices--Lunchrooms.
o Subparagraph (m)(5)--Hygiene facilities and
practices--Vacuuming clothes. (In fact, this subparagraph is inapplicable if
8-hour TWA airborne exposures are at or less than 100 micrograms (as arsenic)
per cubic meter.)
o Subparagraph (p)(2)--Signs and
labels--Signs.
NOTE: Additional portions of the standard, designed to
control eye and skin contact and ingestion hazards, may also be inapplicable,
but this cannot be established merely on the basis of intensity of exposure
to contaminated air.
(b) Portions of the standard, in addition to those listed
in 5.b.(4)(a) of this directive, which are inapplicable when initial
monitoring reveals that all employee exposures are at or less than the action
level are as follows:
o Subparagraph (e)(3)(iii)--Exposure
monitoring--Frequency.
o Subparagraph (e)(3)(iv)--Exposure
monitoring--Frequency.
o Subparagraph (e)(6)(ii)--Exposure monitoring--Accuracy
of measurement.
o Paragraph (n)--Medical surveillance.
o Subparagraph (q)(2)--Recordkeeping--Medical
surveillance.
NOTE: 1. Paragraph (n) and
subparagraph (q)(2) are applicable if the employer
has employees whose past exposures meet the criteria presented in 29 CFR
1910.1018 (n)(1)(i)(B).
2. Additional portions of the standard, designed to
control eye and skin contact and ingestion hazards, may also be inapplicable,
but this cannot be established merely on the basis of intensity of exposure
to contaminated air.
(5) Independent contractors and their employees.
(a) In accordance with established policy contained in the
FOM, Chapter X, under F., independent contractors such as construction
contractors are responsible for protecting their employees from health and
safety hazards even if they are not the creators of the hazards. However,
independent contractors would not normally be required to achieve this
protection for their employees by instituting permanent engineering controls
at their client's establishment. For example, independent contractors would
obviously not be required to protect their employee's from arsenic trioxide
fume from a reverbatory furnace in a copper smelter through installing
engineering controls for the furnace. Although, as in the furnace example,
it might not be feasible for independent contractors to protect their
employees by controlling at the source an emission they are not creating, it
might be feasible for them to achieve some protection of their employees with
other forms of engineering controls and with work practices. Where this is
fact, independent contractors must institute such controls; e.g., provide
portable local exhaust hoods and require their employees to vacate specified
areas during cycles or periods of peak air contamination.
(b) The foregoing discussion relates to the methods of
compliance provisions under 29 CFR 1910.1018(g). All other provisions under
29 CFR 1910.1018 are accorded the same applicability to independent
contractors as to general industry employers.
c. Interpretations and discussions.
The reader is encouraged to first read the pertinent portion of
29 CFR 1910.1018 and then read the following interpretation and/or
discussion:
(1) 29 CFR 1910.1018(c), Permissible exposure limit.
(a) The permissible exposure limit is expressed in terms of
the mass of arsenic in a cubic meter of air. The volume unit in the
expression is a cubic meter of air at 25 degrees C and 760 mm Hg. This is
generally accepted to be the "standard cubic meter" of the industrial hygiene
profession.
(b) Compliance officers and employers must convert the volumes
of air they sampled to "standard volumes". The conversion is performed by a
simple calculation presented in each sampling data sheet attached to this
directive.
(2) 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(1)(i), Exposure monitoring--General.
(a) A given employee's exposure will not have to be directly
measured by placing a personal sampling system on him or her if another
employee's exposure that is known to be virtually identical will be measured
and represented as the given employee's exposure.
(b) A measurement is not representative of an employee's
exposure if it is not at least as accurate as 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(6) requires
it to be.
(3) 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(1)(iii), Exposure monitoring--General.
At least 7 continuous hours of sampling is required if the
employee's exposure occurs continuously or intermittently over a 7- to 8-hour
period. If all the exposure occurs in less than a 7-hour span, it is
necessary to sample only during this lesser period.
(4) 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(3), Exposure monitoring--Frequency.
(a) Table I of this directive depicts the minimum frequency
with which employers must measure each employee's exposure while working at a
routine job.
(b) Employees such as maintenance employees who are
continuously performing different jobs must have their exposures measured
each time they perform a job resulting in a potentially different exposure.
Table II of this directive depicts the minimum frequency of measurement of
exposure required if the employee occasionally repeats the same
job.
Table I.--Minimum Required Frequency for Measuring Each
Employee's Exposure While Working at a Routine Job
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Present Last Longest time that may elapse between
exposure exposure next measurement provided an (e)(4)
result result event does not occur first
At or None. Present No further measurement required below
AL. measurement is an until an (e)(4) event occurs.
initial measurement.
At or Above AL but at or 6 months. below AL. below PEL
At or Above PEL. 6 months. below AL.
At or At or below AL. No further measurement required below
AL. until (e)(4) event occurs provided 7 days or
more elapsed between last two measurements.
Above AL Not relevant for 6 months. but at or determining the
below PEL next time exposure must be measured.
Above PEL. Not relevant for 3 months
determining the
next time exposure
must be measured.
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Abbreviations: AL = action level
PEL = permissible exposure limit
(e)(4) = 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(4)
Table II.--Minimum Required Frequency for Measuring
Sporadically Occurring Employee Exposure
------------------------------------------------------------------
Present Last exposure Longest time that may elapse
exposure result for the before exposure from the job result
same job must be remeasured
At or None. Present No further measurement below AL.
measurement is required until an an initial measurement. (e)(4)
event occurs.
At or Above AL but at 6 months plus time that below AL.
or below PEL elapses before the job is performed again.
At or Above PEL. 6 months plus time that below AL.
elapses before the job is performed again.
At or At or No further measurement below AL.
below PEL. required until an (e)(4) event occurs provided 7
days or more elapsed between last two measurements.
Above AL Not relevant for 6 months plus time that but at or
determining the next elapses before the job below PEL. time
exposure must be is performed again.
measured.
Above PEL. Not relevant for 3 months plus time that
determining the elapses before the job
next time exposure is performed again.
must be measured.
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Abbreviations: AL = action level
PEL = permissible exposure limit
(e)(4) = 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(4)
(5) 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(6), Exposure monitoring--Accuracy of
measurement.
(a) Analytical accuracy.
Sufficient analytical accuracy is achievable with arsine
generation, atomic absorption spectrophotometric; flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometric; d.c. discharge emission spectrophotometric and X-ray
fluorescence methods.
(b) Sampling accuracy.
(i) Any of the air contaminants listed or specified in
Attachment 2 with this directive can be sampled with sufficient accuracy at
30C and below by collection on an 0.8-micron pore size, 37-millimeter
diameter, cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter inserted in a 3-piece,
closed-face cassette.
(ii) If workplace air contamination originates from a
solid, arsenic-containing, inorganic compound that has an equilibrium vapor
concentration (as arsenic) in excess of 1 microgram per cubic meter at the
existing air temperature, then, in order to sample the air contaminant(s)
with sufficient accuracy, a sampling approach that collects both aerosol and
vapor must be used. A prominent way of collecting a combination of solid
aerosol and vapor is by trapping the aerosol on the filter (described in
5.c.(5)(b)(i) of this directive) and by absorbing the vapor with a solution
contained in a midget bubbler. The collecting devices are hooked in series
with the cassette and filter preceding the midget
bubbler.
(iii) Examples of solid, arsenic-containing, inorganic
compounds with equilibrium vapor concentrations (as arsenic) in excess of 1
microgram per cubic meter at 25 degrees C are as follows:
o Arsenic tribromide.
o Arsenic triiodide.
o Arsenic monophosphide.
(iv) The vapor of an arsenic-containing, inorganic liquid
or an arsenic-containing, inorganic gas can be sampled with sufficient
accuracy with an air pump, absorbing solution and a midget
bubbler.
(v) Examples of an arsenic-containing, inorganic gas and
of arsenic-containing, inorganic liquids are as follows:
o Arsenic pentafluoride (gas).
o Arsenic trichloride (liquid).
o Arsenic trifluoride (liquid).
(c) Investigating accuracy.
An employer may use any sampling and analytical system that
will measure employee 8-hour time-weighted average exposures with the
accuracy required by 29 CFR 1910.1018(e)(6). However, if an analytical
method or collecting device other than the aforementioned ones is found in
use by an employer, its accuracy should be investigated. Assistance from the
National Office can.be initiated by contacting the Division of Occupational
Health Programming.
(6) 29 CFR 1910.1018(g)(1)(ii), Methods of compliance--Controls.
Work practice controls are on equal par with engineering
controls. Employee rotation, which is "... not a control strategy included
under work practices ...", cannot be used in lieu of feasible engineering
and work practice controls. Respirators may be used in lieu of employee
rotation. However, this is not mandatory.
(7) 29 CFR 1910.1018(h)(2)(i), Respiratory protection--
Respirator selection.
(a) Respirators may be selected from Table I of 29 CFR
1910.1018, where.respiratory protection is required against any of the
substances listed or specified in Attachment 2 with this
directive.
(b) Respirators must be selected from Table II of 29 CFR
1910.1018, where respiratory protection is required against any of the
substances included or specified in the list that
follows:
(i) Arsenic trichloride.
(ii) Arsenic trifluoride.
(iii) Arsenic pentafluoride.
(iv) Arsenic tribromide.
(v) Arsenic triiodide.
(vi) Arsenic monophosphide.
(vii) Any other arsenic-containing, inorganic
compound that has an equilibrium vapor concentration (as arsenic) in excess
of 1 microgram per cubic meter at 30C.
(8) 29 CFR 1910.1018(h)(3)(ii) and (h)(3)(iii), Respiratory
protection--Respirator usage.
(a) Any one of the three methods of fit testing (described
in the IHFOM, Chapter XII, E.2.b. (i), (ii) and (iv)) will satisfy the
qualitative fit test requirement for nonpowered, air-purifying respirators.
In order for the fit tests (described in E.2.b.(i) and (ii)) to satisfy the
requirement, the employer must observe the test and evaluate the
fit.
(b) The level of leakage and degree of protection is
specifically measured in a quantitative fit test. One type of quantitative
fit test involves using a simple hood, sodium chloride vapor and automated
instrumentation.
(c) The standard does not require the employer to keep
records of fit testing. The OSHA inspector will document adherence to the
schedules for fit testing through employee interviews.
(9) 29 CFR 1910.1018(m)(1), Hygiene facilities and
practices--Change rooms.
29 CFR 1910.1018(m)(1) is interpreted to require change
rooms for employees working in regulated areas; working with arsenic
trichloride; working in contact with nonairborne granules of arsenic and
arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds; or working in contact with a liquid
solution containing an arsenic-containing, inorganic
solute.
d. Inspection procedures.
(1) Qualification of inspecting compliance officer.
Inspections to assess compliance with 29 CFR 1910. 1018 must
be conducted by or be under the guidance of an industrial hygienist. The
compliance officers must have been instructed and trained in the proper use
of powered, air-purifying respirators and must be aware of their
limitations.
(2) Personal protective equipment and associated items that
should be taken on inspection trips.
(a) Respirators.
(i) General.
Once the inside of a respirator gets contaminated with
arsenic it should not be put back on until it has been decontaminated.
Compliance officers should use this principle as the basis for determining
the appropriate number of respirators to take on the
inspection.
(ii) Inspections in copper, zinc or lead
smelters.
o Protection against arsenic trioxide and other solid
aerosols only.
Take powered, air-purifying respirators with
high-efficiency filters. The respirator and filter combination must be
approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
for protection against dusts, fumes and mists having permissible exposure
limits of less than 50 micrograms per cubic
meter.
o Protection against a combination of arsenic
trioxide aerosol and sulfur dioxide gas.
Take gas masks with Type "N" front- or back-mounted
canisters containing high-efficiency filters and sorbent for acid gases. The
mask, sorbent and filter combination must be approved by the U.S. Bureau of
Mines or NIOSH for respiratory protection in atmospheres containing as much
as 2-percent acid gases and also for protection against dusts, fumes and
mists having permissible exposure limits of less than 100 micrograms per
cubic meter.
(iii) Inspections involving any of the substances
listed or specified in Attachment 2 with this
directive.
Take the powered, air-purifying respirators specified
under 5.d.(2)(a)(ii) of this directive.
(iv) Inspections involving any of the substances listed or
specified under 5.c.(7)(b) of this directive.
Take the gas masks specified under 5.d.(2)(a)(ii) of
this directive.
(b) Personal protective clothing.
(i) General.
Protective clothing that is contaminated with arsenic
should not be put back on. Compliance officers should use this principle as
the basis for determining the appropriate number of sets of protective
clothing to take on the inspection.
(ii) Inspections involving solid, arsenic-containing,
inorganic chemicals.
Take full-body protective clothing that is impervious to
dust and fume. Impervious gloves, coveralls, caps or hoods and shoe
coverlets constitute one example of a set of full-body protective
clothing.
(iii) Inspections involving arsenic trichloride liquid,
arsenic trifluoride liquid, or liquid solutions of arsenic-containing,
inorganic compounds.
o Take full-body protective clothing that is
impermeable to the liquid or solution of concern. Impermeable gloves, boots,
coveralls and caps or hoods constitute one example of a set of full-body
protective clothing.
o Representations of the permeabilities of materials
that have tested best against arsenic trichloride and arsenic trifluoride
liquids are planned for inclusion as later attachments to this
directive.
o The types of material required for protection
against liquid solutions of arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds depends
upon the type of solution involved. Salt solutions require material
impervious to the solvent; acid solutions require material impervious to
acid; and basic solutions require material impervious to
base.
(c) Eye and face protective devices.
Refer to the IHFOM, Chapter XI, Part H. and to 29 CFR
1910.1018(j)(1)(iii).
(d) Containers.
Take containers for depositing, storing and transporting the
compliance officer's arsenic contaminated protective clothing and equipment.
The containers must be impermeable to the contaminant of concern. If the
contaminant is among those listed or specified under 5.c.(7)(b) of this
directive, the containers must close vapor tight.
(e) Procurement.
All the aforementioned items should be purchased with Area
Office funds.
(3) Opening Conference.
(a) Compliance officers will not interrupt opening conferences
to make quick surveys of workplaces. This deviation from normal is for the
protection of the compliance officers. Instead of immediately surveying the
workplaces, compliance officers will attempt to acquire information during
opening conferences that will help them predetermine the adequacy of their
respirators and locations where they will be needed. The guidance provided
in 5.d.(3)(b), (c), (d) and (e) of this directive is meant to assist the
compliance officers in this respect. This guidance supplements the guidance
presented in the FOM and IHFOM.
(b) Conduct the opening conference in an office in the plant
reception area or at some other location away from potential exposure to
arsenic or arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds. Bring to the conference a
copy of the employer's notification of use report required under 29 CFR
1910.1018(d). Request the attendance of personnel who can respond to
questions concerning the following:
(i) Notification of use report.
(ii) Monitoring of employee exposures and establishing
regulated areas.
(iii) Maintenance of the exposure monitoring
records.
(iv) Institution of work practices.
(v) Institution and maintenance of engineering
controls.
(vi) Development of the compliance program required under 29
CFR 1910.1018(g)(2).
(c) Obtain from the employer a diagram of the plant layout. If
one is not available, develop one with the aid of the conference attendants.
Review the notification of use report with them and determine if it is
accurate, complete and up to date. Ask them to discuss and explain
operations that involve elemental arsenic or arsenic-containing, inorganic
compounds and with their help represent the operations on the diagram.
Discuss the engineering controls and the work practices that have been
instituted and establish their effectiveness. Find out if there are any
operations where the employer has difficulty in exposures. Examine and
discuss the controlling compliance program required under 29 CFR
1910.1018(g)(2) with an aim toward gaining an insite into the employer's
proficiency in and utilization of air contamination control
technology.
(d) With the assistance of the conference attendants, use the
employer s exposure monitoring records to represent air concentration
patterns on the diagram of the plant layout. Draw in the regulated areas that
have been established.
(e) Review the sampling and analytical method to gain an
impression of its accuracy. Look for clues that might indicate whether the
employer is underestimating air concentrations. If any doubts arise about
the analytical method used by the employer, the Salt Lake City Analytical
Laboratory (SLCAL) may be contacted for an opinion.
(4) Use of protective equipment, precautions and personal
hygiene.
(a) General.
(i) Compliance officers should adhere to the respirator,
protective clothing and equipment, and hygiene practice provisions of the
standard.
(ii) Compliance officers that enter regulated areas or in
some way get their protective clothing and equipment contaminated must remove
this clothing and equipment in the employee s change room. If employees are
not provided change rooms or the compliance officers judge that the
permissible exposure limit is exceeded in the change rooms because they are
not properly maintained, the compliance officers should remove their
contaminated protective clothing and equipment in the outside air. If the
latter situation exists, compliance officers should wear lightweight street
clothes under their protective clothing.
(iii) Compliance officers should never put contaminated
protective clothing and equipment back on. Once it is removed, it should be
immediately placed in a container brought along on the inspection for this
purpose.
(b) Respirators.
(i) Compliance officers must use respiratory protection in
areas the employer has designated as "regulated areas." They may limit their
use of respiratory protection to these areas if they are confident, as a
result of information acquired during the opening conference, that the
employer has included and correctly demarcated all areas that should be
"regulated areas."
(ii) If compliance officers are not confident that the
employer has demarcated all areas that must be regulated, then they should
also use respiratory protection in undemarcated areas whenever they are
unsure of maintaining their 8-hour TWA exposure at or below the permissible
limit.
(iii) Compliance officers must not remain in a contaminated
atmosphere longer than their respiratory protective device safely permits.
For example, in accordance with Table II under 29 CFR 1910.1018(h), a
compliance officer using a gas mask with a back-mounted canister containing a
high-efficiency filter and sorbent for acid gases must not remain in an
atmosphere containing an average concentration of arsenic trichloride of 1
milligram per cubic meter (as arsenic) for more than 4 hours. Of course, 4
hours would be an acceptable duration to remain in the atmosphere only if
there were no other exposure to airborne elemental arsenic or an
arsenic-containing, inorganic compound during the day.
(iv) Since compliance officers have no instrumental method
for screening airborne concentrations of arsenic, they should be conservative
about the time they spend in areas where high concentrations exist. Still,
when compliance officers are sampling employee exposures in these areas, they
should frequent the areas often enough to keep the sampling under
surveillance.
(v) When inspections are being performed in copper, lead or
zinc smelters, compliance officers should perform a sufficient amount of
sampling with gas detector tubes to assess the need for respiratory
protection against sulfur dioxide gas in addition to arsenic trioxide
aerosol.
(c) Showering.
Compliance officers who enter regulated areas should shower
in the employees shower prior to leaving the workplace for the day unless
they find violations of sanitation regulations. If the compliance officers
do not shower in the employees shower, they should go immediately to the
place they are staying and shower.
(5) Special air sampling consideration.
The level of potential airborne exposure of employees must
be known in order to establish which type of respiratory protective device
listed in the tables under 29 CFR 1910.1018(h) is required. When the
compliance officer is concerned that the exposure may be too great for the
respiratory protective devices in use, he or she should collect samples in
accordance with the sampling guidelines presented in the appropriate sampling
data sheet attached to this directive in order to establish whether his or
her concern is warranted. The sampling guidelines presented cover evaluations
at all 8-hour TWA concentrations of concern; i.e., 100 micrograms per cubic
meter to 100 milligrams per cubic meter.
(6) Wipe testing and bulk sample collection.
(a) Bulk samples and wipe tests are used for gathering
evidence.
(b) Do not submit bulk samples for analysis or perform wipe
tests unless you have considered what they are intended to
prove.
(c) Bulk samples of a liquid or solid can be used to prove
that elemental arsenic or an inorganic compound containing arsenic is present
in it as an ingredient or as a contaminant. Unless the arsenic were bound in
such a manner as to make the possibility of airborne exposure above the
action level unlikely, the proof of its presence would establish the
requirement to comply with the labeling provisions under 29 CFR
1910.1018(p)(1) and (3).
(d) Bulk solid samples should be approximately 20 grams in
weight. Bulk liquid samples should be approximately 20 ml in
volume.
(e) SLCAL does not require bulk samples in order to analyze
samples of airborne elemental arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic
compounds.
(f) Wipe tests can provide evidence that surfaces are
contaminated with elemental arsenic or arsenic-containing, inorganic
compounds. This evidence in conjunction with evidence that the surfaces are
not maintained as free as practicable of this contamination establishes a
violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018(k)(1).
(g) Wipe sampling shall be conducted on workplace surfaces
which have had frequent contact, and on lunch containers, lunch tables,
chairs, drinking fountains, etc. Attachment 5 with this directive presents
guidelines for performing wipe sampling.
(h) Package the vials containing wipe test filters and all
bulk samples for shipping in accordance with the instructions given in the
IHFOM, Chapter VII, Part IV., D.1.
(i) Send wipe test samples and bulk samples to SLCAL for
analysis.
(7) Evaluation of compliance with provisions that must be
instituted "as soon as possible" or at the "earliest possible
time."
The standard stipulates that certain of its provisions must
be instituted "as soon as possible" or, equivalently, at the "earliest
possible time" and, in either case, no later than specific dates. When an
inspection is conducted before all of the "no later than" dates have expired
and institution of one or more of the provisions has not yet been achieved,
the compliance officer should investigate the employer's effort to institute
the provision(s) "as soon as possible" or at the "earliest possible time."
Any finding of a lack of concentrated and sustained effort by the employer to
institute a provision is a violation. The correction date for the violation
should be represented as the date by when the employer must institute the
provision. The correction date should precede the "no later than" date for
the provision if earlier correction is possible.
(8) Evaluation of compliance with 29 CFR 1910.1018(k)(1),
Housekeeping--Surfaces.
(a) Compliance with the requirement to maintain surfaces
"...as free as practicable of accumulations of inorganic (compounds
containing) arsenic (and of elemental arsenic)." should be evaluated by
looking for anything the employer can do to cut down on contamination of the
surfaces--such as, improved work practices, improved engineering controls,
more frequent cleaning, etc. The housekeeping plan required under 29 CFR
1910.1018(k)(4) should also be inspected.
(b) When the compliance officer has determined that the
employer can reduce contamination of the surfaces, he or she will have to
provide evidence that the substance on the surfaces is in fact elemental
arsenic or an inorganic compound containing arsenic. Wipe samples would be
one way of providing this evidence. Refer to Attachment 5 with this
directive for directions on taking wipe samples and submitting them for
analysis.
(9) Evaluation of availability of Medical Surveillance For
Employees
(a) Although, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1018(n),
employers are required, to provide employees an opportunity for medical
examinations, employees are not required to take them. Employers must
continue to offer a medical examination to each authorized employee every
time it comes due again, even if the employee has previously refused such an
examination.
(b) Where authorized employees are not receiving medical
examinations, investigate compliance with the requirement to provide
employees an opportunity for medical examination by interviewing interested
parties--for example, employees, employee representatives and employers. If
any employees are apparently refusing medical examinations, investigate, with
particular care, compliance with the requirement to inform employees of the
purpose and elements of the medical examination. This last requirement is
found under 29 CFR 1910.1018(o)(1)(ii)(D). Where violations are found follow
the grouping and classification guidance presented in 5.e. and 5.f. of this
directive and in Attachment 1 with this directive.
e. Classification of violations.
(1) The recommended classification of violations is listed in
Attachment 1 with this directive. "Serious" classifications are designated
by the letter "S; "other" classifications are designated by the letter "O".
The recommendations are subject to the discretion of the Area Director. When
a classification differs from the recommendation in Attachment 1, the case
file should indicate the reasons. The majority of the recommended
classifications are "serious" because of the severe impairment of health that
may result as a consequence of the violations. Information on the health
hazards associated with exposure to arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic
compounds is presented in the preamble to the standard. See the Federal
Register, May 5, 1978, Divisions III and IV under SUPPLEMENTAL
INFORMATION.
(2) The recommended classifications assigned to specific
entries under the "29 CFR 1910.1018" heading in Attachment 1 with this
directive are what is deemed appropriate when that entry alone is violated.
One condition for exception is denoted for entry (e)(5).
(3) The 29 CFR 1910.1018 entries, (d); (e)(2) and (u)(2);
(e)(3)(ii) through (e)(3)(iv); (e)(5); (e)(6); (f)(1) and (u)(3); (g)(1)(i)
and (g)(1)(ii)(engineering and work practice controls requirements);
(g)(2)(i), (g)(2)(iii) and (u)(4); (g)(2)(ii); (h)(2); (h)(3)(i) and
(h)(3)(ii); (h)(4); (j)(1)(i) through (j)(1)(iii); (j)(2)(i) through
(j)(2)(iii); (m)(2)(ii); (m)(4); (n)(2); (n)(3); (n)(5); (n)(6); (o)(1);
(q)(1)(i) through (q)(1)(ii)(E); (q)(2)(i) through (q)(2)(iii)(H); and
(r)(2)(ii), are each comprised of sets of closely related requirements with
one basic purpose. The classification of violation recommended for each of
these entries is applicable when there is noncompliance with the basic
purpose of the sets of requirements. For example, the classification of
violation recommended for (n)(2) is appropriate if variations from the
requirements in (n)(2) result in ineffective medical surveillance of
employees. When there is compliance with only part of the requirements of
these entries, professional judgment must be exercised to determine if there
is sufficient compliance with the basic purpose to warrant a more lenient
classification of violation than recommended.
(4) The definitions and guidance given in the FOM, Chapter
VIII, will determine if a violation is "repeated," "willful" or a "failure to
correct."
f. Guidelines for determining items of the citation and when to
establish correction dates.
(1) General.
(a) Some of the violations of individual requirements of 29
CFR 1910.1018 are grouped, as indicated in Attachment 1 with this directive,
to form one item of the citation. If an individual requirement has been
violated in more than one instance, then each instance of violation is
specifically listed and incorporated into the same item of the
citation.
(b) No more than one penalty may be proposed per item of
the citation. Every individual instance of violation of every individual
requirement of the standard must be specifically assigned a correction date.
This applies regardless of whether or not grouping of violations is
involved.
(c) Each employee exposure in excess of the permissible
limit under 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) constitutes one instance of violation of 29
CFR 1910.1018(c) unless there is no related violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018
(g)(1) and (h). Refer to 5.g.(2) of this directive for more
detail.
(d) Each time an employee has eye or skin contact with a
liquid, arsenic-containing, inorganic compound; a liquid solution containing
an arsenic-containing, inorganic solute; granules of arsenic; or granules of
an arsenic-containing, inorganic compound constitutes one instance of
violation of 29 CFR 1910. 1018(m)(6).
(e) The exposing of the eyes or skin of employees to an
8-hour TWA concentration of arsenic trichloride vapor in excess of 10
micrograms arsenic per cubic meter of air is also a violation of 29 CFR
1910.1018 (m)(6). Each such exposure constitutes one instance of violation
of 29 CFR 1910.1018(m)(6).
(f) The exposing of the eyes or skin of employees to
irritating amounts of an airborne, arsenic-containing, inorganic compound
other than arsenic trichloride is another violation of 29 CFR
1910.1018(m)(6). Each such exposure constitutes instance of violation of 29
CFR 1910.1018(m)(6).
(g) Each work practice contributing to exposure in excess
of the permissible limit under 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) constitutes one instance
of violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018(g)(1)(i) or (ii) provided it is technically
feasible to modify the work practice in a manner that will reduce the
exposure.
(h) Each source of emission contributing to exposure in
excess of the permissible limit under 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) constitutes one
instance of violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018 (g)(1)(i) or (ii) provided it is
technically feasible to reduce the emission by instituting one or more
engineering controls.
(1) Each instance of violation of the engineering and work
practice controls requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1018(g)(1) is to be listed on
the citation. Specific dates are to be established for correcting each
instance of violation.
(2) Example of combining and grouping violations and
establishing correction dates.
All instances of violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018(h)(1)(i) and
all associated instances of violation of 29 CFR 1910. 1043(f)(4), (h)(2)(i),
(h)(2)(ii) and (h)(2)(iii) are respectively combined. Each of these sets of
combined instances of violation are then grouped to form one item of the
citation and one penalty is proposed. All instances of violation of 29 CFR
1910.1018(c) are combined to form another item of the citation and another
penalty is proposed. Each instance of violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018(h)(1)(i),
each instance of violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018(f)(4), (h)(2)(i), (h)(2)(ii)
and (h)(2)(iii) that is associated with the 29 CFR 1910.1018(h)(1)(i)
violations, and each instance of violation of 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) is listed
on the citation and assigned an individual correction date. Of course, those
violations of 29 CFR 1910.1018(h)(1)(i), (f)(4), (h)(2)(i), (h)(2)(ii) and
(h)(2)(iii) that belong to the same instance will necessarily have the same
correction date.
g. Association between 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) violations, 29 CFR
1910.1018(g)(1) violations and 29 CFR 1910.1018(h) violations.
(1) Where employee exposures to airborne compounds regulated
under 29 CFR 1910.1018 are in excess of the permissible exposure limit and
all technically feasible engineering and work practice controls as required
under 29 CFR 1910.1018(g)(1) have not been instituted as early as possible
and before January 1, 1980, then 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) and 29 CFR
1910.1018(g)(1) are all violated regardless of whether or not there is
compliance with all the respiratory protection requirements under 29 CFR
1910.1018(h).
(2) If all technically feasible engineering and work practice
controls have been or are being instituted as early as possible and before
January 1, 1980, but employee exposures remain in excess of the permissible
exposure limit, and if the employer is not in compliance with all of the
respiratory protection requirements under 29 CFR 1910.1018(h), then 29 CFR
1910.1018(c) is violated. If, in the foregoing circumstance, the employer is
in compliance with all the respiratory protection requirements under 29 CFR
1910.1018(h), then 29 CFR 1910.1018(c) is not violated.
h. Correction dates and penalties.
(1) Refer to the IHFOM, Chapter I, Section I; the FOM, Chapter
X, Section G; and 5.d. (7) of this directive for guidance in establishing
correction dates.
(2) Refer to the FOM, Chapter XI, for guidance in determining
penalties.
i. Followup inspection policy.
After a determination has been made to cite, the Industrial
Hygienist shall prepare a schedule for followup inspection of the cited
facility based on the employer's plan of abatement. Where a notice of
contest has been filed, refer to the FOM, Chapter V, F.1.b.(2) for guidance.
When possible, reinspection visits to the facility should occur shortly
after the scheduled implementation of each important step in the abatement
plan. The goal of such followup inspections is to assess the extent of an
employer's compliance with the interim steps set forth in his own abatement
plan as well as compliance with correction dates in the citation. This
schedule shall become part of the file which shall carefully record all the
details of an employer's compliance under the standard as noted in each
reinspection or other contact with the employer.
j. Federal enforcement in State plan States.
OSHA will enforce 29 CFR 1910.1018 in each State plan State
until the State has promulgated a new permanent standard for elemental
arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds. Accordingly, until a
State plan State has promulgated such a standard, it will refer all
complaints involving arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds to
the OSHA Regional Office for investigation.
k. Questions concerning this directive may be addressed to the
OSHA National Office Division of Occupational Health Programming,
Washington, D.C., Telephone number: FTS 523-8034.
6. Effective Date
This directive is effective immediately and will remain in effect
until further notice.
Bruce Hillenbrand Acting Director, Federal Compliance and State Programs
ATTACHMENTS
DISTRIBUTION:
A-1 E-1 B-2 HEW-1 C-1 NIOSH Regional
Directors-1 D-4&5 NACOSH-1
Training Institute-4
(Originator: OCCH)
ATTACHMENT 1
CITATION POLICY FOR INORGANIC ARSENIC
29 CFR 1910.1018 INSTRUCTIONS FOR GROUPING
RECOMMENDED
+ CLASSIFICATION
(c) Permissible Violations of (c) are not grouped with S
exposure limit. other violations.
(d) Notification Violations of (d)(1)(i) through (d)(2) O of
use. are grouped due to the close relationship.
There is no additional grouping of (d)
violations.
(e)(1)(i) Exposure Violations of the general requirement under monitoring
General. (e)(1)(i) are not cited alone but instead are cited in conjunction
with the joint violations of interrelated specific requirements under
(e)(1)(iii), (e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4), (e)(6) and (u)(2).
(e)(1)(ii) Exposure Provision (e)(1)(ii) is not citable. monitoring General.
(e)(1)(iii) Exposure Violations of (e)(1)(iii) infer (e)(2), (e)(3)
monitoring General. and/or (e)(4) violations. Violations of (e)(1)(iii) are
grouped only with joint (e)(1)(i) violations if any of the employee exposures
associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible exposure
limit. Violations of (e)(1)(iii) are grouped with (e)(1)(i), (e)(2), (e)(3),
(e)(4), (e)(5), (e)(6) and (u)(2) violations if no employee exposures
associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible exposure
limit.
(e)(2) Exposure Violations of (e)(2) and (u)(2) are S
monitoring-- grouped due to the close relationship. Initial
The only additional grouping of monitoring; these violations is
with joint (u)(2) Startup (e)(1)(i) violations if any employee
dates--Monitoring. exposures associated with paragraph (e) violations
exceed the permissible exposure limit. Violations of (e)(2) and (u)(2) are
grouped with (e)(1)(i), (e)(1)(iii), (e)(3), (e)(4), (e)(5) and (e)(6)
violations if no employee exposures associated with paragraph (e) violations
exceed the permissible exposure limit.
(e)(3)(i) Exposure (e)(3)(i) is citable only as an adjunct monitoring--
to (e)(4). Frequency.
(e)(3)(ii) through Violations of (e)(3)(ii) through (e)(3)(iv) S
(e)(3)(iv) are grouped due to the close relationship. Exposure
The only additional grouping of these monitoring-- violations
is with joint (e)(1)(i) violations Frequency. if any employee
exposures associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible
exposure limit. Violations of (e)(3)(ii) through (e)(3)(iv) are grouped with
(e)(1)(i), (e)(1)(iii), (e)(2), (e)(3)(i), (e)(4), (e)(5), (e)(6) and (u)(2)
violations if no employee exposures associated with paragraph (e) violations
exceed the permissible limit.
(e)(4) Exposure Violations of (e)(4) are grouped S
monitoring-- only with joint (e)(1)(i) violations Additional
and joint (e)(3)(i) violations if any monitoring. employee
exposures associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible
exposure limit. Violations of (e)(4) are grouped with (e)(1)(i), (e)(1)(iii),
(e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(5), (e)(6) and (u)(2) violations if no employee exposures
associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible exposure
limit.
(e)(5) Exposure Violations of (e)(5)(i) and (e)(5)(ii) S
monitoring-- are grouped due to the close relationship. Employee
Failure to perform any of the monitoring notification. required
under (e)(2), (e)(3) and (e)(4) is tantamount to violation of (e)(5).
Violations of (e)(5) are not grouped with other violations if any employee
exposures associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible
exposure limit. Violations of (e)(5) are grouped with (e)(1)(i),
(e)(1)(iii), (e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4), (e)(6) and (u)(2) violations if no
employee
(e)(5) Exposure exposures associated with paragraph (e) monitoring--
violations exceed the permissible exposure Employee limit.
The (e)(5) violations should notification.-- be classified as "other"
when no employee Continued exposures associated with the
violations exceed the action level if one of the following conditions exists:
Only (e)(5) of paragraph (e) is violated; or it is inappropriate, as
established in the third sentence, to group (e)(5) violations with other
paragraph (e) violations.
(e)(6) Exposure Violations of (e)(6) infer (e)(2), (e)(3) S
monitoring-- and/or (e)(4) violations. Violations of Accuracy of
(e)(6)(i) and (e)(6)(ii) are grouped due measurement. to the
close relationship. The only additional grouping of (e)(6) violations is
with joint (e)(1)(i) violations if any of the employee exposures associated
with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible exposure limit. There
is additional grouping of (e)(6) violations with (e)(1)(i), (e)(1)(iii),
(e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4), (e)(5) and (u)(2) violations if no employee exposures
associated with paragraph (e) violations exceed the permissible exposure
limit.
(f)(1) Regulated Violations of (f)(1) and (u)(3) are grouped S
area--Establishment; due to the close relationship. There is no (u)(3)
Startup additional grouping of these violations. dates--Regulated
areas.
(f)(2) Regulated Violations of (f)(2) are not grouped with S
area--Demarcation. other violations.
(f)(3) Regulated Violations of (f)(3) are not grouped with S
area--Access. other violations.
(f)(4) Regulated Violations of (f)(4) that are joint S area--
violations of (h)(1)(i) are grouped with Provision of
(h)(1)(i) violations and associated (h)(2) respirators. violations.
Violations of (f)(4) that are joint violations of
(h)(1)(i) are grouped with (h)(1)(ii) violations and associated (h)(2)
violations.
Violations of (f)(4) that are joint violations of
(h)(1)(iii) and (g)(1)(ii) are grouped with (h)(1)(iii) and (g)(1)(ii)
violations and associated (h)(2) violations.
Violation of (f)(4) that are joint violations of
(h)(1)(iv) are grouped with (h)(1)(iv) violations and associated (h)(2)
violations.
(f)(4) Regulated Violations of (f)(4) that are not area--Provision
construed to be joint violations of of respirators.-- (h)(1) provisions
are grouped with Continued associated (h)(2) violations.
(f)(5) Regulated Violations of (f)(5) are not grouped S
area--Prohibited with other violations. activities.
(g)(1)(i) and Violations of the engineering and work S
(g)(1)(ii) practice controls requirements under Methods of
(g)(1)(i) and (g)(1)(ii) are grouped compliance-- due to the close
relationship. There Controls is no additional grouping of these
(engineering and violations. work practice controls requirements).
(g)(1)(ii) Methods Violations of the respiratory protection S of
compliance-- requirement under (g)(1)(ii) are grouped Controls
with (h)(1)(iii) violations, joint (respiratory (f)(4) violations
and associated (h)(2) protection violations. requirement).
(g)(1)(ii) Methods The general requirement under (g)(1)(ii) of
compliance-- to use other necessary personal protective Controls (other
equipment is interrelated with specific personal protective requirements
under (j)(1). When the equipment aforementioned (g)(1)(ii)
requirement is requirement).-- violated, either all or part of (j)(1)(i)
Continued through (j)(1)(iii) or (j)(1)(iv) are jointly violated.
Therefore, individual violations
(g)(1)(ii) Methods of this (g)(1)(ii) requirement are not of compliance--
cited alone but instead are cited either Controls (other in
conjunction with joint violations of personal protective (j)(1)(iv). These
joint violations are equipment grouped with associated (m)(6)
violations. requirement).-- Continued
(g)(2)(1) and Violations of (g)(2)(i), (g)(2)(iii) and S
(g)(2)(iii) (u)(4) are grouped due to the close Methods of
relationship. There is no additional compliance-- grouping of these
violations. Compliance program; (u)(4) Startup dates-- Compliance program.
(g)(2)(ii) Methods Violations of (g)(2)(ii)(A) through S of
compliance-- (g)(2)(ii)(G) are grouped due to the Compliance
relationship. The (g)(2)(ii) violations program. are grouped in
turn with (g)(2)(iv) violations.
(g)(2)(iv) Methods Violations of (g)(2)(iv) are grouped S of
compliance-- with (g)(2)(ii) violations. Compliance
(h)(1)(i) Violations of (h)(1)(i) are grouped with S
Respiratory joint (f)(4) violations and with protection--General.
associated (h)(2) violations.
(h)(1)(ii) Violations of (h)(1)(ii) are grouped S
Respiratory with joint (f)(4) violations and with
protection--General. associated (h)(2) violations.
(h)(1)(iii) Violations of (h)(1)(iii) are not cited Respiratory
alone but instead are cited in conjunction protection--General. with
violations of the respiratory protection requirement under (g)(1)(ii). These
violations are grouped in turn with joint (f)(4) violations and with
associated (h)(2) violations.
(h)(1)(iv) Violations of (h)(1)(iv) are grouped S
Respiratory with joint (f)(4) violations and with
protection--General. associated (h)(2) violations.
(h)(2) Respiratory protection-- Violations of (h)(2)(i) through
S Respirator (h)(2)(iii) that are related to selection.
(h)(1)(i) provisions are grouped due to the close relationship. These
violations are grouped in turn with violations of (h)(1)(i) and with
violations of (f)(4) that are joint violations of (h)(1)(i).
Violations of (h)(2)(i) through (h)(2)(iii) that are
related to (h)(1)(ii) provisions are grouped due to the close relationship.
These violations are grouped in turn with violations of (h)(1)(ii) and with
violations of (f)(4) that are joint violations of
(h)(1)(ii).
(h)(2) Respiratory Violations of (h)(2)(i) through (h)(2)(iii)
protection-- that are related to (h)(1)(iii) and Respirator
(g)(1)(ii) provisions are grouped selection.-- due to the close
relationship. These Continued violations are grouped in turn with
violations of (h)(1)(iii), with associated violations of (g)(1)(ii) and with
violations of (f)(4) that are joint violations of (h)(1)(iii) and (g)(1)(ii).
Violations of (h)(2)(i) through (h)(2)(iii) that are
related to (h)(1)(iv) provisions are grouped due to the close relationship.
These violations are grouped in turn with violations of (h)(1)(iv) and with
violations of (f)(4) that are joint violations of
(h)(1)(iv).
Violations of (h)(2)(i) through (h)(2)(iii) that are
related to the (f)(4) provision but construed to be unrelated to (h)(1)
provisions are grouped due to the close relationship. These violations are
grouped in turn with (f)(4) violations construed not to be joint violations
of (h)(1).
(h)(3)(i)-(ii) Violations of (h)(3)(i) and (h)(3)(ii) S
Respiratory are grouped due to their close protection--
relationship.There is no additional Respirator Usage. grouping of these
violations.
(h)(3)(iii) Violations of (h)(3)(iii) are S
Respiratory not grouped with other violations. protection--
Respirator usage.
(h)(3)(iv) Violations of (h)(4)(iv) are S
Respiratory not grouped with other violations protection--
Respirator usage.
(h)(4) Respiratory Violations of (h)(4)(i) and S
protection-- (h)(4)(iii) are grouped due to the Respirator program
close relationship. There is no additional grouping of (h)(4) violations.
(h)(5)(i) Violations of (h)(5)(i) are not grouped S
Respiratory with other violations. Protection-- Commencement of
respirator use.
(h)(5)(ii) Provision (h)(5)(ii) is not citable. Respiratory
Protection-- Commencement of respirator use.
(h)(5)(iii) Violations of (h)(5)(iii) are not S
Respiratory grouped with other violations. Protection-- Commencement
of respiratory use.
(j)(1)(i) through Violations of (j)(1)(i) through S
(j)(1)(iii) (j)(1)(iii) are grouped due to Protective work the
close relationship. These clothing violations are grouped in turn
with and equipment-- joint violations of the requirement Provision and
under (g)(1)(ii) to use other use. necessary personal
protective equipment and with associated and use. violations of (m)(6).
(j)(1)(iv) Violations of (j)(1)(iv) are grouped S
Protective work with joint violations of the clothing and
requirement under (g)(1)(ii) to use equipment-- other necessary
personal protective Provision and use. equipment and with associated
violations of (m)(6).
(j)(2)(i) through Violations of (j)(2)(i) through (j)(2)(iii) S
(j)(2)(iii) are grouped due to the close relationship. Protective
work There is no additional grouping of these clothing and
violations. equipment--Cleaning and replacement.
(j)(2)(iv) Violations of (j)(2)(iv) are not grouped S
Protective work with other violations. clothing and equipment-- Cleaning
and replacement.
(j)(2)(v) Violations of (j)(2)(v) are not grouped S
Protective with other violations. work clothing and equipment--
Cleaning and replacement.
(j)(2)(vi) Violations of (j)(2)(vi) are not grouped S
Protective with other violations. work clothing and equipment
Cleaning and replacement.
(j)(2)(vii) Violations of (j)(2)(vii) are not S
Protective grouped with other violations. work clothing and
equipment-- Cleaning and replacement.
(j)(2)(viii) Violations of (j)(2)(viii) are not S
Protective grouped with other violations. work clothing and
equipment--Cleaning and replacement.
(k)(l) Violations of (k)(l) are not grouped S
Housekeeping-- with other violations. Surfaces.
(k)(2) Violations of (k)(2) are not grouped S
Housekeeping-- with other violations. Cleaning floors.
(k)(3) Violations of (k)(3) are not grouped S
Housekeeping-- with other violations. Vacuuming.
(k)(4) Housekeeping-- Violations of (k)(3) are not grouped S
Housekeeping plan. with other violations.
(k)(5) Violations of (k)(5) are not grouped S
Housekeeping-- with other violations. Maintenance of equipment
(m)(1) Hygiene Violations of (m)(1) are grouped with S
facilities and associated violations of the construction
practices--Change deadline under (u)(5). rooms.
(m)(2)(i) Hygiene Violations of (m)(2)(i) are not grouped S
facilities with other violations. and practices-- Showers.
(m)(2)(ii) Violations of the various provisions under S
Hygiene (m)(2)(ii) are grouped due to the close facilities
relationship. These violations are grouped and practices-- in turn
with associated violations of the Showers. construction deadline
under (u)(5).
(m)(3)(i) Hygiene Violations of (m)(3)(i) are grouped with S
Facilities associated violations of the construction and
practices-- deadline under (u)(5). Lunchrooms.
(m)(3)(ii) Hygiene Violations of (m)(3)(ii) are not grouped S
facilities other violations. and practices-- Lunchrooms.
(m)(4) Hygiene Violations of the various provisions under S
facilities and (m)(4) are grouped due to the close and practices--
relationship. These violations are grouped Lavatories. in turn with
associated violations of the construction deadline under (u)(5).
(m)(5) Hygiene Violations of (m)(5) are not grouped with S
facilities other violations. and practices-- Vacuuming clothes.
(m)(6) Hygiene Violations of (m)(6) that are associated S
facilities with violations of all or part of (j)(1)(i) and
practices-- through (j)(1)(iii) are grouped with these Avoidance
violations and with associated violations of skin irritation. of the
requirement under (g)(1)(ii) to use other necessary personal protective
equipment.
Violations of (m)(6) that are associated with violations
of (j)(1)(iv) are grouped with (j)(1)(iv) violations and with associated
violations of the requirement under (g)(1)(ii) to use other necessary
personal protective equipment.
(n)(1)(i) Medical Violations of the general requirements under
surveillance-- (n)(1)(i) are not cited alone but instead are General
Employees cited in conjunction with the joint violations covered.
of the interrelated specific requirements under the rest of paragraph (n).
(n)(1)(ii) Medical Violations of (n)(1)(ii) are grouped with S
surveillance-- joint (n)(1)(i) violations. General Examination by
physician.
(n)(2) Medical Violations of (n)(2)(i) through S
surveillance-- (n)(2)(ii)(D) are grouped due to the close Initial
relationship. These violations are grouped examinations. in
turn with joint (n)(1)(i) violations.
(n)(3) Medical Violations of (n)(3)(i) through (n)(3)(iii) S
surveillance-- are grouped due to the close relationship. Periodical
These violations are grouped in turn with examinations. joint
(n)(1)(i) violations.
(n)(4) Medical Violations of (n)(4) are grouped with S
surveillance-- joint (n)(1)(i) violations. Additional examinations.
(n)(5) Medical Violations of (n)(5)(i) through (n)(5)(v) S
surveillance-- are grouped due to the close relationship. Information
These violations are grouped in turn with provided to the joint
(n)(1)(i) violations. physician.
(n)(6) Medical Violations of (n)(6)(i)(A) through S
surveillance-- (n)(6)(iii) are grouped due to the close Physician's
written relationship. These violations are grouped opinion in
turn with joint (n)(1)(i) violations.
(o)(1) Employee Violations of (o)(1) through (o)(1)(ii)(F) S
information are grouped due to the close relationship. and
training-- There is not further grouping of (o)(1) Training program.
violations.
(o)(2)(i) Employee Violations of (o)(2)(i) are not grouped S
information with other violations. and training-- Access to training
materials.
(o)(2)(ii) Employee Violations of (o)(2)(ii) are not grouped O
information with other violations. and training-- Access to training
materials.
(p)(1)(i) Signs Provision (p)(1)(i) is not citable. and labels--
General.
(p)(1)(ii) Signs Violations of (p)(1)(ii) that relate to S and
labels-- (p)(2)(i) are grouped with (p)(c)(i) General.
violations; violations of (p)(1)(ii) that relate to
(p)(3) are grouped with (p)(3) violations.
(p)(2)(i) Signs Violations of (p)(2)(i) are grouped with S and
Labels--Signs. related (p)(1)(ii) violations.
(p)(2)(ii) Signs Violations of (p)(2)(ii) are not grouped S and
labels--Signs. with other violations.
(p)(3) Signs and Violations of (p)(3) are grouped with S
labels--Labels. related (p)(1)(ii) violations.
(q)(1)(i) through Violations of (q)(1)(i) through S
(q)(1)(ii)(E) (q)(1)(ii)(E) are grouped due to the Recordkeeping--
close relationship. There is no additional Exposure monitoring grouping of
these violations.
(q)(1)(iii) Violations of (q)(1)(iii) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- with other violations. Exposure monitoring.
(q)(2)(i) through Violations of (q)(2)(i) through O
(q)(2)(iii)(H) (q)(2)(iii)(H) are grouped due to the Recordkeeping
close relationship.There is no Medical additional grouping of
these violations. surveillance.
(q)(2)(iv) Violations of (q)(2)(iv) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- with other violations. Medical surveillance.
(q)(3)(i) Violations of (q)(3)(i) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- with other violations. Availability.
(q)(3)(ii) Violations of (q)(3)(ii) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- with other violations. Availability.
(q)(3)(iii) Violations of (q)(3)(iii) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- other violations. Availability.
(q)(4)(i) Violations of (q)(4)(i) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- with other violations. The citation for Transfer of
violation of (q)(4)(i) is issued against records. the
successor employer unless the successor employer can show that the
predecessor employer refused to turn over the records. In that event, a
citation is issued against the predecessor employer for intent of retrieving
the records.
(q)(4)(ii) Violations of (q)(4)(ii) are not grouped O
Recordkeeping-- with other violations. Violations of Transfer of
(q)(4)(ii) cannot occur before the records. employer ceases to
do business. When (q)(4)(ii) is violated, a citation is issued for intent of
retrieving the records.
(q)(4)(iii) Violations of (q)(4)(iii) are not O
Recordkeeping-- grouped with other violations. Transfer of records.
(r)(l) Observation Violations of (r)(1) are not grouped O of
monitoring-- with other violations. Employee observation.
(r)(2)(i) Violations (r)(2)(i) are not grouped O
Observation of with other violations. monitoring-- Observation
procedures.
(r)(2)(ii) Violations of (r)(2)(ii)(A) through O
Observation (r)(2)(ii)(C) are grouped due to the close of
monitoring-- relationship There is no additional Observation
grouping of (r)(2)(ii) violations. procedures
(u)(5) Startup Violations of the deadline under (u)(5) for S
dates--Hygiene completion of construction plans are not and lunchroom
grouped with other violations. facilities (deadline for completion of
construction plans).
(u)(5) Startup Violations of the construction deadline dates--
under (u)(5) are not cited alone but Hygiene and instead are
cited in conjunction with lunchroom facilities joint violations of (m).
(construction dead-line).
ATTACHMENT 2
OSHA Sampling Data Sheet
(Solid Aerosols Only)
August 1978
Substances:
aluminum orthoarsenate iron arsenide ammonium
orthoarsenate iron diarsenide ammonium monohydrogen
orthoarsenate lead orthoarsenate ammonium dihydrogen orthoarsenate
lead arsenite ammonium metaarsenite lithium orthoarsenate
ammonium calcium arsenate magnesium orthoarsenate ammonium
magnesium arsenate magnesium orthoarsenite arsenic
manganese monoarsenide orthoarsenic acid
dimaganese arsenide arsenic pentoxide
trimanganese diarsenide arsenic trioxide manganous
arsenate arsenic pentaselenide mercurous monohydrogen
orthoarsenate arsenic disulfide mercuric orthoarsenate
arsenic pentasulfide nickel orthoarsenate arsenic
trisulfide nickel arsenide arsenic thioarsenate
platinum arsenide arsenious selenide
potassium arsenate barium orthoarsenate potassium
arsenite barium arsenide potassium thioarsenate
bismuth orthoarsenate potassium thioarsenite cadmium
arsenide silver orthoarsenate calcium arsenate
silver orthoarsenite calcium arsenide
sodium arsenate calcium arsenite sodium metaarsenite
chromium monoarsenide sodium thioarsenate cobalt
orthoarsenate strontium orthoarsenite cobalt arsenic
sulfide strontium orthoarsenite copper acetoarsenite
tin pyroarsenate copper arsenate
tungsten arsenide copper arsenite zinc orthoarsenate
copper triarsenide zinc arsenide ferric orthoarsenate
zinc metaarsenite ferric orthoarsenite ferrous
orthoarsenate ferrous orthoarsenite Note: Also any other
ferrous pyroarsenite containing, inorganic
compounds with equilibrium vapor concentrations (as arsenic) of less than 1
microgram per cubic meter at 30C.
Standard:
29 CFR 1910.1018, Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic, Federal
Register, May 5, 1978.
Permissible Exposure Limit:
8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) 10 micrograms
per cubic meter (as
arsenic)
General Sampling and Analytical Method:
An air pump is fastened to the employee and connected by plastic tubing to a
3-piece, closed-face, 37-millimeter cassette containing an 0.8-micron pore
size, cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter. The cassette is fastened
to the employee's clothing (to the collar lapel, if possible) near the
breathing zone. The face of the cassette must be facing downward so that
uptake of particulate matter by the cassette inlet orifice will simulate the
inhalation of particulate matter through the nostrils. A metered volume of
air is drawn through the filter in order to collect the airborne particulate
of interest. The cassette and filter are then sent to the Salt Lake City
Analytical Laboratory (SLCAL) and quantitative analysis of arsenic is
performed by either the arsine generation, atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method, or the flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method.
Sampling Equipment:
1. 3-piece, closed-face, 37-millimeter diameter filter cassette.
2. 37-millimeter diameter, cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter with
an 0.8-micron pore size.
3. 37-millimeter diameter, cellulose filter support pads.
4. A calibrated personal sampling air pump capable of drawing air at a flow
rate of 2 liter per minute (lpm) through the above type filter.
Sampling Parameters:
Desired Flow Sampling Duration
Measurement Rate Per Filter
8-hour TWA 2 lpm 7-8 hours (Use a
shorter duration if the filter begins loading
up.)
Noncompliance Assurance Factor:
The concentration determinations must be a minimum of 1.25 times the
numerical limit being accessed in order to provide sufficient assurance the
limit is exceeded.
Sampling Strategy:
1. When exposure occurs continuously or intermittently over a 7- to 8-hour
period, a minimum of 7 hours of continuous sampling is necessary to establish
an 8-hour TWA exposure.
2. When all the exposure occurs in less than a 7-hour span, it is necessary
to sample only during this lesser period in order to determine an 8-hour TWA
exposure.
Flow Rate Validations:
Flow rates should be validated in the general locality of the workplace
prior to each day of sampling. Follow the procedure presented in the
Industrial Hygiene Field Operations Manual (IHFOM), Chapter V, Part I.
Sampling Procedure:
Follow the "Sampling Procedure" presented in the IHFOM, Chapter V, Part II.
With respect to II.B.11., also determine and record the barometric pressure
(unadjusted to sea level).
Reporting Air Volume to SLCAL:
1. Convert volumes of air sampled to corresponding volumes at 25C and 760
mm Hg before reporting them to SLCAL. These "standard volumes" are
calculated from the following formula:
V(o) = 298VP/760T
where, V(o) = standard volume in liters. V = indigenous
volume of sampled air in liters. P = ambient pressure in millimeter of
mercury (mm Hg). Note: The pressure referred to here is the actual
barometric pressure. It is not the barometric pressure adjusted to sea
level.
T = ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin (273 +
ambient temperature in degrees Celsius = degree K).
2. Example calculation:
Indigenous volume of sampled air, 960 liters. Ambient temperature,
30 degrees C = 273 + 30 = 303 degrees K. Ambient pressure, 600 mm
Hg.
V(o) = 298VP/760T = (298)(960)(600)/(760)(303) =745 liters.
Blank:
Follow the instructions given in the IHFOM, Chapter V, subparagraph II.B.15.
Bulk Sample:
SLCAL does not require any bulk samples in order to perform the analyses.
Shipping Instructions:
1. Ship the filter samples in their cassettes to SLCAL in accordance with
the instructions given in the IHFOM, Chapter VII, paragraph IV.A.
2. Note on the Sample Identification Sheet what is being evaluated (e.g.,
the acceptability of a respirator that has a "condition of use" limitation of
100 micrograms arsenic per cubic meter, the 8-hour TWA permissible exposure
limit, etc.)
3. Limit sample analysis requests to arsenic.
ATTACHMENT 3
OSHA Sampling Data Sheet
August 1978
Substances:
Arsenic trichloride, arsenic trifluoride and arsenic pentafluoride.
Standard:
29 CFR 1910.1018, Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic, Federal
Register, May 5, 1978.
Permissible Exposure Limit:
8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) 10 micrograms per
cubic meter (as
arsenic)
General Sampling and Analytical Method:
An air pump is fastened to the employee and connected by plastic. tubing or
rubber hose to a midget bubbler containing 10 milliliters of 0.1 normal
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The bubbler is fastened to the employee's
clothing near the breathing zone. A metered volume of air is drawn through
the solution to scrub out and collect the vapor or gas of interest. The
solution is then sent to the Salt Lake City Analytical Laboratory (SLCAL) and
quantitative analysis of arsenic is performed by either the arsine
generation, atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, or the flameless
atomic absorption spectrophotometric method.
Sampling Equipment:
1. Midget bubbler with porous glass fit on outlet end of intake stem.
2. 0.1 normal aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. (Distilled water
and reagent grade or better sodium hydroxide are required.)
3. 10-milliliter, graduated pipette.
4. Distilled water.
5. A personal sampling pump capable of drawing air at a flow rate
of 1 liter per minute (lpm) through the bubbler and solution.
Sampling Rate:
1.0 liter per minute.
Sampling Duration Per Bubbler:
1. The sampling duration per bubbler must be the same as the duration of
the employee's exposure if the exposure is anticipated to be near the
permissible limit. For example, if the exposure is 8 hours in duration,
then the sampling duration per bubbler must be 7 to 8 hours; if the exposure
is 4 hours in duration, then the sampling duration per bubbler must be 4
hours.
2. Ten milliliters of 0.1 normal sodium hydroxide solution contains
sufficient reagent to collect a maximum amount of air contaminant
corresponding to an 8-hour TWA concentration of 50 milligrams (as arsenic)
per cubic meter of air. If the concentration of the air contaminant to be
measured is anticipated to exceed an 8-hour TWA concentration (as arsenic) of
25 milligrams per cubic meter, then reduce the sampling duration per bubbler.
For example, if the 8-hour TWA exposure concentration is anticipated to fall
within the range of 25 to 50 milligrams (as arsenic) per cubic meter, then
the sampling duration per bubbler should be one-half the duration of
exposure; if the 8-hour TWA exposure concentration is anticipated to fall
within the range of 50 to 100 milligrams (as arsenic) per cubic meter, then
the sampling duration per bubbler should be one-fourth the duration of
exposure.
3. Approximately 1 milliliter of water per hour will be lost by
evaporation. Therefore, the pump should be briefly stopped at approximately
1-hour intervals in order to check the depletion of water. The pump should
then be restarted and an appropriate amount of distilled water should be
added by pipette through the stem of the bubbler.
Noncompliance Assurance Factor:
The concentration determinations must be a minimum of 1.25 times the
numerical limit being accessed in order to provide sufficient assurance the
limit is exceeded.
Sampling Strategy:
1. When exposure occurs continuously or intermittently over a 7- to 8-hour
period, a minimum of 7 hours of continuous sampling is necessary to establish
an 8-hour TWA exposure.
2. When all the exposure occurs in less than a 7-hour span, it is necessary
to sample only during this lesser period in order to determine an 8-hour TWA
exposure.
Flow Rate Validations:
Flow rates should be validated in the general locality of the workplace
prior to each day of sampling. Follow, with appropriate modifications, the
procedure presented in the Industrial Hygiene Field Operations Manual
(IHFOM), Chapter V, Part I.
Sampling Procedure:
1. Connect a midget bubbler containing 10 milliliters of 0.1 normal sodium
hydroxide and a midget impinger in series with a short piece of Tygon or
equivalent tubing. The bubbler precedes the impinger. The impinger serves as
a trap for any absorbing solution that happens to flow out the side-arm of
the bubbler flask.
2. Place each flask in a "swing-out" holster and fasten the holsters with
large safety pins to the employee's clothing near his/her breathing zone.
3. Fasten the pump to the employee's belt. The pump should be located at
the back of the employee.
4. Connect the pump inlet and the impinger side-arm with plastic tubing or
rubber hose. For more information on fastening the pump and tubing or hose
to the employee, see the Industrial Hygiene Field Operation Manual (IHFOM)
Chapter V, Part II., Subpart B., Items 2., 3., 4., 5., 6.d. and 6.e.
5. Remove the dust cap from the bubbler stem, start the pump and record the
time.
6. Determine and record the temperature and atmospheric pressure
(unadjusted to sea level).
7. Stop the pump briefly at approximately 1-hour intervals and check the
level of solution in the bubbler flask.
8. Restart the pump and add the appropriate amount of distilled water by
pipette through the bubbler stem.
9. When sampling is complete, stop the pump, record the time, immediately
remove the bubbler and place dust caps on the bubbler stem and side-arm.
10. If any absorbing solution entered the impinger flask, recover it and
include it with the solution in the bubbler
11. Record the date, the location the sample was collected and the sample
number.
Reporting Air Volume to SLCAL:
1. Convert volumes of air sampled to corresponding volumes at 25 degrees C
and 760 mm Hg before reporting them to SLCAL. These "standard volumes" are
calculated from the following formula:
V(o) = 298VP/760T
where, V(o)= standard volume in liters. V = indigenous volume
of sampled air in liters. P = ambient pressure in millimeter of mercury
(mm Hg). Note: The pressure referred to here is the actual barometric
pressure. It is not the barometric pressure adjusted to sea level.
T = ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin (273 +
ambient temperature in degrees Celsius = degrees K).
2. Example calculation:
Indigenous volume of sampled air, 480 liters. Ambient temperature,
30 degrees C = 273 + 30 = 303 degress K. Ambient pressure, 600 mm
Hg.
V(o) = 298VP/760T = (298)(480)(600)/(760)(303) = 373 liters.
Blank
Prepare a blank by pipetting 10 milliliters of the absorbing solution into
an extra bubbler flask at the same general time and location that absorbing
solution for sampling is pipetted. No air is drawn through the blank.
Otherwise, the blank is handled and shipped in the same manner as the
samples.
Bulk Sample:
SLCAL does not require a bulk sample in order to perform the analysis.
Shipping Instructions:
1. Ship the sample solutions to SLCAL in accordance with the instructions
given in the IHFOM, Chapter VII, Part IV., Subpart C.
2. Note on the Sample Identification Sheet what is being evaluated (e.g.,
the acceptability of a respirator that has a "condition of use" limitation of
100 micrograms arsenic per cubic meter, the 8-hour TWA permissible exposure
limit, etc.).
Sample Analysis Requests:
Limit sample analysis requests to arsenic.
ATTACHMENT 4
OSHA Sampling Data Sheet
(Combination of Solid Aerosol and Vapor)
August 1978
Substances:
Arsenic tribromide and arsenic triiodide.
Standard:
29 CFR 1910.1018, Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic, Federal
Register, May 5, 1978.
Permissible Exposure Limit:
8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) 10 micrograms
per cubic meter (as
arsenic)
General Sampling and Analytical Method:
A 3-piece, closed-face, 37-millimeter cassette containing an 0.8-micron pore
size, cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter is connected in series with
a midget bubbler and a midget impinger. The midget bubbler contains 10
milliliters of 0.1 normal aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The midget
impinger serves as a trap for any absorbing solution that happens to flow out
of the side-arm of the bubbler flask. The cassette and filter precede the
bubbler. The bubbler precedes the impinger. The cassette, bubbler and
impinger are fastened to the employee's clothing. The cassette is fastened
near the employee's breathing zone (to the collar lapel, if possible). The
face of the cassette must be facing downward so that the uptake of
particulate matter by the cassette inlet orifice will simulate the inhalation
of particulate matter through the nostrils. An air pump is fastened to the
employee and connected by plastic tubing or rubber hose to the side-arm of
the impinger flask. A metered volume of air is drawn through the filter and
absorbing solution. Solid aerosol contaminant is collected on the filter and
vapor contaminant is scrubbed out and collected in the absorbing solution.
After sampling is complete, the filter is removed from the cassette in
uncontaminated air and transferred to the absorbing solution that was in
concurrent use with the filter. This is done to minimize sample loss from the
filter by vaporization. The solution and filter are then sent to the Salt
Lake City Analytical Laboratory (SLCAL) and quantitative analysis of arsenic
is performed by either the arsine generation, atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method, or the flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method.
Sampling Equipment.
1. 3-piece, closed-face, 37-millimeter diameter filter cassette.
2. 37-millimeter diameter, cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter with
an 0.8-micron pore size.
3. 37-millimeter diameter, cellulose filter support pad.
4. Midget bubbler with porous glass fit on the outlet end of the intake
stem.
5. 0.1 normal aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. (Distilled water and
reagent grade or better sodium hydroxide are required.)
6. A personal sampling pump capable of drawing air at a flow rate of 2
liters per minute through the filter, bubbler and solution, and impinger.
7. 10-milliliter, graduated pipette.
8. Distilled water.
Sampling Rate:
2.0 liters per minute.
Sampling Duration:
1. The sampling duration per filter and the sampling duration per bubbler
shall coincide.
2. The sampling duration per filter and per bubbler should be the same as
the duration of the employee's exposure, if the exposure is not so great as
to prohibit this approach. For example, if the exposure is 8 hours in
duration, then the sampling duration per filter and per bubbler should be 7
to 8 hours; if the exposure is 4 hours in duration, then the sampling
duration per filter and per bubbler should be 4 hours.
3. If the exposure is so great that sampling for the duration of an
employee's exposure will either overload the filter with particulates or
consume an excessive amount of the sodium hydroxide in the absorbing
solution, then whichever will occur first will dictate the sampling duration
per the filter and bubbler combination. That is, the sampling duration per
the filter and bubbler combination must be so apportioned as to avoid the
dominant problem.
4. Ten milliliters of 0.1 normal sodium hydroxide solution contains
sufficient reagent to collect a maximum amount of vapor corresponding to an
8-hour TWA concentration of 25 milligrams (as arsenic) per cubic meter of
air. If the concentration of the vapor to be measured is anticipated to
exceed an 8-hour TWA concentration (as arsenic) of 15 milligrams per cubic
meter, then reduce the sampling duration per bubbler and per filter. For
example; If the 8-hour TWA vapor exposure concentration is anticipated to
fall within the range of 15 to 25 milligrams (as arsenic) per cubic meter,
then the sampling duration per bubbler and per filter should be one-half the
duration of exposure unless the filter will overload in a shorter duration;
if the 8-hour TWA vapor exposure concentration is anticipated to fall within
the range of 25 to 50 milligrams (as arsenic) per cubic meter, then the
sampling duration per bubbler and per filter should be one-fourth the
duration of exposure unless the filter will overload in a shorter duration.
5. Approximately 2 milliliters of water per hour will be lost by
evaporation. Refer to this Sampling Data Sheet under the topic heading,
Sampling Procedure, items 11., 12., 13., and 14., for the procedure
for handling this problem.
Noncompliance Assurance Factor:
The concentration determinations must be a minimum of 1.25 times the
numerical limit being accessed in order to provide sufficient assurance the
limit is exceeded.
Sampling Strategy:
1. When exposure occurs continuously or intermittently over a 7- to 8-hour
period, a minimum of 7 hours of continuous sampling is necessary to establish
an 8-hour TWA exposure
2. When all the exposure occurs in less than a 7-hour span, it is necessary
to sample only during this lesser period in order to determine an 8-hour TWA
exposure.
Flow Rate Validations:
Flow rates should be validated in the general locality of the workplace
prior to each day of sampling. Follow, with appropriate modifications, the
procedure presented in the Industrial Hygiene Field Operations Manual
(IHFOM), Chapter V, Part I.
Sampling Procedure.
1. Connect a filter and cassette, a midget bubbler containing 10
milliliters of 0.1 normal sodium hydroxide, and a midget impinger in series
with short pieces of Tygon or equivalent tubing. The filter and cassette
precedes the bubbler. The bubbler precedes the impinger. The impinger
serves as a trap for any absorbing solution that happens to flow out the
side-arm of the bubbler flask.
2. Place each flask in a "swing-out" holster and fasten the holsters with
large safety pins to the employee's clothing near his/her breathing zone.
3. Fasten the cassette in the employee's breathing zone (to the collar
lapel, if possible).
4. Fasten the pump to the employee's belt. The pump should be located at
the back of the employee.
5. Connect the pump inlet and the impinger side-arm with plastic tubing or
rubber hose. For more information on fastening the cassette, pump, and
tubing or hose to the employee, see the Industrial Hygiene Field Operations
Manual (IHFOM) Chapter V, Part II., Subpart B., Items 2., 3., 4., 5., 6a.,
6.b. and 6.e.
6. Remove the dust cap from the bubbler stem.
7. Remove the plug from the cassette inlet orifice
8. Start the pump and record the time.
9. Determine and record the temperature and atmospheric pressure
(unadjusted to sea level).
10. Stop the pump briefly at approximately 1-hour intervals and check the
level of solution in the bubbler flask.
11. Disconnect the tubing at the bubbler stem inlet and restart the pump.
12. Add the appropriate amount of distilled water by pipette through the
bubbler stem.
13. Slip the tubing back over the inlet end of the bubbler stem.
14. When sampling is complete, stop the pump and record the time.
15. Remove the filter and cassette from the sampling system.
16. Immediately insert plugs into the cassette's inlet and outlet orifices.
17. Remove the bubbler from the sampling system.
18. Immediately place dust caps on the bubbler stem and bubbler side-arm.
19. Also, if any absorbing solution overflowed into the impinger, remove it
from the sampling system and immediately place caps on its stem and side-arm.
20. Record the date, the location the sample was collected and the sample
numbers.
21. In an uncontaminated area, transfer the filter to the same glass
container that is going to be used to ship the bubbler's absorbing solution.
Also include any absorbing solution that overflowed into the midget impinger.
For details on transferring solution from an impinger or bubbler flask to
another container, see the IHFOM, Chapter VII, Part IV., Subpart C.
Reporting Air Volume to SLCAL:
1. Convert volumes of air sampled to corresponding volumes at 25 degrees C
and 760 mm Hg before reporting them to SLCAL. These "standard volumes" are
calculated from the following formula:
V(o) = 298VP/760T
where, V(o) = standard volume in liters. V = indigenous
volume of sampled air in liters. P = ambient pressure in millimeter of
mercury (mm Hg). Note: The pressure referred to here is the actual
barometric pressure. It is not the barometric pressure adjusted to sea
level.
T = ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin (273 +
ambient temperature in degrees Celsius = degrees K).
2. Example calculation:
Indigenous volume of sampled air, 960 liters. Ambient temperature,
30 degrees C = 273 + 30 = 303 degrees K. Ambient pressure, 600 mm
Hg.
V(o) = 298VP/760T = (298)(960)(600)/(760)(303) = 745 liters.
Blank
Prepare a blank for each day of sampling as follows:
1. Pipette 10 milliliters of the absorbing solution into an extra bubbler
flask at the same general time and location that absorbing solution for
sampling is pipetted into bubbler flasks.
2. Insert a filter into an extra cassette at the same general time and
location that filters for sampling are inserted into cassettes.
3. Handle, transfer and ship the filter and absorbing solution in the same
manner as the samples except as follows: Do not draw any air through them.
Bulk Sample:
SLCAL does not require a bulk sample in order to perform the analysis.
Shipping Instructions:
1. Ship the sample solutions to SLCAL in accordance with the instructions
given in the IHFOM, Chapter VII, Part IV., Subpart C.
2. Note on the Sample Identification Sheet what is being evaluated (e.g.,
the acceptability of a respirator that has a "condition of use" limitation of
100 micrograms arsenic per cubic meter, the 8-hour TWA permissible exposure
limit, etc.)
Sample Analysis Requests:
Limit sample analysis requests to arsenic.
ATTACHMENT 5
Wipe Sampling Procedure
August 1978
Substances:
Arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds
Standard:
29 CFR 1910.1018, Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic, Federal
Register, May 5, 1978.
Sampling Procedure:
1. Using a clean, disposable glove, remove a 7 cm (2 3/4 inch) diameter
Whatman 41 filter from the box.
2. Moisten the filter with distilled water. (Use a dry filter if sampling
for a liquid residue of arsenic trichloride or arsenic trifluoride.)
3. Select a sampling area which is at least 100 cm(2). edge of the filter
slightly raised, wipe
4. With the leading edge of the filter slightly raised, wipe the surface in
a back and forth and up and down motion. A 10 cm X 10 cm wire frame can be
used as a guide.
5. Pick up the filter paper, place it on a clean sheet of paper, fold the
contaminated side inward and then make one more fold to form a 90 degree
angle in the center of the filter.
6. Place the filter, angle first, into a glass vial and close the lid
tightly.
7. Seal the vial lids with an OSHA-21 Seal.
Blank:
Send a vial containing a blank filter along with the wipe samples.
Shipping Instructions:
1. Package the vials for shipping in accordance with the
instructions given in the Industrial Hygiene Field Operations Manual (IHFOM),
Chapter VII, Part IV., D.1.
2. Send the samples to the Salt Lake City Analytical Laboratory
for analysis.
ATTACHMENT 6
Industry Profile
1. Introduction
This attachment lists some types of establishments where the
potential for exposure to airborne arsenic and arsenic-containing, inorganic
compounds exist. The information is intended to afford Regional and Area
Offices assistance in programming inspections to assess compliance with 29
CFR 1910.1018. The inspections need not be restricted to the types of
establishments listed if the Field Offices have knowledge of other relevant
establishments.
2. Some Types of Establishments Where Exposure to Arsenic and/or
Arsenic-Containing, Inorganic Compounds Occur
a. Primary copper, lead, zinc and gold smelters.
b. Secondary lead and copper smelters.
c. Loaders and unloaders of carriers of bulk arsenic ore and bulk
arsenicals. Carriers involved are as follows:
(1) Sea freighters.
(2) Railcars.
(3) Highway bulk carriers.
d. Manufacturers of arsenical herbicides. Some examples of these
products are as follows:
(1) Sodium arsenite.
(2) Monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA).
(3) Disodium methylarsonate (DSMA).
(4) Dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid).
e. Manufacturers of arsenical pesticides. Some examples of these
products are as follows:
(1) Calcium arsenate.
(2) Copper acetoarsenite (Paris green).
(3) Magnesium arsenate
(4) Sodium arsenite
(5) Zinc arsenate
(6) Zinc arsenite
(7) Zinc fluoroarsenate
f. Manufacturers of desiccants.
Example: Orthoarsenic acid.
g. Manufacturers of wood preservatives.
Some examples of these products are as follows:
(1) Ammoniacal copper arsenite
(2) Chromated copper arsenate.
(3) Mixture of chlorinated arsenate, fluoride and phenolic
salts in aqueous solution.
(4) Zinc-chromium arsenate
(5) Copperized zinc-chromium arsenate
(6) Fluorochrome arsenate phenol
h. Manufacturers of feed additives.
Some examples of these products are as follows:
(1) Arsenic acid.
(2) 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid.
(3) 4-Nitrophenylarsonic acid.
(4) 4-Ureido-1-phenylarsonic acid.
i. Manufacturers of pharmaceuticals for use in veterinary
medicine.
Some examples of these products are as follows:
(1) Acetarsamide
(2) Carbarsone.
(3) Dichlorophenarsine.
(4) Lead arsenate
(5) Melarsonyl.
(6) Neoarsphenamine
(7) Thiacetarsamide (Caparsolate).
j. Manufacturers of glass that use arsenic trioxide as a refining
agent and a decolorizer.
k. Manufacturers of alloys of nonferrous metals and arsenic. Some
examples of products manufactured from these alloys are as follows:
(1) Lead shot.
(2) Cable sheathing (lead and arsenic).
(3) Battery grids (lead and arsenic).
(4) Battery electrodes (lead and arsenic).
(5) Speculum metal.
(6) Boiler tubes (Copper and arsenic).
(7) Arsenic bronze.
(8) Special solders such as used on body joints and seams in
the automobile industry.
(9) Arsenic brass.
(10) Arsenical Babbitt.
l. Users of solders that contain arsenic as a component in the alloy.
Example: Automobile and truck body manufacturers.
m. Manufacturers and/or users of arsenic-based flotation reagents.
n. Miscellaneous.
Arsenic and/or arsenic-containing, inorganic compounds are used
in each of the following types of establishments. However, every employer
does not necessarily use them.
(1) Leather tanneries.
(2) Manufacturers of ceramics and ceramic or vitreous enamel.
(3) Manufacturers of analine colors.
(4) Manufacturers of pyrotechnics.
(5) Manufacturers of semiconductors.
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